View source for Zanzibar

{{short description|Semi-autonomous region of Tanzania}}
{{About|the modern Tanzanian region|the 19th- and 20th-century sultanate|Sultanate of Zanzibar|the Yemeni port city|Zinjibar|other uses|Zanzibar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Zanzibar
| common_name            = Zanzibar
| native_name            = {{nativename|sw|Zanzibar}}<br/>{{nativename|ar|زنجبار}}
| linking_name           = Zanzibar
| status                 = Semi-autonomous region of [[Tanzania]]
| image_flag             = Flag of Zanzibar.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Zanzibar.png
| coa_size               = 110px
| anthem                 = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br />"God bless Africa"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/znz.htm |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=2014 |title=Zanzibar |first=David |last=Kendall |work=nationalanthems.info |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074956/http://www.nationalanthems.info/znz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Tanzania by US Navy Band.ogg]]}}
| image_map              = Tanzania_Zanzibar_location_map.svg
| alt_map                = 
| map_caption            = Location of Zanzibar within Tanzania
| image_map2             = {{switcher|[[File:Spice Islands (Zanzibar highlighted).svg|frameless]]|Map of Zanzibar|[[File:Map of Zanzibar Archipelago-en.svg|frameless]]|The major islands of [[Unguja]] and [[Pemba Island|Pemba]] in the Indian Ocean|default=1}}
| alt_map2               = 
| map_caption2           = <!--The major islands of [[Unguja]] and [[Pemba Island|Pemba]] in the Indian Ocean-->
| capital                = [[Zanzibar City]]
| official_languages     = {{unbulleted list
|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list |[[Swahili people|Swahili]]|[[Arabs]]|[[Hadimu]]|[[Shirazi people|Shirazi]]|[[Tumbatu]]}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 
| demonym                = Zanzibari
| government_type        = [[Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar|Federacy]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Zanzibar|President]]<ref>{{cite web |title=President's Office and Chairman of Revolutionary Council, Zanzibar |url=http://www.ikuluzanzibar.go.tz/en |website=President of Zanzibar |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101135606/http://www.ikuluzanzibar.go.tz/en |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader_name1           = [[Hussein Mwinyi]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of Zanzibar|First Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Othman Masoud Sharif]]
| leader_title3          = [[Vice President of Zanzibar|Second Vice President]]
| leader_name3           = [[Hemed Suleiman Abdalla]]
| legislature            = [[Zanzibar House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type       = Establishment [[History of Zanzibar|history]]
| sovereignty_note       = 
| established_event1     = [[Zanzibar Sultanate]]
| established_date1      = 19 October 1856
| established_event2     = [[Zanzibar Revolution]]
| established_date2      = 12 January 1964
| established_event3     = Unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
| established_date3      = 26 April 1964
| area_km2               = 2462
| area_label             = Total<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Profile Area and Population |url=https://www.embassyoftanzaniarome.info/en/about-tanzania/country-profile |website=Embassy of the United Republic of Tanzania in Rome |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618213020/https://www.embassyoftanzaniarome.info/en/about-tanzania/country-profile |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| area_rank              = 
| percent_water          = 
| area_label2            = <!--Label below area_label (optional)-->
| area_data2             = <!--Text after area_label2 (optional)-->
| population_estimate    = 
| population_census      = 1,889,773
| population_estimate_year = 
| population_estimate_rank = 
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_density_km2 = 768.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_density_rank = 
| GDP_PPP                = <!--(Gross Domestic Product from Purchasing Power Parity)-->
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
| GDP_nominal            = $3.75 billion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kushnirs.org/macroeconomics/gdp/gdp_zanzibar.html |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Zanzibar |website=www.ushnirs.org |access-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054112/http://kushnirs.org/macroeconomics/gdp/gdp_zanzibar.html |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,500
| Gini                   = <!--(Gini measure of income inequality;input number only; valid values are between 0 and 100)-->
| Gini_year              = 
| Gini_ref               = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)-->
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.613
| HDI_year               = 2018
| HDI_change             = 
| HDI_ref                = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 
| currency               = [[Tanzanian shilling]]
| currency_code          = TZS
| time_zone               = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| antipodes              = <!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory-->
| drives_on              = Left
| calling_code           = [[+255]]
| iso3166code            = <!--Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using "omit".-->
| cctld                  = [[.tz]]
| footnote_a             = <!--For any footnote <sup>a</sup> used above-->
| englishmotto           = 
| loctext                = 
| religion               = {{ublist 
| 98% [[Islam in Zanzibar|Islam]] 
| 1.16% [[Christianity]]
| 0.84% [[Hinduism|Others]] (including [[Animism|Indigenous]] and [[Irreligious]])
}}
| area_magnitude         = 
| area                   = 
| coordinates            = 
}}

'''Zanzibar'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|æ|n|z|ᵻ|b|ɑːr}}; {{langx|sw|Zanzibar}}; {{langx|ar|زنجبار|zanjibār}}, from {{langx|fa|زنگبار|Zangebār|black-skinned coast}}}} is a Tanzanian [[archipelago]] off the coast of [[East Africa]]. It is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], and consists of many small [[Island|islands]] and two large ones: [[Unguja]] (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar) and [[Pemba Island]]. The capital is [[Zanzibar City]], located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre, [[Stone Town]], is a [[World Heritage Site]].

Zanzibar is also a [[Autonomous administrative divisions|semi-autonomous region]] that united with [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] in 1964 to form the present-day [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]]. The archipelago's main [[Industry (economics)|industries]] are [[spice]]s, [[raffia palm|raffia]], and [[tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exotic Zanzibar and its seafood |date=21 May 2011 |url=http://drshem.com/2011/05/21/exotic-zanzibar-and-its-seafood/ |access-date=11 June 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815070819/http://drshem.com/2011/05/21/exotic-zanzibar-and-its-seafood/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The main spices produced are [[clove]], [[nutmeg]], [[cinnamon]], [[coconut]], and [[black pepper]]. The [[Zanzibar Archipelago]], together with Tanzania's [[Mafia Island]], is sometimes referred to locally as the "Spice Islands". [[Tourism in Zanzibar]] is a more recent activity, driven by government promotion that caused an increase from 19,000 tourists in 1985,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=Glenn-Marie |date=2015-02-01 |title=Tourism in Zanzibar: Incentives for sustainable management of the coastal environment |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221204161400148X |journal=Ecosystem Services |series=Marine Economics and Policy related to Ecosystem Services: Lessons from the World's Regional Seas |language=en |volume=11 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.009 |bibcode=2015EcoSv..11....5L |issn=2212-0416|url-access=subscription }}</ref> to 376,000 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yussuf |first=Issa |date=19 April 2017 |title=Tanzania: Number of Tourists to Zanzibar Doubles As Tourist Hotels Improve Service Delivery |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201704190661.html |access-date=June 4, 2019 |website=allAfrica |archive-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827153016/http://allafrica.com/stories/201704190661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The islands are accessible via five ports and the [[Abeid Amani Karume International Airport]], which can serve up to 1.5 million passengers per year.<ref name=":0" />

Zanzibar's [[marine ecosystem]] plays a vital role in its [[fishing]] and [[algaculture|algacultural]] industries; these ecosystems act as nurseries for [[:Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean fish]] populations. Moreover, the land ecosystem is the home of the [[endemism|endemic]] [[Zanzibar red colobus]], the [[Zanzibar servaline genet]], and the [[extinction|extinct]] or rare [[Zanzibar leopard]].<ref name="InsideEdition 06-2018">{{Cite news |last=Li |first=Joanna |title=Zanzibar Leopard Captured on Camera, Despite Being Declared Extinct |publisher=[[Inside Edition]] |url=https://www.insideedition.com/zanzibar-leopard-captured-camera-despite-being-declared-extinct-43962 |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2018-08-16 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070057/https://www.insideedition.com/zanzibar-leopard-captured-camera-despite-being-declared-extinct-43962 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MysteriousUniverse 06-2018">{{Cite news |last=Seaburn |first=Paul |title=Extinct 'Evil' Zanzibar Leopard Seen Alive in Tanzania |publisher=Mysterious Universe |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/06/extinct-evil-zanzibar-leopard-seen-alive-in-tanzania/ |date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2019-06-26 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626180744/https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/06/extinct-evil-zanzibar-leopard-seen-alive-in-tanzania/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Environmental pressure from the [[tourism]] and fishing industries, as well as larger threats such as [[sea level rise]] caused by climate change, are creating increasing environmental concerns throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-11-15 |title=Geographical characterization of the Zanzibar coastal zone and its management perspectives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569116302952 |journal=Ocean & Coastal Management |language=en |volume=149 |pages=116–134 |doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.003 |issn=0964-5691 |last1=Khamis |first1=Zakaria A. |last2=Kalliola |first2=Risto |last3=Käyhkö |first3=Niina |bibcode=2017OCM...149..116K |access-date=12 January 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225119/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569116302952 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Zanzibar'' came from [[Arabic]] ''zanjibār'' ({{lang|ar|زنجبار}} {{IPA|[zandʒibaːr]}}), which is in turn from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''zangbâr'' ({{lang|fa|زنگبار}} {{IPA|[zæŋbɒːɾ]}}), a compound of ''[[Zanj|Zang]]'' ({{lang|fa|زنگ}} {{IPA|[zæŋ]}}, "black") + ''bâr'' ({{lang|fa|بار}} {{IPA|[bɒːɾ]}}, "coast"),<ref>{{OEtymD|zanzibar}}</ref><ref name="Burton2010">{{cite book |author=Richard F. Burton |title=The Lake Regions of Central Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ph9_ibicUC&pg=PA38 |year=2010 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61640-179-5 |page=38}}</ref><ref name="Shokoohy2013">{{cite book |author=Mehrdad Shokoohy |title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqhddUCZ_BQC&pg=PA137 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-49977-7 |page=137 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064542/https://books.google.com/books?id=kqhddUCZ_BQC&pg=PA137 |url-status=live }}</ref> cf. the [[Sea of Zanj]]. The name is one of several [[toponyms]] sharing similar [[Placename etymology|etymologies]], ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings, in reference to the [[dark skin]] of the inhabitants.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Zanzibar}}

=== Before 1498 ===
The presence of [[microlith]]s suggests that Zanzibar has been home to humans for at least 20,000 years, since the beginning of the [[Later Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hashim |first=Nadra O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVFYmNO7BeEC&pg=PAxi |title=Language and Collective Mobilization: The Story of Zanzibar |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-73913708-6 |page=xi |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064543/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVFYmNO7BeEC&pg=PAxi |archive-date=12 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a Greco-Roman text written between the [[1st century|1st]] and [[3rd century|3rd]] centuries, mentioned the island of ''Menuthias'' ({{langx|grc|Μενουθιάς}}), which is likely [[Unguja]].<ref name="Pearce">{{Cite book |first=Francis Barrow |last=Pearce |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA81-IA2 |title= Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa |date=1920 |publisher= Dutton & Com |location=New York City |author-link=Francis Barrow Pearce |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064543/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA81-IA2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the outset of the first millennium, both Zanzibar and the adjacent [[Swahili coast|coast]] were settled by [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] speakers. Archaeological finds at [[Fukuchani]], on the northwest coast of Zanzibar, indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the [[6th century]] at the latest. The considerable amount of [[Wattle and daub|daub]] discovered indicates timber buildings; shell beads, bead grinders, and iron [[slag]] have been found at the site as well. There is evidence of limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the [[5th century|5th]] to [[8th century|8th]] century.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=Likely cited by references further down. Just flagging for review.}} The similarity to contemporary sites in [[Mkokotoni]] and [[Dar es Salaam Region|Dar es Salaam]] indicates a unified group of communities that independently developed into a center of coastal maritime culture.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=Flagging for review. Assumption is it's cited by referencing further down the page}} The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in [[Indian Ocean trade|Indian Ocean and inland African trade]] at this early period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Kusimba |first1=Chapurukha |last2=Walz |first2=Jonathan |year=2018 |title=When did the Swahili become Maritime?: A Reply to Fleisher et al. (2015), and to the Resurgence in Maritime Myopia in the Archaeology of the East African Coast |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=120 |number=3 |pages=100–115 |doi=10.1111/aman.12171 |pmid=25821235 |pmc=4368416 |url=}}</ref> [[Trade]] rapidly increased in importance and quantity beginning in the mid-8th century; by the close of the 10th century, Zanzibar was one of the central [[Swahili people|Swahili]] trading towns.<ref name= SLandscape>{{cite book |last1=Horton |first1=Mark |last2=Middleton |first2=Tom |title=The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community |place= Oxford |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-63118919-0}}</ref>{{rp |46}}

