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{{Short description|Ruling political party of Zimbabwe}}
{{Use South African English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
| colorcode        = {{party color|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front}}
| logo             = Logo of the ZANU–PF.png
| ideology         = <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add ideologies to this list without a citation from a reliable source. All listed ideologies without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->{{nowrap|[[Populism]]<ref name=Drinkwater>{{cite book|last=Drinkwater|first=Michael|title=The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas|date=1991|pages=93–96|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0312053505}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyambi |first=Oliver |title=Cultures of Change in Contemporary Zimbabwe: Socio-Political Transition from Mugabe to Mnangagwa |publisher=Routledge |year=2021}}</ref>
}}
| headquarters     = [[ZANU–PF Building]]<br />Harare, Zimbabwe
| membership_year  = 2022 {{estimation}}
| membership       = 3,900,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/president-takes-part-in-cell-day/|title=The Herald - Breaking news.}}</ref>
| international    = {{Nowrap|[[Socialist International]] (2008–2017)<br>[[For the Freedom of Nations!]] (since 2024)}}
| website          = {{URL|http://www.zanupf.org.zw/}}
| country          = Zimbabwe
| abbreviation     = ZANU–PF
| leader3_title    = National Chairperson
| leader3_name     = [[Oppah Muchinguri]]
| first_secretary  = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
| leader2_title    = Second Secretaries
| leader2_name     = [[Constantino Chiwenga]]<br />[[Kembo Mohadi]]
| founder          = [[Enos Nkala]], [[Herbert Chitepo]], [[Ndabaningi Sithole]], [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Edgar Tekere]]
| split            = [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]]
| founded          = 18 March 1975<br>({{age in years and days|1975|3|18}})
| regional         = [[Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa]]
| colours          = {{Color box|{{party color|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front}}|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#DC241f|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#000000|border=darkgray}}<br />Green, yellow, red, black
| seats1_title     = [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|National Assembly]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|193|280|hex={{party color|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|33|80|hex={{party color|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front}}}}
| flag             = [[File:Flag of ZANU-PF.svg|220px]]
| womens_wing      = [[ZANU–PF Women's League]]
| youth_wing       = ZANU–PF Youth League
}}
The '''Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front''' ('''ZANU–PF''') is a political organisation which has been the [[ruling party]] of [[Zimbabwe]] since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by [[Robert Mugabe]], first as prime minister with the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017, when he was removed as leader.

At the [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|2008 parliamentary election]], the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai]] (MDC). ZANU-PF then won the [[Zimbabwean general election, 2013|2013 election]], gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the [[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018 election]].

On 19 November 2017, following [[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|a coup d'état]], ZANU–PF removed Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] in his place.<ref>[http://www.zanupf.org.zw/breaking-news-president-mugabe-resigns/ Breaking News -President Mugabe resigns!], accessed Jan 14, 2018.</ref>

