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{{Short description|Prince of Rostov and Suzdal (died 1157)}}
{{about|the Grand Prince of Kiev|the Russian submarine|Russian submarine Yury Dolgorukiy|the princely family of Dolgorukov|Dolgorukov (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Yuri I|the king of Galicia-Volhynia|Yuri I of Galicia|the human-powered helicopter|Human-powered helicopter#Yuri I}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Yuri I Dolgorukiy
| title        = 
| image        = Yuri I Dolgoruky.png
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Prince of Rostov and Suzdal]]
| reign        = {{circa|1108}}{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=43}} or 1125{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=110}} – 1157{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=110}}
| predecessor  = First{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=43}}
| successor    = [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]]{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=92}}
| religion     = [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]
| succession1  = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (first)
| reign1       = 1149–1151
| predecessor1 = [[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II Mstislavich]]
| successor1   = [[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II Mstislavich]]
| succession2  = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (second)
| reign2       = 1155–1157
| predecessor2 = [[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III Davidovich]]
| successor2   = [[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III Davidovich]]
| full name    = Yuri "Dolgorukiy" Vladimirovich<br />Yuri of Rostov-Suzdal
| spouse       = {{ubl|daughter of [[Ayyub Khan (Kipchak leader)|Ayyub Khan]]|Helena of Constantinople}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Rostislav Yuryevich]]|[[Andrei I Bogolyubsky]]|[[Gleb of Kiev]]|[[Mikhail of Vladimir]]|[[Saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom|Davyd Yuryevich]]|[[Vsevolod the Big Nest]]}}
| dynasty      = {{ubl|[[Monomakhovichi]]|Yurievichi (founder)}}
| father       = [[Vladimir II Monomakh]]
| mother       = 
| birth_date   = 1099
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 15 May 1157 (aged 57)
| death_place  = 
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = [[Church of the Saviour at Berestove]]
}}

'''Yuri I Vladimirovich''' ({{langx|ru|Юрий Владимирович|Yury Vladimirovich}}; {{langx|orv|Гюрги Володи́мирович}}; {{circa|1099}} – 15 May 1157), commonly known as '''Yuri Dolgorukiy''' ({{langx|ru|Юрий Долгорукий|Yury Dolgoruky}}, {{lit}} 'Yuri the Long-armed' or 'Yuri the Long Arm'), was a [[Monomakhovichi]] prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Rostov and Suzdal]], acquiring the name ''Suzdalia'' during his reign.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=110}} Noted for successfully curbing the privileges of the landowning ''[[boyar]]'' class in [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Rostov-Suzdal]] and his ambitious building programme, Yuri transformed this principality into the independent power that would evolve into early modern [[Grand Principality of Moscow|Muscovy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Presniakov|first=Alexander E.|title=The Tsardom of Muscovy|publisher=Academic International Press |location=Petrograd | date=1986 | orig-date = 1918|isbn=9780875690902|pages=ix-x|translator-last=Price|translator-first=Robert F.}}</ref> Yuri Dolgorukiy was the progenitor of the '''Yurievichi'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|pp=122–124, 127–128, 130, 133, 145, 491}} ({{langx|ru|Юрьевичи|Yuryevichi}}; {{langx|uk|Юрійовичі|Yuriiovychi}}), a branch of the [[Monomakhovichi]].

Yuri spent much of his life in internecine strife with the other Rus' princes for suzerainty over the [[Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus]], which had been held by his father ([[Vladimir II Monomakh|Vladimir Monomakh]]) and his [[Mstislav I of Kiev|elder brother]] before him.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Although he twice managed to briefly hold [[Kiev]] (in September 1149 – April 1151, again in March 1155 – May 1157) and rule as [[Grand Prince of Kiev]], his autocratic rule and perceived foreigner status made him unpopular with the powerful Kievan ''boyars'', leading to his presumed poisoning and the expulsion of his son (later [[Andrey Bogolyubsky|Andrei Bogoliubsky]] of Vladimir-Suzdal) in 1157.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} His rule marked the effective end of the Rus' as a unified entity until the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasions]], with powerful provincial territories like [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia-Volhynia]] now competing for the throne of Kiev.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Biography ==
=== Birth ===
{{original research section|date=July 2023}}
Yuri was the sixth son of Vladimir Monomakh. It is unclear when Yuri was born. Some chronicles report that Yuri's elder brother, [[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav]], said to him: "I am much older than you; I was already bearded when you were born."{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Since Viacheslav was born in 1083, this supposedly pushes Yuri's birth to c. 1099/1100.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} However, the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' records the first marriage of Yuri – on 12 January 1108. It means that Yuri was born before c. 1099/1100 (as he could not have been 6–9 years old at the time of marriage).{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Activities in Rostov and Suzdal ===
In 1108 Vladimir Monomakh sent his young son Yuri to govern in his name the vast [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] principality in the north-east of [[Kievan Rus']]. In 1121 Yuri quarreled with the [[boyar]]s of [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]] and moved the capital of his lands from that city to [[Suzdal]]. As the area was sparsely populated, Yuri founded many fortresses there. He established the towns of [[Ksniatin]] (in 1134), [[Pereslavl-Zalesski]] and [[Yuryev-Polsky (town)|Yuriev-Polski]] (in 1152), and [[Dmitrov]] (in 1154). The establishment of [[Tver]], [[Kostroma]], and [[Vologda]] is also popularly assigned to Yuri.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 1147 Yuri Dolgorukiy had a meeting with [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]] (then prince of [[Belgorod Kievsky]]) in a place called [[Moscow]]. In 1156 Yuri [[fortified]] Moscow with wooden walls and a [[moat]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Although the settlement probably existed later or earlier, Dolgorukiy is often called "the Founder of Moscow".