Excavations at nearby [[Pemba Island]], as well as at [[Shanga, Pate Island|Shanga]] in the [[Lamu Archipelago]], provide the clearest picture of the region's [[Architecture|architectural]] development. Houses were originally built with [[timber]] (circa 1050) and later in [[Mudbrick|mud]] with [[Coral rag|coral walls]] (circa 1150). The houses were continuously rebuilt with more permanent materials. By the 13th century, houses were built with [[Rock (geology)|stone]], and bonded with mud, and the 14th century saw the use of lime to bond stone. Only the wealthier patricians would have had stone- and lime-built houses, and the strength of the materials allowed for flat roofs. By contrast, the majority of the population lived in single-story [[Thatching|thatched]] houses similar to those of the [[11th century|11th]] and [[12th century|12th]] centuries. According to Thomas Spear, John Middleton, and [[Mark Horton (archaeologist)|Mark Horton]], the architectural style of these stone houses has no Arab or Persian elements, and should be viewed as an entirely indigenous development of local vernacular architecture. While much of Zanzibar Town's architecture was rebuilt during [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Omani]] rule, nearby sites elucidate the general development of Swahili and Zanzibari architecture before the 15th century.<ref name= SLandscape />{{rp|119}}

From the 9th century, Swahili merchants on Zanzibar operated as brokers for long-distance traders from both the hinterland and the Indian Ocean world. Persian, Indian, and Arab traders frequented Zanzibar to acquire East African goods like gold, ivory, and ambergris and then shipped them overseas to Asia. Similarly, caravan traders from the [[African Great Lakes]] and [[Zambezian Region]] came to the coast to trade for imported goods, especially Indian [[Textile|cloth]]. Before the Portuguese arrival, the southern towns of [[Unguja Ukuu]] and [[Kizimkazi]] and the northern town of [[Tumbatu]] were the dominant centres of exchange. Zanzibar was just one of the many autonomous city-states that dotted the East African coast. These towns grew in wealth as the [[Swahili people]] served as intermediaries and facilitators to merchants and traders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kusimba |first=Chapurukha |title=The Rise and Decline of Swahili States |place=Walnut Creek, California |publisher=Altamira |year=1999 |isbn=9780761990512}}</ref> This interaction between Central African and Indian Ocean cultures contributed in part to the evolution of the [[Swahili culture]], which developed an Arabic-script literary tradition. Although a Bantu language, the [[Swahili language]] as a consequence today includes some borrowed elements, particularly [[loanword]]s from [[Arabic]], though this was mostly a 19th-century phenomenon with the growth of Omani hegemony. Many foreign traders from Africa and Asia married into wealthy patrician families on Zanzibar. Asian men in particular, who resided on the coast for up to six months because of the prevailing monsoon wind patterns, married East African women. Since almost all the Asian traders were Muslims, their children inherited their paternal ethnic identity, though East African matrilineal traditions remained key.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Gwynn |title= Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn= 978-1-10857862-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Stephanie |last1= Wynne-Jones |first2=Adria |last2=LaViolette |title=The Swahili World |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-13891346-2}}</ref>

=== Portuguese colonization ===
[[File:The old castle in Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|right|The castle in Zanzibar]]
[[Vasco da Gama]]'s visit in 1498 marked the beginning of European influence. In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the [[Portuguese Empire]] when Captain Rui Lourenço Ravasco Marques came ashore and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace.<ref name="Ingrams">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oYhrCkGaxyUC |title=Zanzibar: Its History and Its People |first=W. H. |last=Ingrams |date=1 June 1967 |publisher=Psychology Press |access-date=12 March 2018 |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-71461102-0 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064542/https://books.google.com/books?id=oYhrCkGaxyUC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp| 99}} Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor-general. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from [[Mozambique]].<ref name="Eliot"/>{{rp| 15}} It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the ''Edward Bonaventure'' in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was bought and collected for shipment to Mozambique. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king', the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of Dunga."<ref name="Pearce"/>{{rp| 81}} This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on Pemba Island around 1635 in response to the Sultan of [[Mombasa]]'s slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier. Portugal had long considered Pemba to be a troublesome launching point for rebellions in Mombasa against Portuguese rule.<ref name="Pearce"/>{{rp| 85}}

The precise origins of the sultans of Unguja are uncertain. However, their capital at [[Unguja Ukuu]] is believed to have been an extensive town. Possibly constructed by locals, it was composed mainly of perishable materials.<ref name="Pearce"/>{{rp| 89}}

=== Sultanate of Zanzibar ===
{{Main|Sultanate of Zanzibar}}
[[File:ZanzibarOmaniRuler.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oman]]i Sultan of Zanzibar]]
[[File:TipputipPortrait.jpg|thumb|left|Zanzibari slave trader [[Tippu Tip]]]]
[[File:The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p.234, 1890) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p. 234), London Missionary Society<ref name=LMS>{{cite journal |title= The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar |journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society |date=1890 |url= https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]

The Portuguese arrived in East Africa in 1498, where they found several independent towns on the coast, with Muslim Arabic-speaking elites. While the Portuguese travellers describe them as "black", they made a clear distinction between the Muslim and non-Muslim populations.<ref>Prestholdt, Jeremy. "Portuguese Conceptual Categories and the ‘Other’ Encounter on the Swahili Coast." Journal of Asian American Studies, Volume 36, Issue 4, 390.</ref> Their relations with these leaders were mostly hostile, but during the sixteenth century, they firmly established their power and ruled with the aid of tributary sultans. The Portuguese presence was relatively limited, leaving administration in the hands of the local leaders and power structures already present. This system lasted until 1631, when the Sultan of Mombasa massacred the Portuguese inhabitants. For the remainder of their rule, the Portuguese appointed European governors. The strangling of trade and diminished local power led the Swahili elites in Mombasa and Zanzibar to invite Omani aristocrats to assist them in driving the Europeans out.<ref name="Eliot">Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., [https://archive.org/details/eastafricaprotec00eliouoft ''The East Africa Protectorate''], London: Edward Arnold, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 ([[PDF]] format).</ref>{{rp| 9}}

In 1698, Zanzibar came under the influence of the [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]].<ref>N. S. Kharusi, [http://etn.sagepub.com/content/12/3/335 "The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman"] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033031/http://etn.sagepub.com/content/12/3/335 |date=4 September 2015 }}, ''Ethnicities'', 12(3) 335–53, 2012.</ref> There was a [[Oman–Zanzibar war|brief revolt]] against Omani rule in 1784. Local elites invited Omani merchant princes to settle in Zanzibar in the first half of the nineteenth century, preferring them to the Portuguese. Many locals today continue to emphasise that indigenous Zanzibaris had invited [[Seyyid Said]], the first Busaidi sultan, to their island.<ref name= "meier 103">{{Cite book |last=Meier |first=Sandy Prita |title= Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere |publisher= Indiana University Press |date=25 April 2016 |location= Bloomington, [[Indiana|IN]] |page =103}}</ref> Claiming a patron{{ndash}}client relationship with powerful families was a strategy used by many Swahili coast towns from at least the fifteenth century.<ref name="meier 103"/>

In 1832<ref name="Ingrams"/>{{rp|page: 162}} or 1840<ref name= "Appiah">{{citation|editor1-last=Appiah|editor2-last=Gates|editor1-link= Kwame Anthony Appiah|editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr.|editor2-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |year=1999 |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn= 0-465-00071-1 |oclc=41649745 |url= https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi}}</ref>{{rp|2 045}} (the date varies among sources), [[Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman]] moved his capital from [[Muscat, Oman]] to Stone Town. After Said's death in June 1856, two of his sons, [[Thuwaini bin Said, Sultan of Muscat, and Oman|Thuwaini bin Said]] and [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid bin Said]], struggled over the [[order of succession|succession]]. Said's will divided his dominions into two separate [[principality|principalities]], with Thuwaini to become the Sultan of Oman and Majid to become the first [[Sultan of Zanzibar]]; the brothers quarrelled about the will, which was eventually upheld by [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]], Great Britain's [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]].<ref name="Ingrams"/>{{rp|pages: 163–4}}<ref name= "Eliot" />{{rp| 22–3}}

[[File:Zanzslgwch.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Zanj]] slave gang in Zanzibar (1889)]]
Until around 1890, the sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the [[Swahili coast]] known as [[Zanj]], which included Mombasa and [[Dar es Salaam]]. Beginning in 1886, Great Britain and Germany agreed to allocate parts of the Zanzibar sultanate for their own empires.<ref name="Appiah"/>{{rp|188}} In October 1886, a British-German border commission established the Zanj as a {{cvt|10|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide}} strip along most of the [[African Great Lakes]] region's coast, an area stretching from [[Cape Delgado]] (now in [[Mozambique]]) to [[Kipini]] (now in [[Kenya]]), including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. Over the next few years, most of the mainland territory was incorporated into [[German East Africa]].
The sultans developed an economy of trade and [[cash crop]]s in the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] with a ruling Arab elite. [[Ivory]] was a major trade good. The archipelago, sometimes referred to by locals as the Spice Islands, was famous worldwide for its cloves and other spices, and plantations were established to grow them. The archipelago's commerce gradually fell into the hands of traders from the [[Indian subcontinent]], whom Said bin Sultan encouraged to settle on the islands.
[[File:Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860 - Stocqueler.JPG|thumb|The island of Zanzibar was the center of the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] in the 19th century]]

During his 14-year reign as sultan, Majid bin Said consolidated his power around the [[East African slave trade]]. Malindi in Zanzibar City was the Swahili Coast's main port for the slave trade with the Middle East. In the mid-19th century, as many as 50,000 slaves passed annually through the port.<ref name="nationalgeographic"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Borders |first=Everett |title=Apart Type Screenplay |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2010 |location= United States of America |page =117}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Many were captives of [[Tippu Tip]], a notorious Arab/Swahili slave trader and ivory merchant. Tip led huge expeditions, some 4,000 strong, into the African hinterland, where chiefs sold him their villagers at low prices. These Tip used to carry ivory back to Zanzibar, then sold it in the slave market for large profits. In time, Tip became one of the wealthiest men in Zanzibar, the owner of multiple plantations and 10,000 slaves.<ref name="nationalgeographic">[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html "Swahili Coast: East Africa's Ancient Crossroads"]{{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=19 January 2018 }}, ''Did You Know?'' sidebar by Christy Ullrich, ''National Geographic''.</ref>}}

One of Majid's brothers, [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]], succeeded him, developing [[Unguja]]'s infrastructure.<ref>{{citation |last=Michler |first=Ian |title=Zanzibar: The Insider's Guide |publisher=Struik Publishers |location=Cape Town |year=2007 |edition=2nd |page=137 |isbn= 978-1-77007-014-1 |oclc=165410708}}</ref> Another brother of Majid, [[Khalifah bin Said of Zanzibar|Khalifa bin Said]], was the third sultan of Zanzibar and deepened the relationship with the British, leading to the archipelago's progress towards the abolition of slavery.<ref name="Ingrams"/>

=== British protectorate ===
[[File:Indian stamp Zanzibar 1896.jpg|thumb|The post office in Zanzibar was initially managed by the postal service of British India.]]
Control of Zanzibar gradually came into the hands of the [[British Empire]]; motivated both by a desire to control Zanzibar's clove and ivory exports, and in accordance with the 19th century movement for the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of the slave trade]].