==History==

=== Predecessors (1955–1963) ===
The first militant [[African nationalism|African nationalist]] organisation in [[Southern Rhodesia]] was the [[City Youth League]] (CYL), formed in the colony's capital, [[Harare|Salisbury]], in August 1955 by [[James Chikerema]], [[Dunduzu Chisiza]], [[George Nyandoro]], and [[Edson Sithole]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raftopoulos |first=Brian |date=March 1995 |title=Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury 1953–1965 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637332 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=79–93 |doi=10.1080/03057079508708434 |jstor=2637332 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=Alois S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kwHAwAAQBAJ&q=chikerema |title=A History of Zimbabwe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-02170-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8h-eDwAAQBAJ |title=Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century |publisher=Westview Press |year=1991 |editor-last=Goldstone |editor-first=Jack A. |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=9781000310078 |language=en |editor-last2=Gurr |editor-first2=Ted Robert |editor-last3=Moshiri |editor-first3=Farrokh}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who |publisher=Books of Rhodesia |year=1977 |editor-last=Cary |editor-first=Robert |location=Bulawayo |language=en |chapter=Joshua Nkomo |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Diana |chapter-url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/joshua-nkomo/}}</ref> On 12 September 1957, the CYL merged with the long-established but largely dormant Southern Rhodesia chapter of the [[African National Congress]] to form the [[Southern Rhodesia African National Congress]] (SRANC).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Musarurwa |first=W. D. |title=African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who |publisher=Books of Rhodesia |year=1977 |editor-last=Cary |editor-first=Robert |location=Bulawayo |language=en |chapter=African Nationalism in Rhodesia |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Diana |chapter-url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/forward/african-nationalism-in-rhodesia-by-w-d-musarurwa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornegay Jr. |first=Francis A. |date=1969 |title=Zimbabwe Nationalism in Southern Rhodesia |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001132556900200202 |journal=A Current Bibliography on African Affairs |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1177/001132556900200202 |s2cid=155605343 |via=SAGE|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The new organisation adopted the CYL's principle of "[[one man, one vote]]" and elected [[Joshua Nkomo]] as its president.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1" /> The SRANC, which demanded African majority rule, gained substantial support across the country, but was banned by the Southern Rhodesian government in February 1959.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1" /> In turn, on 1 January 1960, the [[National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)|National Democratic Party]] (NDP) was formed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=1961-12-10 |title=Rhodesia Enjoins Africans' Party; National Democratic Heads Arrested—Violence Flares |pages=2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/10/archives/rhodesia-enjoins-africans-party-national-democratic-heads-arrested.html |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> The NDP advocated a similarly militant platform, and was similarly banned in December 1961.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In the same month, Nkomo formed the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]], which shared the same aims and tactics of its predecessor organisations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /> In September 1962, amid growing unrest in Southern Rhodesia's major towns, ZAPU was banned and many of its leaders detained.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who |publisher=Books of Rhodesia |year=1977 |editor-last=Cary |editor-first=Robert |location=Bulawayo |language=en |chapter=The Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Diana |chapter-url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/the-rev-ndabaningi-sithole/}}</ref> The colony's Unlawful Organisations Act was also amended in an attempt to prevent ZAPU from being reconstituted with a different name.<ref name=":0" />

===Formation (1963)===
African nationalist politics in Rhodesia in the 1960s were characterised by internal rivalries and disputes over strategy.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Uys |first=Stanley |date=2000-12-14 |title=The Rev Ndabaningi Sithole |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/dec/15/guardianobituaries1 |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref> Divisions within ZAPU came to a head in April 1963 when Nkomo called a meeting of the party's executive in [[Dar es Salaam]], where he had gone after ZAPU was banned in late 1962.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaplAgAAQBAJ |title=From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. |year=1980 |isbn=978-1-317-76100-6 |editor-last=Morris-Jones |editor-first=W. H. |location=London |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> The main criticisms of Nkomo were directed against his initial support of Southern Rhodesia's [[1961 Southern Rhodesian constitutional referendum|1961 constitution]] (a position he later reversed), his extensive foreign travel in pursuit of international support for the movement, and his handling of the formation of a [[government in exile]] in [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Scarnecchia |first=Timothy Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nM8EAAAQBAJ |title=Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1960–1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-316-51179-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=25–28 |language=en}}</ref> According to Nkomo, he had received permission to form a government in exile, but by the time the rest of ZAPU's leadership arrived in Dar es Salaam, he had changed his mind and was opposed the idea.<ref name=":3" /> Other accounts describe a split between Nkomo, who preferred an externally-based movement, and others—including [[Enoch Dumbutshena]] and [[Ndabaningi Sithole]]—who favoured an internal struggle and pressured Nkomo to return to Rhodesia.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /> President [[Julius Nyerere]] told the assembled ZAPU leaders that neither he nor other African heads of state supported the idea of a government in exile and that "victory" could only be achieved within Rhodesia.<ref name=":122" />
[[File:Ndabaningi Sithole (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ndabaningi Sithole]], ZANU's founding president, in 1955.]]
Nkomo returned to Salisbury on 2 July 1963, after which a majority of the party executive that had remained in Dar es Salaam voted to remove him as president of ZAPU.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /> In response, Nkomo suspended the various "rebels", including Sithole and [[Robert Mugabe]], from the party.<ref name=":122" /> Unable to outmaneuver Nkomo within ZAPU, his opponents decided to create their own organisation.<ref name=":0" /> On 8 August 1963, Sithole, [[Herbert Chitepo]], [[Leopold Takawira]], [[Edgar Tekere]], [[Henry Hamadziripi]], and [[Mukudzei Midzi]] gathered at the [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]] home of [[Enos Nkala]] to form the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU).<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Msipa |first=Cephas G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgJHEAAAQBAJ |title=In Pursuit of Freedom and Justice: A Memoir |publisher=Weaver Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-77922-381-4 |location=Harare |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":123">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who |publisher=Books of Rhodesia |year=1977 |editor-last=Cary |editor-first=Robert |location=Bulawayo |language=en |chapter=Enos Mzombi Nkala |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Diana |chapter-url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/enos-mzombi-nkala/}}</ref>

