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{{short description |1935 meeting resulting in Mao becoming head of the CCP}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2024}}
{{expand Chinese|date=July 2021|topic=hist}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|showflag=stp
|pic=ZunyiMeeting.jpg
|picsize=250px
|piccap=Site of the meeting in Zunyi
|s=遵义会议
|t=遵義會議
|p=Zūnyì huìyì<br />{{IPAc-cmn|z|un|1|yi|4|-|h|ui|4|yi|4}}
|w=Tsun-i hui-i
|gr=Tzuenyih hueyyih
}}

The '''Zunyi Conference''' ({{zh|s=遵义会议|t=遵義會議|p=Zūnyì huìyì}}) was a meeting of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) in January 1935 during the [[Long March]].  This meeting involved a power struggle between the leadership of [[Qin Bangxian|Bo Gu]] and [[Otto Braun (communist)|Otto Braun]] and the opposition led by [[Mao Zedong]]. The result was that Mao left the meeting in position to take over military command and become the leader of the Communist Party. The conference was completely unacknowledged until the 1950s and still no detailed descriptions were available until the fiftieth anniversary in 1985.

==Background==
In August 1934, with the [[People's Liberation Army|Red Army]] depleted by the prolonged [[Chinese Civil War]], a spy ([[Mo Xiong]]) placed by [[Zhou Enlai]] in the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] army headquarters in Nanchang brought news that [[Chiang Kai-shek]] was preparing a major [[Encirclement campaigns|offensive]] against the  [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]'s capital, [[Ruijin]]. The Communist leadership decided on a strategic retreat to regroup with other Communist units, and to avoid annihilation. The original plan was for the First Red Army to link up with the Second Red Army commanded by [[He Long]], thought to be in [[Hubei]] to the west and north. Communications between divided groups of the Red Army had been disrupted by the Kuomintang campaign, and during the planning to evacuate Jiangxi, the First Red Army was unaware that these other Communist forces were also retreating westward.

Initially the First Red Army, with its baggage of top communist officials, records, currency reserves and other trapping of the exiled Chinese Soviet Republic, fought through several lightly defended Kuomintang checkpoints, crossing the [[Xinfeng River]] and through the province of [[Guangdong]], south of [[Hunan]] and into [[Guangxi]]. At the [[Xiang river]], Chiang Kai-shek had reinforced the KMT defenses. In two days of bloody fighting, 30 November to 1 December 1934,  the Red Army lost more than 40,000 troops and all of the civilian porters, and there were strongly defended Nationalist defensive lines ahead. Personnel and material losses after the battle of the Xiang river affected the morale of the troops and desertions began. By a 12 December 1934 meeting of Party leaders in [[Tongdao]], discontent with [[Bo Gu]] and Otto Braun appeared.  Under these conditions, the Communists met in [[Zunyi]] to reshuffle the Party politburo.

==Meeting==
In January 1935, after the Red Army took over the city of Zunyi, a town of military importance in [[Guizhou]], [[Southwest China]], an enlarged meeting of the [[politburo]] of the CCP was held.  For nearly fifty years, it was commonly thought to have been held from January 7–9, as related by a senior leader. Fei Peiru, a historian and former museum curator of Zunyi, is credited with establishing the currently accepted dates of January 15–17.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Long March|last=Sun|first=Shuyun|date=2008|isbn=978-0-307-48765-0|chapter=Starting Afresh}}</ref>

The names and numbers of participants in the conference have always been disputed. These details are of importance to the largely Soviet view that elected members of the party were outvoted by non-members. Those who are most strongly agreed to have attended by all are Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, [[Chen Yun]], [[Liu Shaoqi]], [[Zhang Wentian]], Bo Gu, [[Liu Bocheng]], [[Li Fuchun]], [[Lin Biao]], and [[Peng Dehuai]].  Chinese sources which show that non-members could not have outvoted members have the following participants:

* Politburo members: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, [[Zhu De]], Chen Yun, Zhang Wentian, Bo Gu.
* Alternate politburo members: [[Wang Jiaxiang]]; Liu Shaoqi; [[Deng Fa]], the notorious boss of the [[secret police]] for the CCP; Kai Feng, aka [[He Kequan]]), leader of CY.
* Generals: Liu Bocheng, Chief of Staff of Red Army; Li Fuchun, acting director of political department of Red Army (acting General Commissar); Lin Biao, and commander of 1st Field Army; Peng Dehuai, commander of 3rd Field Army; [[Nie Rongzhen]], Lin's commissar; [[Yang Shangkun]], Peng's commissar and another member of [[28 Bolsheviks]]; and [[Li Zhuoran]].
* Secretariat and chief editor of the CCP newspaper, the ''Red Star'', [[Deng Xiaoping]].
* [[Otto Braun (communist)|Otto Braun]] and his interpreter [[Wu Xiuquan]].

Various scholars dispute the attendance of Chen Yun, Liu Shaoqi, Wang Jiaxiang, He Kequan, Deng Fa, Nie Rongzhen, and Deng Xiaoping.  On the other hand, [[Liang Botai]], [[Wu Liangping]], [[Teng Daiyuan]], [[Li Weihan]], [[Wang Shoudao]], and [[Yang Shangkun]] are also held to have attended by some sources.{{who?|date=December 2023}}{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Conference agenda and speeches==

The main agenda of this conference was to examine the Party's failure in the Jiangxi region and to look at the options now available to them. Bo Gu was the first to speak with a general report. He acknowledged that the strategy used in Jiangxi had failed without taking any blame. He claimed the lack of success was not due to poor planning. Next, Zhou gave a report on the military situation in an apologetic style. In contrast to Bo, he admitted mistakes had been made. Then, Zhang Wentian condemned the leaders for the debacle in Jiangxi in a long, critical oration, which was supported by Mao and Wang. Mao's comparative distance from power over the past two years had left him blameless of the recent failures and in a strong position to attack the leadership.

Mao insisted that Bo Gu and Otto Braun had made fundamental military mistakes by using tactics of pure defense, rather than initiating a more mobile war. Mao's supporters gained momentum during the meeting and Zhou Enlai eventually moved to back Mao. Under the principle of democracy for majority, the secretariat of the Central Committee and Central Revolution & Military Committee of CCP were reelected. Bo and Braun were demoted while Zhou maintained his position now sharing military command with Zhu De. Zhang Wentian took Bo's previous position, and Mao once again joined the Central Committee.

The Zunyi Conference confirmed that the CCP should turn away from the 28 Bolsheviks and towards Mao. The Red Army regained its military power, survived in [[Yan'an]] and ultimately defeated the KMT using a [[guerrilla]] strategy, and later through conventional warfare as it gained mass peasant support. It could be seen as a victory for those old CCP members who had their roots in China and, on the contrary, was a great loss for those CCP members such as the 28 Bolsheviks who had studied in Moscow and had been trained by the Comintern and the [[Soviet Union]] and could be regarded as protégés or agents of Comintern accordingly. After the Zunyi Conference, the influence and involvement of the Comintern in CCP affairs was greatly reduced.

==See also==
* [[Yangliujie Catholic Church]], where the Red Army housed its political directorate during the Zunyi Conference
*[[Ningdu Conference]] (1932)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=meBsMli4JN4C&dq=%22zunyi+conference%22&pg=PA71 Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8v-v4IzBY0C&dq=%22zunyi+conference%22&pg=RA1-PA407 The Search for Modern China]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=fzVSkyaBIGEC&dq=%22Zunyi+Conference%22&pg=PA91 Mao]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://litten.de/fulltext/loma.pdf F. S. Litten: The Myth of the 'Turning-Point' - Towards a New Understanding of the Long March] (article in 'Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung', 2001)

{{National meetings of the Chinese Communist Party}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Assemblies of the Chinese Communist Party]]
[[Category:1935 in China]]
[[Category:History of Zunyi]]
[[Category:1935 conferences]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Guizhou]]
[[Category:January 1935]]
[[Category:1930s political conferences]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Zunyi]]