In 1822, Captain Moresby, the British [[consul (representative)|consul]] in Muscat, pressed Sultan Said to end the slave trade by signing the [[Moresby Treaty]], the first of a series of anti-slavery treaties with Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherif |first=Abdul |title=Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Coast into the World Economy, 1770–1873 |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=1987 |chapter=Athens}}</ref> It prohibited slave transport south and east of the Moresby Line, from Cape Delgado in Africa to Diu Head on the coast of India.<ref name="McIntyre">{{Cite book |first=Chris |last=McIntyre |first2=Susan |last2=McIntyre |date=2013 |title=Zanzibar |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=10}}</ref> Said lost the revenue he would have received as duty on all slaves sold, so to make up for this shortfall, he encouraged the development of the slave trade in Zanzibar itself.{{Sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=10}} However, Said came under increasing pressure from the British to abolish slavery entirely. In 1842, Britain told Said it wished to abolish the slave trade to Arabia, Oman, [[Iran|Persia]], and the [[Red Sea]].{{Sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=13}}

[[File:Zanzibar 1900 to 1920.jpg|thumb|left|A street scene in Zanzibar during the early 20th century]]
Ships from the [[Royal Navy]] were employed to enforce the anti-slavery treaties by capturing any [[dhow]]s carrying slaves. However, with only four ships patrolling a huge swath of sea, the British navy were unable to prevent ships from [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Slavery in Portugal|Portugal]], and [[Slavery in the United States|America]] continuing to carry slaves.{{Sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=14}} By 1856, Sultan [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid]] had consolidated his power around the [[African Great Lakes]] slave trade. But in 1873, British consul [[John Kirk (explorer)|Sir John Kirk]] threatened Majid's successor, [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Sultan Barghash]], with a total blockade of Zanzibar, forcing Barghash to reluctantly sign the Anglo-Zanzibari treaty. This abolished the slave trade, closed all slave markets, and protected liberated slaves in the Sultan's territories.{{Sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=19}}

In 1890, the [[German Empire]], the nearest relevant colonial power, signed the 1890 [[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]] with Britain, formally agreeing to  "recognize the British protectorate over… the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba".<ref>[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf Article XI, Anglo-German Treaty (Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty)] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181123133909/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf |date=23 November 2018 }}, 1 July 1890 ([[PDF]]).</ref>This allowed Zanzibar to become an official [[protectorate]] of Britain. This meant that the territory remained under the [[de jure]] rule of the [[Sultan of Zanzibar]], under the 'protection' of the British Crown, which exercised formal control over military and foreign affairs, and informal control over domestic areas through the appointment of British advisors. [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Prime Minister Salisbury]] explained the British position:
:The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half-civilised races, and more suitable for them than direct dominion. It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares them unnecessary contact with white men.<ref>Andrew Roberts, ''Salisbury: Victorian Titan'' (1999) p 529</ref>

From 1890 to 1913, traditional [[vizier]]s remained in charge, supervised by advisers appointed by the Colonial Office. In 1913, direct rule was implemented through British residents who were effectively governors. The death of the pro-British Sultan [[Hamad bin Thuwaini]] on 25 August 1896 (amidst rumours of poison) and the succession of Sultan [[Khalid bin Barghash of Zanzibar|Khalid bin Barghash]], whom the British did not approve of, led to the [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]].<ref name=":3">Tom Allen, Robert J Carsson, Sally Waller and Anthony Webster ''Oxford AQA History for A Level: The British Empire c1857-1967 Student Book Second Edition - Oxford AQA History for A Level''  (2021) p 63</ref> On the morning of 27 August 1896, the [[Royal Navy]] destroyed the Beit al Hukum Palace. A cease-fire was declared 38 minutes later and, to this day, the bombardment stands as the shortest war in history.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldre000guin |title=Guinness World Records 2008 |date=7 August 2007 |publisher=Guinness World Records |isbn=978-1-904994-19-0|editor-last=Craig Glenday |location= London |page= [https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldre000guin/page/118 118] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Khalid was overthrown and the British-approved [[Hamoud bin Mohammed of Zanzibar|Sultan Hamoud]] was placed on the throne.<ref name=":3" />

=== Zanzibar revolution and merger with Tanganyika ===
{{main|Zanzibar Revolution}}
[[File:Abeid Karume 1964.jpg|thumb|180px|President [[Abeid Karume]]]]
On 10 December 1963,<ref>[[Zanzibar Act 1963]] of the United Kingdom – this Act was not a Zanzibar Independence Act because the UK was not conferring independence, as it did not hold sovereignty; it was ending the Protectorate over that territory and providing for its fully responsible government.</ref> the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full self-government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a [[constitutional monarchy]] within the Commonwealth under the Sultan.<ref name="DeptofStatep986">{{Harvnb|United States Department of State|1975|p=986}}</ref>

However, just a month later, on 12 January 1964 Sultan [[Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah]] was [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] during the [[Zanzibar Revolution]].{{Sfn |Ayany|1970|p=122}} The Sultan fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the [[People's Republic of Zanzibar]], a [[State socialism|socialist government]] led by the [[Afro-Shirazi Party]] (ASP). Over 20,000 people were killed – mostly Arabs and Indians – and many of them escaped the country as a consequence of the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The forgotten genocide of the Zanzibar revolution |url= http://speakjhr.com/2014/01/forgotten-genocide-zanzibar-revolution/ |website=Speak Magazine |access-date=2016-01-04 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211213123430/http://speakjhr.com/2014/01/forgotten-genocide-zanzibar-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika.]] This [[United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar]] was soon renamed, [[blend word|blend]]ing the two names, as the [[United Republic of Tanzania]], within which Zanzibar remains an autonomous region.

== Demographics ==
[[File:Zanzibar Stone Town11.jpg|thumb|left|A street scene in Stone Town]]
[[File:Zanzibar Stone Town02.jpg|thumb|Produce vendors at a market]]
{{Historical populations
|title        = Population census of Zanzibar
|percentages=pagr
|1967|354815
|1977|476111
|1988|640685
|2002|984625
|2012|1303569
|2022|1889773
|source=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Tanzania-Cities.html |title=Tanzania: Regions and Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=2019-08-13 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016210708/http://www.citypopulation.de/Tanzania-Cities.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Regions and Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/cities/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210181817/http://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The 2022 census is the most recent census for which results have been reported. The total population of Zanzibar was 1,889,773 people, with an annual growth rate of 3.8 percent.<ref>{{cite report |title=2022 Census: Administrative Units Population Distribution Report |publisher=Ministry of Finance and Planning, National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania |volume=1C |date=December 2022 |access-date=2024-05-13 |url=https://sensa.nbs.go.tz/publication/volume1c.pdf}}</ref> The population of [[Zanzibar City]], which was the largest city, was 219,007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/admin/mjini_magharibi/5302__mjini_municipal/ |title=Mjini Municipal |website=citypopultation.de |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>

In 2002, around two-thirds of the people, 622,459, lived on [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar Island), with most settled in the densely populated west. Besides Zanzibar City, other towns on Unguja include [[Chaani, Tanzania|Chaani]], [[Mbweni, Zanzibar|Mbweni]], [[Mangapwani]], [[Chwaka]], and [[Nungwi]]. Outside of these towns, most people live in small villages and are engaged in farming or fishing.<ref name="guide">{{cite web |title=People and Culture – Zanzibar Travel Guide |url=http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151338/http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1844 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=27 August 2010 |publisher=Zanzibar-travel-guide.com}}</ref>

The population of [[Pemba Island]] was 362,166.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/pemba.htm |title=2002 Population and Housing Census General Report: Pemba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610161809/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/pemba.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The largest town on the island was [[Chake-Chake]], with a population of 19,283. The smaller towns are [[Wete]] and [[Mkoani]].<ref name=guide/>

[[Mafia Island]], the other major island of the Zanzibar Archipelago, but administered by mainland Tanzania (Tanganyika), had a total population of 40,801.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/mafia.htm |title=2002 Population and Housing Census General Report: Mafia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610180829/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/mafia.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ethnic origins ===
The people of Zanzibar are of diverse ethnic origins.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/people/people.html |title=Zanzibar People and Culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045310/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/people/people.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first permanent residents of Zanzibar seem to have been the ancestors of the [[Bantus|Bantu]] [[Hadimu]] and [[Tumbatu]], who began arriving from the [[African Great Lakes]] mainland around AD 1000. They belonged to various mainland ethnic groups and, on Zanzibar, generally lived in small villages. They did not coalesce to form larger political units.

During Zanzibar's brief period of independence in the early 1960s, the major political cleavage was between the [[Shirazi people|Shirazi]] (Zanzibar Africans), who made up approximately 56% of the population, and the Zanzibar Arabs&mdash;the bulk of whom arrived from Oman in the 1800s&mdash;made up approximately 17%.<ref name=growup1>{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research on War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zanzibar |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zanzibar |publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005010219/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zanzibar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=growup2>{{cite journal |author=Sheriff, Abdul |title=Race and Class in the Politics of Zanzibar |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=301–318 |jstor=40174901 |year=2001}}</ref> Today, Zanzibar is inhabited mostly by ethnic [[Swahili people|Swahili]].<ref name="guide"/> There are also a number of [[Arabs]], as well as some ethnic [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Somalis]], and [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|Indian]] people.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tanzania/127939.htm Tanzania (08/09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005010223/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tanzania/127939.htm |date=5 October 2021 }} . U.S. Department of State.</ref>

=== Languages ===
==== Swahili ====
Zanzibaris speak [[Swahili language|Swahili]] (Kiswahili), a [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]] that is extensively spoken in the [[African Great Lakes]] region. Swahili is the de facto [[National language|national]] and [[official language]] of Tanzania. Many local residents also speak [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[French language|French]].<ref>Chris McIntyre and Susan McIntyre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlqv0gSkk-kC&dq=purest+form+of+swahili+zanzibar&pg=PA36 "Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064543/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlqv0gSkk-kC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=purest+form+of+swahili+zanzibar&source=bl&ots=mO3h6Xd7Ao&sig=yPmOLFlSPZC44LfT6c_vyOKooKw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fRvPUOHFM67piwLy6YD4Bg&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=purest%20form%20of%20swahili%20zanzibar&f=false |date=12 January 2023 }}, ''Bradt Travel Guide'', 2009, p. 36.</ref> 
The dialect of Swahili spoken in Zanzibar is called [[Kiunguja]]. Kiunguja, which has a high percentage of Arabic loanwords, has the status of Standard Swahili not only in Tanzania but also in other countries, where Swahili is spoken.<ref name="Sarali Gintsburg 2018">Sarali Gintsburg (2018) Arabic language in Zanzibar: past, present, and future, Journal of World Languages, 5:2, 81–100, {{doi|10.1080/21698252.2019.1570663}}.</ref>