In response to ZANU's formation, Nkomo called a mass meeting on 10 August 1963 at [[Cold Comfort Farm (Rhodesia)|Cold Comfort Farm]], a multiracial [[cooperative]] outside Salisbury, where he formed a new organisation, the People's Caretaker Council (PCP), to replace ZAPU, which was still banned.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sithole |first=Masipula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov4wAQAAIAAJ |title=Zimbabwe: Struggles Within the Struggle, 1957–1980 |publisher=Rujeko Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7974-1935-3 |location=Harare |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> To preempt ZANU's growth, Nkomo took steps to solidify his hold on the masses, replacing ZAPU's existing centralised structure with a larger number of new, smaller branches.<ref name=":122" /> In the ZAPU–ZANU split, most of Nkomo's longtime allies who had been with him since the SRANC's formation in 1957—including [[Jason Moyo]] and [[George Nyandoro]]—stayed with ZAPU, while many nationalist leaders who had come to prominence in 1960 or later—like Sithole and Mugabe—joined the new party.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

On 22 August 1963, Sithole held ZANU's first press conference, telling reporters, "When the party came to power it would repeal the [[Land Apportionment Act of 1930|Land Apportionment Act]]. It would also repeal the Land Husbandry Act and replace both by a new land redistribution law."<ref name=":5" /> In addition to land reform, Sithole pledged that "A [[bill of rights]] would be entrenched in the constitution guaranteeing the rights and freedom of every citizen."<ref name=":5" /> Sithole told the reporters that ZANU was "nonracial" and would accommodate "people who share a common destiny and democratic rule by the majority, regardless of race, colour, creed, or tribe."<ref name=":5" /> ZANU's platform was quickly taken up by the press, and stood in contrast to ZAPU, which had not made public a comprehensive platform.<ref name=":5" /> ZAPU responded by attacking ZANU leaders' character and ideological bona fides.<ref name=":5" />

Almost immediately following the split, violent clashes broke out between supporters of the rival parties in urban areas across the country.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Scarnecchia |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCx_iT-yhm0C |title=The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58046-281-5 |location=Rochester, New York |pages=134–137 |language=en}}</ref> At one ZANU meeting in August 1963 in Highfield, 200 supporters required the protection of Rhodesian police to hold their event, while a "milling pro-Nkomo mob of [a] thousand threatening death to the 'sellouts'" waited outside and stoned the cars of ZANU leaders Sithole and [[Nathan Shamuyarira]] as they left.<ref name=":5" /> Nkomo's support was even stronger in the African townships of [[Mbare, Harare|Harare]] and [[Mufakose]].<ref name=":5" /> The day after the meeting, Sithole "acknowledged [a] miscalculation of Nkomo's mass strength."<ref name=":5" /> In [[Bulawayo]], two houses were bombed with [[Molotov cocktail]]s, and on 17 August, three policemen were injured by a stone-throwing mob of Nkomo supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-08-19 |title=Political Violence Breaks Calm in Southern Rhodesia |pages=2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/19/issue.html |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref> By 14 August, both Sithole and Nkomo were calling for an end the violence in the African press, to little effect.<ref name=":5" /> Nkomo blamed the violence on ZANU supporters, arguing that his followers were using "self-defence against a group of power-hungry people who have failed to gain public support."<ref name=":5" /> Sithole likewise claimed that his supporters were not the instigators, stating that he had "a group of well-disciplined officials who can control the youngsters."<ref name=":5" />

Despite facing initial backlash, ZANU did gain a following, and found particularly strong support in the eastern districts around [[Masvingo|Fort Victoria]] and [[Mutare|Umtali]].<ref name=":4" /> Meanwhile, ZAPU maintained an advantage in [[Bulawayo]] and [[Matabeleland]], and in and around the capital, Salisbury.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Though neither party's leaders belonged exclusively to one ethnic group, the division arguably had an ethnic component, with ZAPU finding disproportionate support among the [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele people]] and ZANU drawing its base largely from the [[Shona people]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nr8LVY7WCQoC |title=Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization |publisher=CODESRIA |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-86978-578-6 |location=Dakar |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref> Compared to ZAPU, ZANU branded itself as taking a more confrontational approach to white-minority rule, while portraying Nkomo as weak, indecisive, and insufficiently revolutionary.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86MxDwAAQBAJ |title=Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-60555-5 |editor-last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |editor-first=Sabelo J. |location=London |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> ZANU messaging downplayed ethnicity as a factor in the divisions within the nationalist movement, instead highlighting strategic and ideological differences.<ref name=":6" /> By contrast, Nkomo pointed to [[tribalism]] as the main cause of the ZAPU–ZANU split in his autobiography.<ref name=":6" />

=== Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980) ===
{{main article|Rhodesian Bush War}}

ZANU held its inaugural [[Party conference|party congress]] in the [[Mkoba]] suburb of [[Gweru|Gwelo]] from 21–23 May 1964.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=1964-05-21 |title=Rhodesia ZANU Congress |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/3e3421e709ddef2c3ff95eed6149d416 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=AP Television}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=President Mnangangwa's early days, political career |url=http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangangwas-early-days-political-career/ |access-date=2018-07-09 |website=The Sunday News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranger |first=Terence |date=1997 |title=Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3172030 |journal=History in Africa |volume=24 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.2307/3172030 |jstor=3172030 |s2cid=159673826 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> There, Ndabaningi Sithole was elected as the party's first president, Leopold Takawira as vice-president, Robert Mugabe as secretary-general, Herbert Chitepo as national chairman, and Enos Nkala as treasurer.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":13" /> In his presidential address, Sithole told the congress that ZANU "stands for democracy, socialism, nationalism, one man/one vote, freedom, [[pan-Africanism]], non-racism, and [[republicanism]].<ref name=":7" />

The Patriotic Front (PF) was formed as a political and military alliance between ZAPU and ZANU during the war against white minority rule in [[Rhodesia]] (now called Zimbabwe). The PF included the [[Soviet Union]]-backed ZAPU, which was led by [[Joshua Nkomo]] and operated mainly from [[Zambia]], and the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]]-backed ZANU led by Robert Mugabe, which operated mainly from neighboring [[Mozambique]]. Both movements contributed to their respective military forces. ZAPU's military wing was known as the [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] (ZIPRA) and ZANU's guerrillas were known as the [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]]. The objective of the PF was to overthrow the predominantly white minority government, headed by the [[Prime Minister of Rhodesia|Prime Minister]] [[Ian Smith]], through political pressure and military force.<ref name=Martin&Johnson>{{cite book |author1=Martin, D  |author2=Johnson, P.  |name-list-style=amp | year=1981 | title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe | publisher=Faber & Faber | pages=400}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
Their common goal was achieved in 1980, following the [[Lancaster House Agreement]] of December 1979, when the United Kingdom granted independence to Zimbabwe following a brief period of direct British control. During the 1980 general election campaign, the PF parties competed separately as ZANU–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Patriotic Front–ZAPU (PF–ZAPU). The election was won by Mugabe and ZANU–PF, with Nkomo and his PF–ZAPU retaining a stronghold in the provinces of [[Matabeleland]].<ref name="Martin&Johnson" />

In December 1981, agents of [[South Africa]]'s [[apartheid]] government bombed party headquarters, nearly killing many senior ZANU–PF leaders, including Robert Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karekwaivanane |first=George Hamandishe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i64_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Struggle over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics since 1950 |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108117692 |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 1987, after five years of the low-level civil war known as [[Gukurahundi]], the opposition ZAPU, led by Nkomo, was absorbed through the Unity Accord with ZANU to form an official ZANU–PF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/zw%7D.html|title=Zimbabwe - political party flags|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref>

From 1999 to 2017, Mugabe faced a major political challenge from the opposition [[Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]. Mugabe won 56% at the [[President of Zimbabwe|presidential]] elections of 9–11 March 2002.