=== Struggle for Kiev ===
For all the interest he took in fortifying his Northern lands, Yuri still coveted the throne of [[Kiev]]. It is his active participation in the Southern affairs that earned him the [[epithet]] of ''Dolgorukiy'', "the far-reaching". His elder brother Mstislav of Kiev died in 1132, and "the Rus lands fell apart", as one chronicle put it. Yuri instantaneously declared war on the princes of [[Chernigov]], the reigning Grand Prince and his brother [[Yaropolk II of Kiev]], enthroned his son in [[Novgorod]], and captured his father's hereditary principality at [[Pereyaslav|Pereyaslav of the South]]. The Novgorodians, however, betrayed him, and Yuri avenged by seizing their key eastern fortress, [[Torzhok]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 1147, Dolgorukiy resumed his struggle for Kiev and in 1149{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} he captured it, but in 1151 he was driven from the capital of Rus by his nephew [[Iziaslav Mstislavich|Iziaslav]]. In 1155, Yuri regained Kiev once again. After presumably being poisoned at the feast of a Kievan nobleman, Yuri unexpectedly died in 1157 which sparked anti-[[Suzdal]]ian uprising in [[Kiev]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Yuri Dolgoruki was interred at the [[Saviour Church in Berestovo]], Kiev, but his [[cenotaph|tomb is empty]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Marriages and children ==
The ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' records the first marriage of Yuri on 12 January 1108. His first wife was a daughter of [[Ayyub Khan (Kipchak leader)|Ayyub Khan]] (in Slavic sources: Аепа Осенев, Aepa son of {{ill|Osen(khan)|lt=Osen|ru|Ясинь}}),<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text|publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America|year=1953|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=204|translator-last=Hazzard Cross|translator-first=Samuel|lccn=53-10264|translator-last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor|translator-first2=Olgerd P.}}</ref> Khan of the [[Cumans]]. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Cumans, a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

His second wife Helena survived him and moved to [[Constantinople]]. Her paternity is not known for certain, but [[Nikolay Karamzin]] was the first to theorise that Helena was returning to her native city. She has since been theorised to be a member of the [[Komnenos]] dynasty which ruled the [[Byzantine Empire]] throughout the life of Yuri.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Yuri had at least fifteen children.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The identities of the mothers are not known for certain.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* The following are considered elder children and usually attributed to the first wife.
** [[Rostislav Yuryevich|Rostislav]], Prince of [[Pereiaslav|Pereyaslavl]] (d. 6 April 1151).
** Ivan, Prince of [[Kursk]] (d. 24 February 1147).
** Olga (d. 1189). Married [[Yaroslav Osmomysl]].
** [[Andrei I Bogolyubsky]] (c. 1111 – 28 June 1174).
** Maria. Married [[Oleg II Svyatoslavich]], Prince of [[Novhorod-Siverskyi]].
** Sviatoslav (d. 11 January 1174).
** Yaroslav (d. 12 April 1166).
** [[Gleb of Kiev]] (d. 1171).
** [[Boris Yurevich|Boris]], Prince of [[Belgorod Kievsky|Belgorod]] and [[Turaŭ|Turov]] (d. 12 May 1159).
** Mstislav, [[Princes of Novgorod|Prince of Novgorod]] (d. 1166).
** Vasilko, [[Prince of Suzdal]] (deposed in 1161).
* The following are considered youngest and typically attributed to the second wife
** [[Mikhail of Vladimir]] (d. 20 June 1176).
** [[Vsevolod the Big Nest]] (1154 – 12 April 1212).
** Yaropolk.

==Memorials==
[[File:RR5217-0018R 850-летие основания Москвы.gif|thumb|150px|The Moscow monument of Yuri Dolgorukiy as shown on a 1997 Russian coin]]
Yuri's memory is cherished as the legendary founder of Moscow. His patron saint, [[Saint George]] appears on the [[coat of arms of Moscow]] slaying a dragon. In 1954, a [[Statue of Yuriy Dolgorukiy, Moscow|monument to him]] designed by sculptor [[Sergei Orlov (sculptor)|Sergei Orlov]] was erected on Moscow's [[Tverskaya Street]], the city's principal avenue, in front of the Moscow municipality.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Dolgoruki's image was stamped on the [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"]], introduced in 1947.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

There are monuments of Yuri Dolgorukiy in [[Dmitrov]] and [[Kostroma]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The nuclear submarine ''[[RFS Yury Dolgoruky]]'' is named after him.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Yurievichi||1099|15 May|1157||name=Yuri Dolgorukiy}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=?}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vladimir-Suzdal|Prince of Rostov and Suzdal]]|years=1108–1157}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrei Bogolyubsky]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1149–1151}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]<br>[[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav I]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1155–1157|}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III]]}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}

{{Russian sovereigns}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yurievichi family| ]]
[[Category:Monomakhovichi family]]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:History of Moscow]]
[[Category:1090s births]]
[[Category:1157 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Saviour at Berestove]]
[[Category:Princes of Rostov]]