==== Arabic ====
Three distinct varieties of Arabic are in use in Zanzibar: Standard Arabic, [[Omani Arabic]], and [[Hadrami Arabic]]. Both vernacular varieties are falling out of use, although the Omani one is spoken by a larger group of people (probably several hundred). In parallel to this, [[Standard Arabic]], traditionally associated with the [[Quran]] and [[Islam]], is very popular not only among ethnic Arabs but also among Muslims of various descent who inhabit Zanzibar. Nevertheless, Standard Arabic is mastered by very few people. This can be attributed to the aggressive policy of [[Swahilization|Swahilisation]]. The Arabic language is no longer the dominant spoken language.<ref name="Sarali Gintsburg 2018"/>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Islam in Zanzibar}}
[[File:The mosque and church are located closely in the stone city of Zanzibar.jpg|left|thumb|The main mosque and [[Christ Church, Zanzibar|Christ Church]] Anglican cathedral in [[Stone Town]]]]
[[File:Temple at Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|right|Hindu temple in Stone Town]]
{{Bar box
| title=Zanzibar religions (2010 est.)
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|Islam|green|98}}
{{Bar percent|Christianity|blue|1.16}}
{{Bar percent|Hinduism|purple|0.3}}
{{Bar percent|Indigenous|brown|0.54}}
| caption=Source: [[CIA World Factbook]]<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

Zanzibar's population is almost entirely Muslim, with a small Christian minority of around 22 000.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Other religious groups include [[Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Sikhs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keshodkar |first=Akbar |date=2010-03-29 |title=Marriage as the Means to Preserve 'Asian-ness': The Post-Revolutionary Experience of the Asians of Zanzibar |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=226–240 |doi=10.1177/0021909609357418 |s2cid=143909800 |issn=0021-9096}}</ref>

The [[Anglican Diocese of Zanzibar]] was founded in 1892. The first Bishop of Zanzibar was [[Charles Smythies]], who was translated from his former post as Bishop of [[Nyasaland]].

Christ Church Cathedral had fallen into poor condition by the late 20th century, but it was fully restored in 2016, for one million [[Euros]], with a world heritage visitor centre. The restoration was supported by the Tanzanian and Zanzibari governments, and overseen by the diocese in partnership with the [[World Monuments Fund]].<ref>Progress report and photographs at [http://www.zanzibaranglican.or.tz/progress-update/ this] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628101223/http://www.zanzibaranglican.or.tz/progress-update/ |date=28 June 2017 }} webpage.</ref> The restoration of the spire, clock, and historic [[Henry Willis & Sons|Willis]] organ are still outstanding. Historically, the diocese included mainland locations in [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]. In 1963, it was renamed as the Diocese of Zanzibar & Dar es Salaam. Two years later, in 1965, Dar es Salaam became a separate diocese. The original jurisdiction was renamed as the Diocese of Zanzibar & Tanga. In 2001, the mainland links were finally ended, and it is now known as the Diocese of Zanzibar. The diocese includes parishioners on the neighbouring island of [[Pemba Island|Pemba]]. Ten bishops have served in the diocese from 1892 to the present day. The bishop is Michael Hafidh. It is part of the Province of Tanzania, under the Archbishop of All Tanzania, based at Dodoma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mndolwa |first1=Maimbo |last2=Denis |first2=Philippe |date=November 2016 |title=Anglicanism, Uhuru and Ujamaa: Anglicans in Tanzania and the Movement for Independence |journal=[[Journal of Anglican Studies]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=192–209 |doi=10.1017/S1740355316000206 |issn=1740-3553|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zanzibar]], with its headquarters at the [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Zanzibar|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] in Stone Town was established in 1980. An apostolic vicariate of Zanzibar had been established in 1906 from a much larger East African jurisdiction. This was suppressed in 1953, when the territory was put under the control of the Kenyan church, but it was restored in 1964 after independence. The church created a diocese here shortly before [[Easter]] 1980. The bishop is Augustine Ndeliakyama Shao. Zanzibar is part of the Roman Catholic Province of Dar es Salaam, under the Archbishop of Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://daressalaamarchdiocese.or.tz/en/historical-background/ |title=Historical Background |website=Dar es Salaam Archdiocese |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127015102/http://daressalaamarchdiocese.or.tz/en/historical-background/ |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref>

Other Christian denominations include the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania, which arrived in Zanzibar town in the 1960s,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lutheran Church on the coast of Tanzania, 1887–1914: with special reference to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania, Synod of Uzaramo-Uluguru |last=Sicard, Sigvard von. |date=1970 |publisher=Gleerup |oclc=1100148145}}</ref> and a wide range of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christian churches such as the Tanzania Assemblies of God, the Free Pentecostal Church of Tanzania, the Evangelical Assemblies of God, the Pentecostal Church of Tanzania, the Victory Church, and the Pentecostal Evangelistic Fellowship of Africa. Pentecostal-Charismatic churches have been present and growing in Zanzibar since the 1980s in relation to [[economic liberalization]] and increased labour migration from mainland Tanzania in connection with Zanzibar's expanding tourist sector. There are also [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh Day Adventist]] and [[Baptists|Baptist]] churches.<ref>{{Citation |last=Olsson |first=Hans |chapter=Narratives of Pentecostal (Non-)Belonging |date=2019-07-04 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40681-0 |doi=10.1163/9789004410367_008 |title=Jesus for Zanzibar: Narratives of Pentecostal (Non-)Belonging, Islam, and Nation |pages=224–233 |s2cid=204477650}}</ref>

Since 2005, there is also an inter-religious body called the Joint Committee of Religious Leaders for Peace (in Swahili ''Juhudi za Viongozi wa Dini kuimarisha Amani'') with representatives from Muslim institutions such as the Islamic law (''Kadhi'' courts), religious property (the ''Wakf'' and Trust commission), education (the Muslim academy) and the ''[[Mufti]]'''s office as well as representatives from the Roman Catholic, the Anglican and the Lutheran church.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Peace in Zanzibar |last=Langås|first=Arngeir|date=2019-04-12 |publisher=Peter Lang US |isbn=978-1-4331-5969-5 |doi=10.3726/b14434 |s2cid=188527686}}</ref>

;Places of worship 
The [[places of worship]] in the city are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118092659/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania |date=18 January 2020 }}, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 5 January 2020</ref> There are also [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zanzibar]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Anglican Church of Tanzania]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania]] ([[Lutheran World Federation]]), [[Baptist Convention of Tanzania]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Assemblies of God]].

== Government ==
{{Politics of Tanzania}}
As an autonomous part of [[Tanzania]], Zanzibar has its own government, known as the [[Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar]]. It is made up of the [[Revolutionary Council (Zanzibar)|Revolutionary Council]] and [[House of Representatives of Zanzibar|House of Representatives]].
The House of Representatives has a similar composition to the [[National Assembly of Tanzania]]. Fifty members are elected directly from constituencies to serve five-year terms; 10 members are appointed by the [[President of Zanzibar]]; 15 special seats are for women members of political parties that have representation in the House of Representatives; six members serve ''[[ex officio member|ex officio]]'', including all regional commissioners and the attorney general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/composition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220315/https://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/composition.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2023 |title=Composition |publisher=The House of Representatives – Zanzibar |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Five of these 81 members are then elected to represent Zanzibar in the National Assembly.<ref>[http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/home/pages/6 Composition, Parliament of Tanzania] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021211837/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/home/pages/6 |date=21 October 2015 }}</ref>

Zanzibar spans 5 of the 31 [[regions of Tanzania]]. Unguja has three administrative regions: [[Zanzibar Central/South]], [[Zanzibar North]] and [[Zanzibar Urban/West]]. Pemba has two: [[Pemba North]] and [[Pemba South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/utz.html |title=Tanzania Regions |website=www.statoids.com |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065231/http://www.statoids.com/utz.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Concerning the independence and sovereignty of Zanzibar, Tanzania's Prime Minister [[Mizengo Pinda]] said on 3 July 2008 that there was "nothing like the sovereignty of Zanzibar in the Union Government unless the Constitution is changed in the future". Zanzibar House of Representatives members from both the ruling party, [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]], and the opposition party, [[Civic United Front]], disagreed and stood firmly in recognizing Zanzibar as a fully autonomous state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/8392 |title=Zanzibar: Premier under fire on Zanzibar status |date=10 July 2008 |publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303021026/http://www.unpo.org/article/8392 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
{{see also|Zanzibar independence movement}}
[[File:12 Jan. 2004, festivities at 40th anniversary of the Zanzibar Revolution. President Karume enters Amani Stadium in ceremonial Hummer.JPG|thumb|left|12 January 2004: President Karume of Zanzibar enters Amani Stadium for the celebration of the 40th anniversary of Zanzibar's 1964 revolution.]]

Zanzibar has a government of national unity, with the president of Zanzibar being [[Hussein Ali Mwinyi]], since 1 November 2020. There are many political parties in Zanzibar, but the most popular parties are the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) and the [[Civic United Front]] (CUF). Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Throup |first=David W. |date=18 March 2016 |title=The Political Crisis in Zanzibar |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/political-crisis-zanzibar |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Center for strategic and international studies]]}}</ref>

Contested elections in October 2000 led to a massacre on 27 January 2001 when, according to [[Human Rights Watch]], the army and police shot into crowds of protestors, killing at least 35 and wounding more than 600. Those forces, accompanied by ruling party officials and militias, also went on a house-to-house rampage, indiscriminately arresting, beating, and sexually abusing residents. Approximately 2,000 temporarily fled to Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/04/10/tanzan3838.htm |title=Tanzania: Zanzibar Election Massacres Documented |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 April 2002 |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=20 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020214543/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/04/10/tanzan3838.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Violence erupted again after [[Tanzanian general election, 2005|another contested election]] on 31 October 2005, with the CUF claiming that its rightful victory had been stolen from it. Nine people were killed.<ref>[http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2002597738_webzanzibar01.html "Nine killed in Zanzibar election violence", ''The Seattle Times'', reported by Chris Tomlinson, The Associated Press, 1 November 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006165946/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2002597738_webzanzibar01.html |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karelprinsloo.com/#/works/zanzibar-election-violence-2005?i=386 |title=Zimbabwe Farm Evictions 2000 |website=karelprinsloo karel prinsloo |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104135609/http://www.karelprinsloo.com/#/works/zanzibar-election-violence-2005?i=386 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions and a power-sharing accord took place, but they suffered repeated setbacks. The most notable of these took place in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tzaffairs.org/2008/05/zanzibar-a-big-disappointment |title=Tanzanian Affairs » ZANZIBAR – A BIG DISAPPOINTMENT |website=www.tzaffairs.org |date=May 2008 |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012831/https://www.tzaffairs.org/2008/05/zanzibar-a-big-disappointment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2009, the then-president of Zanzibar, [[Amani Abeid Karume]], met with CUF secretary-general [[Seif Sharif Hamad]] at the State House to discuss how to save Zanzibar from future political turmoil and to end the animosity between them.<ref name="Karume">{{cite web |url=http://zirppo.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/karume-no-elections-next-year-in-zanzibar-if |title="Karume: No elections next year in Zanzibar if…", Zanzibar Institute for Research and Public Policy, reported by Salma Said, reprinted from an original article in ''The Citizen'', 19 November 2009 |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017215755/http://zirppo.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/karume-no-elections-next-year-in-zanzibar-if/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This move was welcomed by many, including the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zanzibar-tanzania.usvpp.gov/ |title=Welcome to VPP Zanzibar, Tanzania |work=United States Virtual Presence Post |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203094450/http://zanzibar-tanzania.usvpp.gov/ |archive-date=3 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the first time since the [[multi-party system]] was introduced in Zanzibar that the CUF agreed to recognize Karume as the legitimate president of Zanzibar.<ref name="Karume"/>