At the December 2004 five-year conference, [[Joice Mujuru]], a [[Zezuru]] [[Shona people|Shona]] like Mugabe, and whose late-husband [[Solomon Mujuru]] was the retired head of the armed forces, was elevated to the post of vice president of the party (the first woman to hold that office) at the expense of contender [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] and his supporters; Justice Minister [[Patrick Chinamasa]] and Information Minister [[Jonathan Moyo]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2013/05/05/mutasa-blasts-mnangagwa | publisher=The Standard (Zimbabwe) | title=Mutasa blasts Mnangagwa|date=5 May 2013 | access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>

The [[Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2005|2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections]] were held on 31 March 2005. The party won 59.6% of the popular vote and 78 out of 120 elected seats. Later that year, 26 November, it won 43 of 50 elected senators. The parliamentary election was disputed as being unfair. The leader of the opposition MDC party said, "We are deeply disturbed by the fraudulent activities we have unearthed", and various human rights groups reported that hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters" had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million people.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4399501.stm Mugabe's party sweeps to victory]. [[BBC News]].</ref>

At the [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|2008 parliamentary election]], the ZANU–PF lost its majority in parliament for the first time since independence, and held 94 seats out of the expanded 210 seats, with Sokwanele stating that this figure would have been lower had it not been for gerrymandering, electoral fraud, and widespread intimidation.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7326968.stm | title= Mugabe's Zanu-PF loses majority | publisher=BBC News | date=3 April 2008}}</ref>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Doek met afbeeldingen van Mugabe TMnr 6369-6.jpg|thumb|ZANU–PF party regalia bearing the image of President [[Robert Mugabe]] in the [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008 general election]].]]
At the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]], [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], the MDC candidate, received the most votes, but did not gain an absolute majority; thus a runoff was necessary. Initial results led to MDC-T claiming the required majority. However, ballots were recounted at a National Command Centre over a period of over a month without the presence of independent observers. The election process that followed was marred by more violence against and intimidation of voters and party workers. Morgan Tsvangirai initially stated he intended to contest the [[Second round of voting at the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election|second round]] but pulled out of the runoff saying a free and fair election was impossible in the current climate. The elections were held on 27 June with a single candidate, Robert Mugabe, who was re-elected.

Many blame ZANU–PF for neglecting to deal with Zimbabwe's problem with the mounting [[2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak]], which by the start of December 2008 had already killed between 500 and 3,000 people.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/12/02/zimbabwe.cholera | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715191211/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/12/02/zimbabwe.cholera | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 July 2012 | title=Zimbabwe cholera death toll nears 500 | date=2 December 2008 | publisher=CNN | access-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>

Former [[President of South Africa]] [[Thabo Mbeki]] facilitated, under the auspices of [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), a Zimbabwean [[Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009|Government of National Unity]] between ZANU–PF, the [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai]] and the [[Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara]].

===Post-Mugabe transition===
[[File:Grace Mugabe with Robert Mugabe 2013-08-04 11-53.jpeg|thumb|Robert and [[Grace Mugabe]] at a ZANU–PF rally in 2013.]]
In 2014, a battle between Vice President [[Joice Mujuru]] and Justice Minister [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]], and possibly [[First Lady of Zimbabwe|First Lady]] [[Grace Mugabe]], began over the succession to President [[Robert Mugabe]]. An elective congress was scheduled for December 2014, in which ZANU–PF would elect members to fill vacancies in the central committee, politburo, and presidium, and most likely endorse the party's next candidate for president. This congress, which takes place every five years, is the most important elective organ for the party.

Although President Mugabe had not named a successor, [[Joice Mujuru]] was seen by many as the most likely candidate. She had support from both the politburo and the population at large (demonstrated by the election of her loyalists to the youth league).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2014/08/we-must-all-resign-in-december-says.html|title=We must all resign in December, says Mugabe|date=18 August 2014|publisher=NewsdzeZimbabwe|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> Minister [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] was supported by a smaller group composed mainly of senior members of the security establishment, part of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus, younger party members, and a few influential parts of the Zimbabwean business community. He had been with Mugabe since Zimbabwe gained independence and was regarded by many as a successor who could maintain stability after Mugabe eventually left office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/southern-africa/zimbabwe/b103-zimbabwe-waiting-for-the-future.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930210617/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/southern-africa/zimbabwe/b103-zimbabwe-waiting-for-the-future.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2014|title=Zimbabwe waiting for the future|website=www.crisisgroup.org |date=29 September 2014|access-date= 9 October 2014}}</ref>