A proposal to amend Zanzibar's constitution to allow rival parties to form governments of national unity was adopted by 66.2 percent of voters on 31 July 2010.<ref>[http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zan2010referendum.htm "Zanzibar: 2010 Constitutional referendum results"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105050420/https://eisa.org.za/wep/zan2010referendum.htm |date=5 January 2016 }}, Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, updated August 2010.</ref>

The autonomous status of Zanzibar is viewed as comparable to [[Hong Kong]] as suggested by some scholars, and with some recognizing the island as an "African Hong Kong".<ref>Simon Shen, ''One country, two systems: Zanzibar'', Ming Pao Weekly, Sep 2016.</ref>

Nowadays, [[Alliance for Change and Transparency|The Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendois]] (ACT-Wazalendo) is considered the main opposition political party of semi-autonomous Zanzibar. The constitution of Zanzibar requires the party that comes in second in the polls to join a coalition with the winning party. ACT-Wazalendo joined a coalition government with the islands' ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, in December 2020 after Zanzibar disputed [[2020 Zanzibari general election|elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |title=Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=6 December 2020 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204403/https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Zanzibar Archipelago}}
[[File:A bird's view of the stone city in Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of Stone Town in Zanzibar]]
[[File:Unguja Island Elevation.svg|thumb|Unguja Island's elevation]]
[[File:Pemba Island Elevation.svg|thumb|Pemba Island's elevation]]
Zanzibar is one of the [[List of Indian Ocean islands|Indian Ocean islands]]. It is situated on the [[Swahili Coast]], adjacent to [[Tanzania Mainland|Tanganyika]] (mainland Tanzania).

The northern tip of Unguja island is located at 5.72 degrees south, 39.30 degrees east, with the southernmost point at 6.48 degrees south, 39.51 degrees east.<ref name="L&L">{{cite web |url=http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/ |title=Find Latitude and Longitude |website=www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002215454/http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel, which at its narrowest point is {{cvt|36.5|km|mi}} across.<ref name="XPATS International">{{cite web |last1=Sharaf |first1=Yasir |title=The Allure Of Zanzibar Island {{!}} Zanzibar Tourism And Economic Climate |url=https://xpatsinternational.com/zanzibar-tourism-and-economic-climate/ |website=XPATS International |access-date=17 October 2021 |ref=None |date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017073538/https://xpatsinternational.com/zanzibar-tourism-and-economic-climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The island is about {{cvt|85|km|mi}} long and {{cvt|39|km|mi}} wide,<ref name="XPATS International"/> with an area of {{cvt|1464|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.africaguide.com/country/zanzibar/ |title=The Africa Guide – Zanzibar |work=web page |publisher=africaguide.com |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327080902/http://www.africaguide.com/country/zanzibar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unguja is mainly low lying, with its highest point being {{cvt|120|m|ft}}.<ref name="Guide"/> Unguja is characterised by beautiful sandy beaches with fringing coral reefs.<ref name="Guide"/> The reefs are rich in marine biodiversity.<ref>Molly Moynihan, [http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1828&context=isp_collection "Water Quality and Eutrophication: The Effects of Sewage Outfalls on Waters and Reefs Surrounding Stone Town, Zanzibar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909035905/http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1828&context=isp_collection |date=9 September 2014 }}, Independent Study Project Collection, 2010, p. 8.</ref>

The northern tip of Pemba Island is located at 4.87 degrees south, 39.68 degrees east, and the southernmost point is located at 5.47 degrees south, 39.72 degrees east.<ref name="L&L"/> The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel some {{cvt|56|km|mi}} wide.<ref name="XPATS International"/> The island is about {{cvt|67|km|mi}} long and {{cvt|23|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{cvt|985|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="XPATS International"/> Pemba is also mainly low lying, with its highest point being {{cvt|95|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582817/Tanzania/37556/Zanzibar-and-Pemba |title="Tanzania: Zanzibar and Pemba", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308195836/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582817/Tanzania/37556/Zanzibar-and-Pemba |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{see also|Climate of Tanzania}}
Zanzibar has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Am]]). The heat of summer (corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere winter) is often cooled by strong sea breezes associated with the [[northeast monsoon]] (known as ''Kaskazi'' in Kiswahili), particularly on the north and east coasts. Being near the equator, the islands are warm year-round. The rainfall regime is split into two main seasons, a primary maximum in March, April, and May in association with the [[southwest monsoon]] (known locally as ''Kusi'' in Kiswahili), and a secondary maximum in November and December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/nature/hali_ya_hewa.html |title=Climate and Soils |work=Zanzinet Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006230003/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/nature/hali_ya_hewa.html |archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref> The months in between receive less rain, with a minimum in July.
{{Weather box
|location = [[Zanzibar City]]
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 33.4
|Feb high C = 34.1
|Mar high C = 34.2
|Apr high C = 31.7
|May high C = 30.6
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 29.3
|Aug high C = 29.8
|Sep high C = 31.0
|Oct high C = 31.7
|Nov high C = 32.4
|Dec high C = 33.0
|year high C = 31.8
|Jan mean C = 28.5
|Feb mean C = 28.8
|Mar mean C = 28.8
|Apr mean C = 27.5
|May mean C = 26.6
|Jun mean C = 25.9
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 25.1
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 26.1
|Nov mean C = 27.1
|Dec mean C = 28
|year mean C = 26.9
|Jan low C = 23.6
|Feb low C = 23.6
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 23.4
|May low C = 22.7
|Jun low C = 21.8
|Jul low C = 21.2
|Aug low C = 20.5
|Sep low C = 20.2
|Oct low C = 20.6
|Nov low C = 21.9
|Dec low C = 23.1
|year low C = 22.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 69
|Feb precipitation mm = 65
|Mar precipitation mm = 152
|Apr precipitation mm = 357
|May precipitation mm = 262
|Jun precipitation mm = 59
|Jul precipitation mm = 45
|Aug precipitation mm = 44
|Sep precipitation mm = 51
|Oct precipitation mm = 88
|Nov precipitation mm = 177
|Dec precipitation mm = 143
|year precipitation mm = 1512
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/1019984/ |title=Zanzibar City |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807033045/https://en.climate-data.org/location/1019984/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Wildlife ==
{{Main|Wildlife of Zanzibar}}

=== Unguja ===
[[File:Dolphin leap.JPG|thumb|left|A dolphin in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Zanzibar]]
[[File:Papilio Demodocus Citrus Swallowtail Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Papilio demodocus]]'' in Zanzibar, Nungwi]]

The main island of Zanzibar, [[Unguja]], has a fauna reflecting its connection to the African mainland during the [[last glacial period|last Ice Age]].<ref name="Pakenham1984">{{Cite book |author=Pakenham, R. H. W. |year=1984 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14538645/The-Mammals-of-Zanzibar-and-Pemba |title=The Mammals of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands |location=Harpenden |publisher=privately printed |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306021644/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14538645/The-Mammals-of-Zanzibar-and-Pemba |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Walsh2007">{{Cite journal |author=Walsh, Martin T. |year=2007 |title=Island Subsistence: Hunting, Trapping and the Translocation of Wildlife in the Western Indian Ocean |journal=Azania |volume=42 |pages=83–113 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14444883/Island-Subsistence-Hunting-Trapping-and-the-Translocation-of-Wildlife-in-the-Western-Indian-Ocean/ |access-date=27 August 2010 |doi=10.1080/00672700709480452 |s2cid=162594865 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114002001/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14444883/Island-Subsistence-Hunting-Trapping-and-the-Translocation-of-Wildlife-in-the-Western-Indian-Ocean |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Endemic mammals with continental relatives include the [[Zanzibar red colobus]] (''Procolobus kirkii''), one of Africa's rarest primates, with perhaps only 1,500 existing. Isolated on this island for at least 1,000 years, this colobus is recognized as a distinct species, with different coat patterns, calls, and food habits from related colobus species on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galenfrysinger.com/red_colobus.htm |title=Red Colobus |publisher=galenfrysinger.com |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825112259/http://www.galenfrysinger.com/red_colobus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Zanzibar red colobus lives in a wide variety of drier areas of coastal thickets and coral rag scrub, as well as [[mangrove swamp]]s and agricultural areas. About one third of them live in and around [[Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park|Jozani Forest]]. The easiest place to see the colobus is farmland adjacent to the reserve. They are accustomed to people, and the low vegetation means they come close to the ground.

Rare native animals include the [[Zanzibar leopard]],<ref name="InsideEdition 06-2018"/><ref name="MysteriousUniverse 06-2018"/> which is critically endangered, and the recently described [[Zanzibar servaline genet]]. There are no large wild animals in Unguja. Forested areas such as Jozani are inhabited by monkeys, bushpigs, small antelopes, [[African palm civet]]s, and, as shown by a [[camera trap]] in June 2018,<ref name="InsideEdition 06-2018"/><ref name="MysteriousUniverse 06-2018"/> the elusive leopard. Various species of mongoose can also be found on the island. There is a wide variety of birdlife and a large number of butterflies in rural areas.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

=== Pemba ===
[[Pemba Island]] is separated from Unguja Island and the African continent by deep channels and has a correspondingly restricted fauna, reflecting its comparative isolation from the mainland.<ref name=Pakenham1984/><ref name=Walsh2007/> The island is home to the [[Pemba flying fox]].

{{wide image|Zanzibar Panorama.jpg|1100px|A panorama of Stone Town taken from the Indian Ocean. Seen in the picture are the [[Palace Museum, Zanzibar|Sultan's palace]], [[House of Wonders]], [[Forodhani Gardens]], and [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Zanzibar|St. Joseph's Cathedral]].}}

== Standard of living and health ==
Considerable disparities exist in the [[standard of living]] for inhabitants of Pemba and Unguja, as well as the disparity between urban and rural populations. The average annual income is US$2500. About half the population lives below the poverty line.

Despite a relatively high standard of primary health care and education, [[infant mortality]] in Zanzibar is 54 out of 1,000 live births, which is 10.0 percent lower than the rate in mainland Tanzania. The [[child mortality]] rate in Zanzibar is 73 out of 1,000 live births, which is 21.5 percent lower than the rate in mainland Tanzania.<ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR243/FR243%5B24June2011%5D.pdf "Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010", National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, published April 2011, page 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210054341/http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR243/FR243%5B24June2011%5D.pdf |date=10 December 2012 }} ([[PDF]] format).</ref> The [[birth rate]] in Tanzania in 2021 is high, 35.64 births per 1000 population, but the rate is falling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crude birth rate (births per 1000 population) |url=https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/crude-birth-rate-(births-per-1000-population) |publisher=World Health Organisation |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118073226/https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/crude-birth-rate-(births-per-1000-population) |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is estimated that 7% of children in Zanzibar have acute [[malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR321/FR321.pdf |title=Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2015–2016 – Final Report |website=DHS Program |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207202932/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR321/FR321.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Life expectancy]] at birth is 57 years,<ref>"Zanzibar: Social Protection Expenditure
and Performance Review and Social Budget", Social Security Department, International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, January 2010, page 22</ref> which is significantly lower than the 2010 world average of 67.2.

The general prevalence of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the population of Zanzibar aged 15–64 is 0.5 percent, with the rate much higher in females (0.9 percent) than males (less than 0.1 percent).<ref>{{cite report |url=https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FINAL_THIS-2016-2017_Final-Report__06.21.19_for-web_TS.pdf |title=Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2016–2017: Final Report |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |date=December 2018 |publisher=Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225131553/https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FINAL_THIS-2016-2017_Final-Report__06.21.19_for-web_TS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Environment ==
The northern part of the island contains significant volumes of trash in the streets, beaches, and ocean—mostly plastic bottles, other plastics, and cigarette butts. There is indiscriminate dumping in residential areas. Medical equipment waste is a particular problem on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ijcrar.com/special/1/Biubwa%20Ally,%20et%20al.pdf |title=IJCRAR |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712174403/http://www.ijcrar.com/special/1/Biubwa%20Ally,%20et%20al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate change impact ===
{{Further|Climate change in Tanzania}}
Studies show temperatures and wind speeds have increased dramatically over the last 40 years. These climatic stressors, in addition to changes in rainfall patterns, have had significant impacts on [[seaweed]] [[algaculture]], causing the crop to rot or be destroyed during the harvesting process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Jong Cleynder |first=Georgia |chapter=Adaptation of Seaweed Farmers in Zanzibar to the Impacts of Climate Change |date=April 2021 |title=African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_54-1 |isbn=978-3-030-42091-8|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Harvesting seaweed in Jambiani.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seaweed farming]] in [[Jambiani]]]]
[[File:Aquakulturen Rotalgen Sansibar 1.jpg|thumb|[[Aquaculture]] of red algae ([[Eucheuma]]), Jambiani]]
[[File:Low Tide (7886864976).jpg|thumb|left|A building during low tide]]
[[File:Zanzibar Stone Town01.jpg|thumb|Market stall in Zanzibar's Stone Town]]

=== History ===
Ancient [[pottery]] implies trade routes with Zanzibar as far back as the time of the ancient [[Assyria]]ns.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} Traders from the [[Arabian Peninsula]], the [[Persian Gulf]] region of modern-day [[Iran]] (especially [[Shiraz]]), and [[west India]] probably visited Zanzibar as early as the 1st century. They used the [[monsoon]] winds to sail across the Indian Ocean to land at the sheltered harbor located on the site of present-day Zanzibar City.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The [[clove]], originating from the [[Moluccan Islands]] (today in Indonesia), was introduced in Zanzibar by the Omani sultans in the first half of the 19th century.<ref>Professor Trevor Marchand. [http://www.archaeologicaltrs.com/me_oman.html Oman & Zanzibar: The Sultans of Oman] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031092051/http://www.archaeologicaltrs.com/me_oman.html |date=31 October 2013 }}. Archaeological Tours.</ref> Zanzibar, mainly [[Pemba Island]], was once the world's leading clove producer,<ref name="LAtimes">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-24-fg-cloves24-story.html |title=Zanzibar Loses Some of Its Spice |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |author=Sanders, Edmund |date=24 November 2005 |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313013252/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/nov/24/world/fg-cloves24 |url-status=live }}</ref> but annual clove sales have plummeted by 80 percent since the 1970s. Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a [[terms of trade|fast-moving global market]], international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with [[African socialism|socialism]] in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government [[Export control|controlled clove prices and exports]]. Zanzibar now ranks a distant third, with Indonesia supplying 75 percent of the world's cloves compared to Zanzibar's 7 percent.<ref name="LAtimes"/>

=== Industry and foreign investment ===
Zanzibar exports spices, seaweed, and fine [[raffia]].<ref name=":1" /> Research into the economic potential of seaweed farming was undertaken by [[Adelaida K. Semesi]] from 1982 until she died in 2001.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=E. C. |url=https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/795 |title=Marine Plants of Tanzania. A field guide to the seaweeds and seagrasses of Tanzania. |last2=Österlund |first2=K. |last3=Mtolera |first3=M. S. P. |date=2003 |publisher=Sida/Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC |pages=Dedication |language=en}}</ref> Beside the Zanzibar State Trading Cooperation, Zanj Spice Limited, also known as 1001 Organic, is the biggest organic spice exporter in Zanzibar.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Wo der Bio-Pfeffer wächst |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/race-to-feed-the-world/wie-ein-schweizer-jurist-auf-sansibar-bio-gewuerze-anbaut-15947684.html/ |newspaper=faz.net |access-date=23 December 2018 |last1=Brohm |first1=Annika |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224064846/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/race-to-feed-the-world/wie-ein-schweizer-jurist-auf-sansibar-bio-gewuerze-anbaut-15947684.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Zanzibar also has a large fishing and [[dugout (boat)|dugout]] canoe production. Tourism is a major source of the country's foreign currency reserves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zanzibar Then and Now |url=http://www.zanzibarholidays.co.uk/zanzibar-then-and-now/ |publisher=zanzibarholidays.co.uk |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629175735/http://www.zanzibarholidays.co.uk/zanzibar-then-and-now/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Government of Zanzibar legalized foreign exchange bureaux on the islands before mainland Tanzania moved to do so. The effect was to increase the availability of consumer commodities. The government has also established a free port area, which provides the following benefits: contribution to economic diversification by providing a window for free trade as well as stimulating the establishment of support services; administration of a regime that imports, exports, and warehouses general merchandise; adequate storage facilities and other infrastructure to cater for effective operation of trade; and creation of an efficient management system for effective re-exportation of goods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2843.htm |title=Background Note: Tanzania |author=Bureau of African Affairs |date=8 June 2010 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194610/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2843.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The island's manufacturing sector is limited mainly to [[Import substitution industrialization|import substitution]] industries, such as cigarettes, shoes, and processed agricultural products. In 1992, the government designated two export-producing zones and encouraged the development of offshore financial services. Zanzibar still imports much of its staple requirements, petroleum products, and manufactured articles.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

There is also a possibility of oil availability in Zanzibar on the island of Pemba, and efforts have been made by the Tanzanian government and the Zanzibar revolutionary government to exploit what could be one of the most significant discoveries in recent memory. Oil would help boost the economy of Zanzibar, but there have been disagreements about dividends between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar, the latter claiming the oil should be excluded from Union matters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tzbusinessnews.com/zanzibar-oil-and-the-union/ |title=Economy |website=ft.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129191647/https://www.tzbusinessnews.com/zanzibar-oil-and-the-union/ |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>

[[File:Dolphin tour in Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|Tourists in boat chasing dolphins in the Indian Ocean near Zanzibar]]

In 2007, a [[Norway|Norwegian]] consultancy firm went to Zanzibar to determine how the region could develop its [[oil]] potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecitizen.co.tz/newe.php?id=10276 |title=Archived copy |website=thecitizen.co.tz |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502194550/http://thecitizen.co.tz/newe.php?id=10276 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The firm recommended that Zanzibar follow economist [[Hernando de Soto Polar]]'s ideas about the formalization of property rights for persons living on ancestral land for which they probably do not have a legal [[deed]].<ref name="Battle">Chambi Chachage, [http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4864 "Norway in Tanzania: The Battle Rages"]{{Better source needed|reason=This poorly written opinion piece appears to be the only source on the internet for what would be quite an interesting development|date=November 2014}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053229/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4864 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The African Executive''.</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{excerpt|Tourism in Zanzibar}}

=== Energy ===
[[File:The narrow alley in the stone city of Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|A narrow pedestrian alleyway in [[Stone Town]]]]

The energy sector in Zanzibar consists of unreliable electric power, petroleum, and petroleum products; it is also supplemented by firewood and its related products. Coal and gas are rarely used for either domestic or industrial purposes.

Unguja (Zanzibar Island) gets most of its electric power from mainland Tanzania through a 39-kilometer, 100-megawatt submarine cable from Ras Kiromoni (near Dar es Salaam) to Ras Fumba on Unguja. The laying of the cable was begun on 10 October 2012 by the Viscas Corporation of Japan and was funded by a US$28.1 million grant from the United States through the [[Millennium Challenge Corporation]].<ref>[http://tanzania.usembassy.gov/pr_10102012c.html "Ambassador Lenhardt Participates in Ceremony to Install 100 Megawatt Submarine Power to Zanzibar"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217123714/http://tanzania.usembassy.gov/pr_10102012c.html |date=17 February 2013 }}. Press Release, Embassy of the United States, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 10 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.salem.co.tz/projects/data?project=229&featured=1 132kV Sabmarine Cable – Zanzibar Iterconnector at Ras Kiromoni and Ras Fumba] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124453/http://salem.co.tz/projects/data?project=229&featured=1 |date=28 July 2013 }}, Featured Project, Salem Construction, Ltd.</ref> The cable became operational on 13 April 2013.<ref>Yussuf, Issa (24 April 2013). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240892.html "Tanzania: Reliable Power to Accelerate Development in Isles President Ali"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909032515/http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240892.html |date=9 September 2014 }}. ''[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]]'' (via [[AllAfrica.com]]). Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref> The previous 45-megawatt cable, which was seldom-maintained, was completed by Norway in 1980.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Since May 2010, Pemba Island has had a {{cvt|75|km|adj=on}}, 25-megawatt, subsea electrical link directly to mainland Tanzania. The cable project was financed through a 45 million euro grant from Norway and contributions of 8 million euros from the Zanzibar government and 4 million euros from the Tanzanian national government. The project ended years of dependence on unreliable and erratic diesel generation, subject to frequent power cuts. Only about 20 percent of the cable's capacity was being used in January 2011, so it is anticipated that the cable will meet the island's needs for 20 to 25 years.<ref>Press release (3 June 2010). [http://www.nexans.com/eservice/Corporate-en/navigatepub_0_-25837/Nexans_completes_subsea_cable_link_to_provide_reli.html "Nexans Completes Subsea Cable Link to Provide Reliable Power for Pemba Island in Zanzibar{{spaced ndash}} New 25 MVA Link to Mainland Grid Has Enabled the Local Population to End Years of Dependence on Unreliable Diesel Generators"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505225414/http://www.nexans.com/eservice/Corporate-en/navigatepub_0_-25837/Nexans_completes_subsea_cable_link_to_provide_reli.html |date=5 May 2013 }}. [[Nexans]]. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.norway.go.tz/News_and_events/Energy/Reliable-electricity-attracts-investors-to-Pemba "Reliable electricity attracts investors to Pemba"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822050718/http://www.norway.go.tz/News_and_events/Energy/Reliable-electricity-attracts-investors-to-Pemba/ |date=22 August 2011 }}, Norway: The Official Site in Tanzania, 28 January 2011.</ref>

Between 70 and 75 percent of the electricity generated is used domestically, while less than 20 percent is used industrially. Fuel wood, charcoal, and kerosene are widely used as sources of energy for cooking and lighting in most rural and urban areas. The consumption capacity of petroleum, gas, oil, kerosene, and industrial diesel oil is increasing annually, going from a total of 5,650 tons consumed in 1997 to more than 7,500 tons in 1999.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

From 21 May to 19 June 2008, Unguja suffered a [[2008 Zanzibar Power blackout|major failure of its electricity system]], which left the island without electrical service and mostly dependent on diesel generators. The failure originated in mainland Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7427957.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Melting in Zanzibar's Blackout |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7427957.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Another blackout happened from 10 December 2009 to 23 March 2010, caused by a problem with the submarine cable that formerly supplied electricity from mainland Tanzania.<ref>O'Connor, Maura R. (1 April 2010; updated 30 May 2010).[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/africa/100331/zanzibar-tanzania-electricity-shortage "Zanzibar's Three-Month Blackout{{spaced ndash}} Indian Ocean islands Go for 90 Days Without Power, Causing Business Problems and Water Shortages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831181630/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/africa/100331/zanzibar-tanzania-electricity-shortage |date=31 August 2012 }}. [[GlobalPost]]. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref> This led to a serious shock to Unguja's fragile economy, which is heavily dependent on foreign tourism.