Mujuru lost the succession battle with Mnangagwa after being expelled from the party in 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32176164|title=Zimbabwe ruling party expels Mugabe rival Joyce Mujuru|date=3 April 2015|website=Bbc.com}}</ref> a new power struggle began between Mnangagwa's faction (known as Team [[Lacoste (political faction)|Lacoste]]) and Grace Mugabe's faction (known as [[Generation 40]]&nbsp;or G40) which had become violent by 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zimsit-m-mugabes-zanu-pf-brawls-wheels-come-off/|title=Mugabe's Zanu PF brawls: Wheels come off|last=Jeffrey Muvundusi and Tendai Kamhungira|date=23 May 2017|work=Zimbabwe Situation|access-date=24 May 2017|publisher=DailyNews Live|language=en-ZW}}</ref> [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] was demoted from Minister of Justice following a cabinet reshuffle, soon after he publicly claimed that he was poisoned, in early-October 2017. On 15 November 2017, a military coup in Zimbabwe resulted in President Robert Mugabe being placed under house arrest and led to speculation over whether Grace Mugabe or Emmerson Mnangagwa would succeed him as leader of the party. Following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup, ZANU–PF voted to depose Robert Mugabe as party leader and install the banished Emmerson Mnangagwa as leader instead. Before the Zimbabwean parliament could vote to impeach Mugabe, he resigned from the presidency on 21 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader |date=19 November 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42043370|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Mnangagwa was sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017.<ref>[http://www.zanupf.org.zw/cde-ed-mnangagwa-sworn-in-as-the-new-president-of-the-republic-of-zimbabwe/ Cde ED Mnangagwa Sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe], accessed Jan 14, 2018.</ref>

On 6 September 2019, Robert Mugabe died of cancer (according to Mnangagwa) at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/ex-zimbabwe-leader-robert-mugabe-dies-at-95-bbc|title=Ex-Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe dies at 95 in Singapore|date=2019-09-06|website=The Straits Times|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-22 |title=Zimbabwe uproar as roads named after Emmerson Mnangagwa |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50516126 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Zimbabwean by-elections|March 2022 by-elections]], ZANU–PF had a poor performance compared to the [[Citizens Coalition for Change]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muronzi |first=Chris |title=Zimbabwe: By-elections to provide 'hint of what is to come' in 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/25/zimbabwe-elections-police |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> ZANU–PF won the [[2023 Zimbabwean general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chingono |first1=Nyasha |last2=Banya |first2=Nelson |date=2023-08-27 |title=Zimbabwe's president declared election winner, opposition rejects result |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zimbabwes-mnangagwa-wins-presidential-election-electoral-commission-2023-08-26/ |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>

==Ideology==
ZANU–PF describes itself as [[anti-imperialist]]<ref name="whatis">{{cite web |title=What is ZANU-PF |url=http://www.zanupf.org.zw/what-is-zanupf/ |website=ZANU-PF |access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> and as espousing [[pan-Africanism]].<ref name="whatis"/> It has been described from the outside as [[African nationalist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/robert-gabriel-mugabe/|title=ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE &#124; African Nationalist Leaders – Rhodesia to Zimbabwe}}</ref> The party maintains a Secretariat, [[Politburo of ZANU–PF|Politburo]] and a Central Committee.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zanupf.org.zw | title= Zanu-PF official site|website=Zanupf.org.zw|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

===Land redistribution===
{{Main|Land reform in Zimbabwe}}
Mugabe pursued a more [[left-wing populist]] policy on the issue of land redistribution in 2000s, encouraging seizure of commercial farms—usually owned by Zimbabwe's white minority—"for the benefit of landless black majority".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2056341,00.html |title=Power to the Mob |first=Simon |last=Robinson |date=1 May 2000 |magazine=Time |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> The inauguration speech of President Mnangagwa threw this program's support into question since he said that the "government is committed to work on a compensation plan for former land owners."<ref name="Nov25speech">[http://www.zanupf.org.zw/president-mnangagwa-inauguration-speech/ President E.D Mnangagwa Inauguration Speech], Accessed Jan 14, 2018.</ref> The compulsory acquisition of commercial farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018.<ref name="Cost">{{cite news|title=Mugabe's land reform costs Zimbabwe $17 billion: economists|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/mugabes-land-reform-costs-zimbabwe-17-billion-economists-20180512|work=News 24|location=Cape Town|date=12 May 2018|access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Mnangagwa stated that "all foreign investments will be safe in Zimbabwe" and called for "increased production and capacity and new investment in the country."<ref name="Nov25speech" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Politburo Meeting Held on the 10th of January 2018 |url=http://www.zanupf.org.zw/politburo-meeting-held-on-the-10th-of-january-2018/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530104419/http://www.zanupf.org.zw/politburo-meeting-held-on-the-10th-of-january-2018/ |archive-date=30 May 2018 |website=ZANU–PF |access-date=14 January 2018 }}</ref>