== Transport ==
[[File:Bububu railway train, circa 1905.jpg|thumb|A train operating on the railway between [[Bububu]] and [[Stone Town]] in Zanzibar, circa 1905]]

=== Roads ===
Zanzibar has {{convert|1600|km|miles}} of roads, of which 85 percent are sealed or partly-sealed tarmac. The remainder are gravel roads, which are rehabilitated annually to make them passable throughout the year.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} Zanzibar has a Road Fund Board, situated at Maisala, which collects funds and disburses them to the Ministry of Communication, which is the Road Agency at this time, through the Department of Road Maintenance, known as UUB.

The Road Fund Board oversees a Performance Agreement entered between the Ministry of Communication and Infrastructure, while procurement and maintenance are assumed by the latter.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

=== Public transportation ===
[[File:Kilimanjaro V (34686973605).jpg|thumb|Fast ferry services operate several times a day between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar]]

There is no government-owned public transportation in Zanzibar. The privately owned [[Dala-dala|Daladala]], as it is officially known in Zanzibar, is the only kind of public transportation. The term Daladala originated from the Kiswahili word DALA (Dollar) or five shillings during the 1970s and 1980s when public transport cost five shillings to travel to the nearest town. Therefore, travelling to town will cost a Dollar ("Dala") and returning will again cost a Dollar, hence the term Daladala originated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mzfn.org/Zanzibar.html |title=MZF {{!}} About Zanzibar|website=www.mzfn.org |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804063514/https://www.mzfn.org/Zanzibar.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Stone Town]] is the main hub for [[Dala dala|Daladalas]] on Zanzibar, and nearly all journeys will either start or end here. There are two main Dala Dala stations in Stone Town: Darajani market and Mwanakwerekwe market. The Darajani market terminus serves the North and North East of the island, and the Mwanakwerekwe market terminus serves the South and South East. As with most of East African transport, the buses do not run on set schedules – instead departing when full. As there is no fixed schedule, it is not possible to book tickets in advance (except for [http://www.thezanzibus.com The Zanzibus]). There are plans to implement a government-operated bus service on the island, which will bring the ground transport more in line with the relatively developed water and air transport infrastructure. With Zanzibar visitor numbers set to exceed 1,000,000 annually, there will be increasing pressure on the current transportation network – the bus network will reduce the number of vehicles on the road and help reduce the environmental impact of tourism on Zanzibar.

=== Maritime transport ===
==== Ports ====
[[File:Zanzibar Harbour.jpg|thumb|right|Zanzibar Harbour]]
[[File:Fell marine water transport from Zanzibar to Dar es salaam.jpg|thumb|left|''Azam Sealink1'' ferry]]
There are five ports in the islands of Unguja and Pemba, all operated and developed by the Zanzibar Ports Corporation.

The main port at Malindi, which handles 90 percent of Zanzibar's trade, was built in 1925. The port was rehabilitated between 1989 and 1992 with financial assistance from the [[European Union]]. The Italian contractor, [[Impregilo|Salini Impregilo S.p.A.]], was supposed to build wharves that lasted 60 years; however, the wharves lasted only 11 years before crumbling and degenerating because the company deviated from the specifications by using poor-quality material.<ref name="Malindi port">{{cite web |last=Yusof |first=Issa |date=17 October 2012 |url=http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/10593-malindi-port-gradually-sinking |title=Malindi Port Gradually Sinking |work=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503004846/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/10593-malindi-port-gradually-sinking |archive-date=2013-05-03}}</ref> After a long legal battle, the company was required in 2005 by the [[International Court of Arbitration]] to pay Zanzibar US$11.6 million in damages.<ref>Staff (29 November 2008). [http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20081129.879920.htm "Zanzibar (Malindi) Nears Completion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909035715/http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20081129.879920.htm|date=9 September 2014}}, ''[[World Cargo News]]''. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref> The port was again rehabilitated between 2004 and 2009 with a 31 million euro grant from the European Union. The contract was awarded to M/S E. Phil and Sons of Denmark. The then-director of the contractor suggested that the rehabilitation would last a minimum of 50 years. But the port is again facing problems, including sinking.<ref name="Malindi port"/> A new dedicated passenger port is planned to be constructed in Mpigaduri as a [[public–private partnership]].<ref name="Mpigaduri port">{{cite web |title=Zanzibar to build modern passenger port at Mpigaduri |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/zanzibar/zanzibar-to-build-modern-passenger-port-at-mpigaduri-4486870 |website=The Citizen |date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Nation Media Group |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

;Ferry accidents
The MV ''Faith'', which began its final journey at the port of Dar es Salaam, sank in May 2009 shortly before docking at the port of Malindi. Six of the 25 people aboard lost their lives.<ref>Hutson, Terry (30 July 2009). [http://ports.co.za/news/article_2009_07_29_3609.html "Fire Guts Passenger Ferry in Dar es Salaam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615150606/http://ports.co.za/news/article_2009_07_29_3609.html |date=15 June 2013 }}. Ports & Ships Maritime News. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref>

The [[sinking of the MV Spice Islander I]] on 10 September 2011, after departing from [[Unguja]] island for [[Pemba Island]], was the worst disaster in Tanzanian history. In a report to the [[Zanzibar House of Representatives]] on 14 October 2011, Zanzibar's [[Vice President of Zanzibar|Second Vice President]], Ambassador [[Seif Ali Iddi]], said that 2,764 people were missing, 203 bodies had been recovered, and 619 passengers were rescued. It was the worst maritime disaster in Tanzanian history.<ref>Sadallah, Mwinyi (16 October 2011). [http://ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=34437 "Confirmed: 2,900 People Died in Zanzibar's Ferry Tragedy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035114/http://ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=34437|date=12 January 2016}}. [[IPP Media]]. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref> A presidential commission, however, reported three months later that 1,370 people were missing, 203 bodies had been recovered, and 941 passengers survived. Severe overloading caused the ferry to sink.<ref>Sadallah, Mwinyi (21 January 2012). [http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=37681 "Nine Charged over MV ''Spice Islander'' Sinking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622202429/http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=37681|date=22 June 2013}}, [[IPP Media]]. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref>
[[File:Abeid Amani Karume International Airport, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Zanzibar Airport Terminal I]]

The [[MV Skagit|MV ''Skagit'']], which began its final journey at the port of Dar es Salaam, capsized in rough seas near [[Chumbe Island]] on 18 July 2012. The ferry had 447 passengers, with 81 dead, 212 missing and presumed drowned, and 154 rescued. The ferry left port despite warnings from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency for ships not to attempt the crossing from Dar es Salaam to [[Unguja]] island because of the rough seas. A presidential commission reported in October 2012 that overloading was the cause of the disaster.<ref>Staff (19 July 2012). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18899397 "Zanzibar Ferry Disaster: Hopes Fade for Missing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120062007/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18899397 |date=20 November 2018 }}. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref><ref>Yussuf, Issa (12 October 2012). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201210120139.html "Tanzania: Overloading Blamed for Ill-Fated Boat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072638/http://allafrica.com/stories/201210120139.html |date=6 October 2014 }}. ''[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]]'' (via [[AllAfrica.com]]). Retrieved 14 September 2013.</ref>

=== Airport ===
Zanzibar's main airport, [[Abeid Amani Karume International Airport]], has been able to handle large passenger planes since 2011, which has increased passenger and cargo inflows and outflows. Since another increase in capacity by the end of 2013, it can serve up to 1.5 million passengers per year.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstimes.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1121:zanzibar-forms-airports-authority-modernises-aviation-infrastructure&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=57 |title=Zanzibar forms Airports Authority, modernises aviation infrastructure |publisher=Business Times (Tanzania) |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101215243/http://www.businesstimes.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1121:zanzibar-forms-airports-authority-modernises-aviation-infrastructure&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=57 |url-status=live }}</ref> The island can be reached by flights operated by [[Air France]], [[Auric Air]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.auricair.com/Destination/zanzibar-Island |title=Daily Flights to Zanzibar |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=AuricAir Services Ltd |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605182504/https://www.auricair.com/Destination/zanzibar-Island |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Air Tanzania]], [[Coastal Aviation]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://coastal.co.tz/where-we-fly/zanzibar/ |title=Zanzibar |publisher=Coastal Aviation Limited |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614082453/https://coastal.co.tz/where-we-fly/zanzibar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ethiopian Airlines]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/aa/book/network/international |title=International [Flight Network] |publisher=Ethiopian Airlines |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415134232/https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/aa/book/network/international |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kenya Airways]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kenya-airways.com/plan-and-book/destinations/africa/en/ |title=Book Cheap Flights to Africa |publisher=Kenya Airways |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605182503/https://www.kenya-airways.com/plan-and-book/destinations/africa/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FlyDubai]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Turkish Airlines]] and others.

== Culture ==
[[File:A view of the clock tower in House of Wonders through Islamic styled door in the Stoen City of Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the clock tower in House of Wonders through Islamic styled door in the Stone City]]
[[File:Zanzibar International Film Festival 2013.jpg|thumb|ZIFF, 2013]]
Zanzibar's most famous event is the [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]] (ZIFF), also known as the Festival of the Dhow Countries. Every July, this event showcases the best of the Swahili Coast arts scene, including Zanzibar's favorite music, [[taarab]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Zanzibar is the birthplace of the British singer-songwriter and band leader of [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Freddie Mercury]].

Important architectural features in Stone Town are the Livingstone house, [[The Old dispensary of Zanzibar]], the Guliani Bridge, Ngome kongwe (The [[Old fort of Zanzibar]]) and the [[House of Wonders]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zanzibarheritage.go.tz/House%20of%20Wonders%20Museum.htm |title=The House of Wonders Museum of History & Culture of Zanzibar & the Swahili Coast |publisher=Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116053540/http://www.zanzibarheritage.go.tz/House%20of%20Wonders%20Museum.htm |archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The town of [[Kidichi]] features the [[Hamamni Persian Baths]], built by immigrants from [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]], Iran during the reign of [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]].

Zanzibar is also the only place in Eastern African countries to have the long settlement houses formally known as [[Michenzani]] flats. The flats were built with aid from [[East Germany]] during the 1970s to solve housing problems in Zanzibar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakari |first=Mohammed Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCSamtUeiAC&dq=Michenzani+East+Germany+during+the+1970s+housing+problems+in+Zanzibar&pg=PA128 |title=The Democratisation Process in Zanzibar: A Retarded Transition |date=2001 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-71-9 |language=en |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064544/https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCSamtUeiAC&dq=Michenzani+East+Germany+during+the+1970s+housing+problems+in+Zanzibar&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media and communication ===
In 1973, Zanzibar introduced the first colour television service in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&q=Zanzibar+ ''Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064544/https://books.google.com/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&dq=Zanzibar+colour+tv+in+Africa+1973.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Zanzibar+ |date=12 January 2023 }}, Arrie De Beer, J.L. van Schaik, 1998, page 56</ref> Because of longstanding opposition to television by President [[Julius Nyerere]], the first television service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until 1994.<ref>Martin Stumer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110626211052/http://www.tanzania.at/mht/The_Media_History_of_Tanzania.pdf "The Media History of Tanzania"], Salzburg, Austria: Ndanda Mission Press, 1998, pp. 191, 194, 295.</ref> The broadcaster in Zanzibar, called Television Zanzibar ([[ZBC TV (Zanzibar)|TVZ]]), had recently changed its name to Zanzibar Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC).<ref>[http://www.tvz.co.tz/tvz.html Karume House: Television Zanzibar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703181848/http://www.tvz.co.tz/tvz.html |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> following an enactment of an act to make it a public corporation, monitored under the Ministry of Finance by the treasurer registrar. Among the famous reporters of TVZ during the 1980s and 1990s were the late Alwiya Alawi 1961–1996 (the elder sister of Inat Alawi, a famous Taarab singer during the 1980s), Neema Mussa, Sharifa Maulid, Fatma Mzee, Zaynab Ali, Ramadhan Ali, and Khamis.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

Zanzibar has one AM radio station<ref>[http://www.radio-africa.org/am/fm.php?itu=Tanzania&region=zbw AM radio stations in Tanzania: Directory of AM radio stations in Zanzibar West region] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221632/http://www.radio-africa.org/am/fm.php?itu=Tanzania&region=zbw |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> and 21 FM radio stations.<ref>[http://www.radio-africa.org/fm/reg.php?itu=Tanzania FM radio stations in Tanzania] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033728/http://www.radio-africa.org/fm/reg.php?itu=Tanzania |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

In terms of [[landline]] communications, Zanzibar is served by the [[Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited]] and Zantel Tanzania.

Almost all mobile and Internet companies serving mainland Tanzania are also available in Zanzibar.

=== Education ===
[[File:Zanzibar 2012 06 06 4220 (7592226526).jpg|thumb|left|Institute of Marine Sciences, [[UDSM]]]]
In 2000, there were 207 government schools and 118 privately owned schools in Zanzibar.<ref name="sacmeq">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-zanzibar.htm |title=Education in Zanzibar – Southern and Eastern African Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality |publisher=Sacmeq.org |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702114713/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-zanzibar.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Zanzibar has three fully accredited Universities: [[Zanzibar University]], the [[State University of Zanzibar]] (SUZA) and Sumait University (previously University College of Education, Chukwani).<ref>[http://www.tcu.go.tz/universities.html Tanzania Commission for Universities] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619083810/http://www.tcu.go.tz/universities.html |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

SUZA was established in 1999, and is located in Stone Town, in the buildings of the former Institute of Kiswahili and Foreign Language (TAKILUKI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suza.ac.tz/ |title=SUZA website |publisher=Suza.ac.tz |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520105258/http://www.suza.ac.tz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the only public institution for higher learning in Zanzibar, the other two institutions being private. In 2004, the three institutions had a total enrollment of 948 students, of whom 207 were female.<ref>[http://zanzibar.go.tz/10%20Higher%20education.php Higher education – zanzibar.go.tz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707084022/http://zanzibar.go.tz/10%20Higher%20education.php |date=7 July 2010 }}</ref>

The primary and secondary education system in Zanzibar is slightly different from that of the Tanzanian mainland. On the mainland, education is only compulsory for the seven years of primary education, while in Zanzibar, an additional three years of secondary education are compulsory and free.<ref name=sacmeq/> Students in Zanzibar score significantly less on standardized tests for reading and mathematics than students on the mainland.<ref name=sacmeq/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-zanzibar.htm |title=Tanzania entry – SACMEQ |publisher=Sacmeq.org |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702114713/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-zanzibar.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, [[national service]] after secondary education was necessary, but it is now voluntary, and few students volunteer. Most choose to seek employment or attend teachers' colleges.

The [[IIT Madras]] set up a campus in Zanzibar, which began classes for the first batch in November 2023.

=== Sports ===
[[File:A bird's view of Amaan Stadium in Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Amaan Stadium in Zanzibar]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Zanzibar, overseen by the [[Zanzibar Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanzaniasports.com/?p=3115 |title=? |access-date=11 August 2010 |date=8 September 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112064600/https://www.tanzaniasports.com/zfa-set-date-for-premier-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Zanzibar is an associate member of the [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF), but not of [[FIFA]]. This means that the [[Zanzibar national football team]] is not eligible to enter national CAF competitions, such as the [[African Nations Cup]], but Zanzibar's football clubs get representation at the [[CAF Confederation Cup]] and the [[CAF Champions League]].

The national team participates in [[non-FIFA Football]] tournaments such as the [[FIFI Wild Cup]], and the [[ELF Cup]]. Because Zanzibar is not a member of [[FIFA]], their team is not eligible for the [[FIFA World Cup]].

The Zanzibar Football Association also has a [[Zanzibar Premier League|Premier League]] for the top clubs, which was created in 1981. The teams also participate in the FA knockout competition, [[Zanzibari Cup]] and the [[Mapinduzi Cup]], a knockout competition organized in early January between 6–13 January to mark the [[Zanzibar Revolution Day|revolution day]] (12 January).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simba face Tusker in Mapinduzi Cup |url=https://supersport.com/football/tanzania/news/121228/Simba_face_Tusker_in_Mapinduzi_Cup |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=supersport.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816160005/https://supersport.com/football/tanzania/news/121228/Simba_face_Tusker_in_Mapinduzi_Cup |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cricket]] was historically popular in Zanzibar. In the 1950s and 1960s, the island hosted touring teams from England, India, Pakistan, South Africa and Uganda,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/88/4778_misc.html |title=Other matches played on Scyyid Khalifa Ground, Zanzibar |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122103634/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/88/4778_misc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the sport declined following the 1964 revolution. Zanzibar contributed some players to the [[East Africa cricket team]] in the late 20th century. Efforts to revive the game in the 21st century have been led by Indian firms, with plans announced in 2022 for an international-grade cricket ground in [[Fumba]] with the support of the Zanzibar government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zjcbf.or.tz/2022/06/16/new-efforts-to-revive-cricket-in-zanzibar/ |title=New efforts to revive cricket in Zanzibar |newspaper=Zan Journal |date=16 June 2022 |accessdate=22 November 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208172352/https://zjcbf.or.tz/2022/06/16/new-efforts-to-revive-cricket-in-zanzibar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1992, there has also been [[judo]] in Zanzibar. The founder, Tsuyoshi Shimaoka, established a team that participates in national and international competitions. In 1999, Zanzibar Judo Association (Z.J.A.) was registered and became an active member of the Tanzania Olympic Committee{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} and International Judo Federation.

== Notable people ==
*[[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], President of Tanzania since 19 March 2021
*[[Said Salim Bakhresa]], billionaire business tycoon born in Zanzibar, chairperson of Bakhresa Group of Companies
*[[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], winner of the 2021 [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Nobel Prize in Literature]]; born in Zanzibar in 1948 and emigrated to Britain as a student in 1968<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/abdulrazak-gurnah |title=Abdulrazak Gurnah – Literature |website=literature.britishcouncil.org |access-date=2017-12-12 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803094503/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/abdulrazak-gurnah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofafroeuropeanstudies.eu/encyclopedia/abdulrazak-gurnah/ |title=Abdulrazak Gurnah |website=www.encyclopediaofafroeuropeanstudies.eu |access-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919142652/http://www.encyclopediaofafroeuropeanstudies.eu/encyclopedia/abdulrazak-gurnah/ |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Lubaina Himid]], artist and winner of the 2017 [[Turner Prize]], born 1954
*[[Salama Jabir]], journalist, TV host, media entertainer
*[[Bi Kidude]], [[Taarab]] singer of [[Taarab]] and [[Unyago]] music, received [[WOMEX]] award in 2005
*[[Faruk Malik]], Ugandan official and spy under [[Idi Amin]]
*[[Freddie Mercury]] (born Farrokh Bulsara), British singer of the rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]], born in [[Stone Town]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/the-wonders-of-zanzibars-stone-town/ |title=The wonders of Zanzibar's Stone Town – The Spectator |date=17 October 2015 |website=spectator.co.uk |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030943/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/the-wonders-of-zanzibars-stone-town/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at the age of 17, fled with his family to the United Kingdom during the [[Zanzibar Revolution]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/9523701/Exclusive-interview-Freddie-Mercurys-mother-on-her-dear-boy.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/9523701/Exclusive-interview-Freddie-Mercurys-mother-on-her-dear-boy.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Exclusive interview: Freddie Mercury's mother on her 'dear boy' |first=Angela |last=Levin |date=8 September 2012 |access-date=12 March 2018 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 
*[[Siti binti Saad]], pioneering artist in [[Taarab]]

== See also ==
*[[German East Africa]]
*[[List of sultans of Zanzibar]]
*[[Zanzibari cuisine]]
*[[Hussein Mwinyi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{citation |last=Ayany |first=Samuel G. |title=A History of Zanzibar: A Study in Constitutional Development, 1934–1964 |publisher=[[East African Literature Bureau]] |location=[[Nairobi]] |year=1970 |oclc=201465}}
*{{citation |last=United States Department of State|author-link=United States Department of State |title=Countries of the World and Their Leaders |publisher=[[Thomson Gale|Gale Research Company]] |location=Detroit |year=1975 |edition=2nd |oclc=1492755}}

== Further reading ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Chapurukha Kusimba, ''The Rise and Decline of Swahili States'' (Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, 1999)
*Don Petterson, ''Revolution in Zanzibar'' (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2002)
*[[Emily Ruete]], ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11754/ Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar]'', 1888 (many reprints). The author (1844–1924) was born Princess Salme of Zanzibar and Oman and was a daughter of Sayyid Said.
*H. S. Newman, ''Banani: the Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba'' (London, 1898)
*W. W. A. FitzGerald, ''Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa'' (London, 1898)
*Robert Nunez Lyne, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HtENAAAAIAAJ ''Zanzibar in Contemporary Times: A Short History of the Southern East in the Nineteenth Century''] (London, 1905)
*J. E. E. Craster, ''Pemba: The Spice Island of Zanzibar'' (London, 1913)
*[[Godfrey Mwakikagile]], ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'' (Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press, 2010); ''Tanzania under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman'' (Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press, 2006); ''Why Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania'' (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2014); ''The Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar: Formation of Tanzania and its Challenges'' (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2016) 
*Pearce, Francis Barrow (1920). [https://archive.org/details/zanzibarislandme00pear ''Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa''] New York, NY: E. P. Dutton and Company.
*''Hatice Uğur, Osmanlı Afrikası'nda Bir Sultanlık: Zengibar'' (Zanzibar as a Sultanate in the Ottoman Africa), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110433/http://www.kureyayinlari.com/Icindekiler.aspx?KID=23 kureyayinlari.com] For its English version, see [http://seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr:80/record=b1268198 Boun.edu]
*Wolfgang Scholz, ''Challenges of Informal Urbanisation. The Case of Zanzibar/Tanzania'' (Dortmund, 2008) [https://www.amazon.de/dp/3934525504 Amazon.de]
*Christopher Gallop, ''Letters from East Africa'' (UK, Grosvenor House Publishing 2013) {{ISBN|978-1781486283}} [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/178148628X]
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Sister project links | b=no | n=no | q=no | v=no | voy=Zanzibar | species=no | d=Q1774 | mw=no | display=Zanzibar}}
*[http://zanzibar.go.tz/en/ Government of Zanzibar]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926232737/https://zanzibar.go.tz/en/ |date=26 September 2023 }}.
*[http://www.wunderground.com/weather-forecast/TN/Zanzibar.html Current and forecast weather for Zanzibar]
*[http://www.ikuluzanzibar.go.tz/ President's office]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225080102/http://www.ikuluzanzibar.go.tz/ |date=25 February 2014 }}.
*[https://www.zanzibarholidays.net/ Tourism Portal]

{{Zanzibar topics}}
{{Tanzania topics}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Swahili city-states]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions]]