== Organisation and structure ==
The ZANU–PF constitution establishes a hierarchical party structure consisting of: (1) the National People's Congress, (2) the National People's Conference, (3) the Central Committee, (4) the National Consultative Assembly, (5) the National Assembly of the Women's League, (6) the National Assembly of the Youth League, (7) the provincial coordinating committees, (8) the provincial executive councils, (9) the district committees, (10) the branch committees, and (11) the cell/village committees.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) |url=https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Constitution%20of%20the%20ZImbabwe%20African%20National%20Patriotic%20Front%20ZANU%20PF.pdf |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Veritas}}</ref>

The current first secretary of ZANU–PF, reelected at the party's elective congress on 28 October 2022, is President [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Ruzvidzo |first=Wallace |date=2022-10-30 |title=President reappoints Cdes Chiwenga, Mohadi VPs |url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/president-reappoints-cdes-chiwenga-mohadi-vps |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Sunday Mail |language=en-GB}}</ref> The other three members of the party's presidium, appointed by Mnangagwa on 29 October 2022, are Second Secretaries [[Constantino Chiwenga]] and [[Kembo Mohadi]], and National Chairperson [[Oppah Muchinguri]].<ref name=":10" />

The party maintains a [[ZANU–PF Women's League|Women's League]] and [[ZANU–PF Youth League|Youth League]].<ref name=":9" /> A third wing, the War Veterans' League, was established in 2022 and held its inaugural conference on 9 September of that year.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Machivenyika |first=Farai |date=2022-09-10 |title=War vets give Zanu PF renewed strength |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/war-vets-give-zanu-pf-renewed-strength/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Congresses ===
* 1st National People's Congress (December 1989)
* 2nd National People's Congress (December 1994)
* 3rd National People's Congress (December 1999)
* 4th National People's Congress (December 2004)
* Extraordinary Congress (December 2007)
* 5th National People's Congress (December 2009)
* 6th National People's Congress (December 2014)
* Extraordinary Congress (12–17 December 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mhofu |first=Sebastian |date=2017-12-15 |title=Zimbabwe's President Appeals for Ruling Party Unity |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zimbabwe-president-appeals-ruling-party-unity/4165794.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref>
* 7th National People's Congress (December 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-26 |title=Zanu PF Congress starts today |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zanu-pf-congress-starts-today/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== International relations ==
[[File:ZANU-PF Youth League.jpg|thumb|Delegates from Zimbabwe and the ZANU–PF Youth League dance at the closing of the [[17th World Festival of Youth and Students|World Festival of Youth and Students]] in Johannesburg, 2010.]]ZANU–PF is a member of the [[Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa]], an association of six socialist political parties that were involved in the nationalist and [[anti-colonialist]] movements of [[Southern Africa]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news |date=2013-03-07 |title=President in SA for former liberation movements meeting |newspaper=The Herald |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/president-in-sa-for-former-liberation-movements-meeting/ |access-date=2021-01-07}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Matanda |first=Dennis |date=2021-03-19 |title=Decoding China's Africa Strategy beyond 2021: A Discussion with Paul Nantulya |url=https://www.thehabarinetwork.com/decoding-chinas-africa-strategy-beyond-2021-a-discussion-with-paul-nantulya |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Habari Network |language=en-US}}</ref> ZANU–PF was previously affiliated with the [[Socialist International]] (SI), having sent representatives with guest status to the SI congresses in 1980,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1981|title=Socialist International Congress, 1980|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/SI%20Congress%201980%20a.pdf|journal=Socialist Affairs|pages=27|archive-date=18 August 2017|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818183829/http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/SI%20Congress%201980%20a.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1992,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1992|title=XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/XIXCongress.pdf|journal=Socialist Affairs|pages=49|archive-date=15 October 2018|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002955/http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/XIXCongress.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 1996,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996|title=The XX Congress|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/SI%20XX%20Congress%20NY%201996%20c.pdf|journal=Socialist Affairs|pages=64|archive-date=15 October 2018|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003018/http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/SI%20XX%20Congress%20NY%201996%20c.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was present at the Socialist International Africa Committee meeting in [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]], as recently as 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=260|title=Meeting of the Socialist International Africa Committee, Maputo, Mozambique|date=September 1999|website=Socialist International|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> ZANU–PF has not attended any SI congresses or meetings since, and Zimbabwe's then-leading opposition party, the [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai]], joined the SI in 2008. The Socialist International has condemned the actions of Zimbabwe's ZANU–PF-dominated government and military.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/45680/Zimbabwean+socialist+responds+to+palace+coup+facing+Mugabes+regime|title=Zimbabwean socialist responds to 'palace coup' facing Mugabe's regime|last=Tengely-Evans|first=Tomáš|date=2017-11-15|work=Socialist Worker|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
=== Presidential elections ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Election
! rowspan="2" |Party candidate
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
! colspan="2" |First Round
! colspan="2" |Second Round
|-
|[[1990 Zimbabwean general election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Robert Mugabe]]
|2,026,976
|83.05%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[1996 Zimbabwean presidential election|1996]]
|1,404,501
|92.76%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2002 Zimbabwean presidential election|2002]]
|1,685,212
|56.20%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008]]
|1,079,730
|43.24%
|2,150,269
|90.22%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2013 Zimbabwean general election|2013]]
|2,110,434
|61.88%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
|2,460,463
|51.44%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2023 Zimbabwean general election|2023]]
|2,350,711
|52.60%
|  —
|  —
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|}

=== National Assembly elections ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
!Result
|-
|[[1980 Southern Rhodesian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Robert Mugabe]]
|1,668,992
|62.99%{{Refn|63% of Common Roll votes. In the 1980 elections, two rolls of voters existed: the Common Role, which contained nonwhites and formed the vast majority of voters, and the White Roll, which contained white voters and formed a small minority of voters.|name=commonroll|group=n}}
|{{Composition bar|57|100|Green}}
|{{increase}} 57
|{{increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|1985]]
|2,233,320
|77.19%
|{{Composition bar|64|100|Green}}
|{{increase}} 7
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[1990 Zimbabwean general election|1990]]
|1,690,071
|80.55%
|{{Composition bar|117|120|Green}}
|{{increase}} 53
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[1995 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|1995]]
|1,143,349
|81.38%
|{{Composition bar|118|120|Green}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|2000]]
|1,211,284
|48.47%
|{{Composition bar|62|120|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 56
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|2005]]
|1,569,867
|59.59%
|{{Composition bar|78|120|Green}}
|{{increase}} 16
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008]]
|1,110,649
|45.84%
|{{Composition bar|99|210|Green}}
|{{increase}} 19
|{{decrease}} 2nd
|{{yes2|ZANU PF–[[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai|MDC]] coalition government}}
|-
|[[2013 Zimbabwean general election|2013]]
|2,116,116
|63.16%
|{{Composition bar|196|270|Green}}
|{{increase}} 97
|{{increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
|2,477,708
|52.35%
|{{Composition bar|179|270|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 17
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[2023 Zimbabwean general election|2023]]
|2,515,607
|56.18%
|{{Composition bar|177|280|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Majority government}}
|}

=== Senate elections ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
!Result
|-
|[[2005 Zimbabwean Senate election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Robert Mugabe]]
|449,860
|73.71%
|{{Composition bar|43|66|Green}}
|{{increase}} 43
|{{increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Governing majority}}
|-
|[[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008]]
|1,101,931
|45.79%
|{{Composition bar|57|93|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|ZANU PF–[[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai|MDC]] governing coalition}}
|-
|[[2013 Zimbabwean general election|2013]]
|2,120,634
|64.27%
|{{Composition bar|37|80|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 20
|{{steady}} 1st
|style="background-color:#CCCCFF" |Governing minority
|-
|[[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
|—
|—
|{{Composition bar|34|80|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|{{steady}} 1st
|style="background-color:#CCCCFF" |Governing minority
|-
|[[2023 Zimbabwean general election|2023]]
|—
|—
|{{Composition bar|33|80|Green}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{steady}} 1st
|style="background-color:#CCCCFF" |Governing minority
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in Zimbabwe]]
* [[List of ruling political parties by country]]
* [[Politics of Zimbabwe]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.zanupf.org.zw/}}
* [https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Constitution%20of%20the%20ZImbabwe%20African%20National%20Patriotic%20Front%20ZANU%20PF.pdf ZANU–PF constitution]

{{Zimbabwean political parties}}
{{Former Liberation Movements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ZANU-PF}}
[[Category:ZANU–PF| ]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Africa]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1987]]
[[Category:Political parties in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Library of Congress Africa Collection related]]