View source for Zurna

{{Short description|Wind instrument played in central Eurasia}}
[[File:BOUTKA2.jpg|thumb|260px|Musician playing the zurna.]]
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{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
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The '''zurna'''{{efn|Also called '''sunay''', '''[[birbynė]]''', '''lettish horn''', '''zurla''' or '''zurle''', '''surla''', '''sornai''', '''zournas''', '''zurma''', or '''zurnes'''.}}{{Efn|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]: զուռնա '''zuṙna'''; [[Classical Armenian|Old Armenian]]: սուռնայ '''suṙna'''; [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: '''surle/surla'''; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: '''surlă'''; [[Persian language|Persian]]: '''karna/Kornay/surnay'''; [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: '''зурла/сурла''' zurla/surla; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''зурна/зурла''; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: '''zurna/töröksip'''; [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: '''зурла/zurla'''; [[Suret language|Assyrian]]: '''ܙܘܪܢܐ/zurna'''; [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]: '''zurna'''; [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''zurna''';  '''zirne'''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: '''ζουρνάς'''; [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: '''zurna'''; [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]: හොරණෑව<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCHHn5miB2E |title=hewisi, Daul, Thammattam, Horane, Bera, Batanala, drums wadanaya|website=[[YouTube]] |date=12 May 2023 }}</ref>[horaṇǣva]}} is a [[double reed]] [[wind instrument]] played in [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Southeast Europe]] and parts of [[North Africa]]. It is also used in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/41101650 |title=The Cultural Function of the Sri Lankan Horanawa|work=Double Reeds along the Great Silk Route |date=January 2019 |last1=Meddegoda |first1=Chinthaka P. }}</ref> It is usually accompanied by a [[davul]] (bass drum) in [[Music of Armenia|Armenian]], [[Anatolia]]n and [[Assyrian folk/pop music|Assyrian]] folk music. The zurna is largely played in Turkey.

[[Image:Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG|thumb|Karna, one of the ancient Persian musical instruments, 6th century BC, [[Persepolis]] Museum.]]

== Etymology and terminology ==
[[File:Turkish musican play with zurna.jpg|355px|thumb|right|Turkish folk musician playing zurna, 2016]]
A folk etymology explains that the name is derived from [[Persian language|Persian]] "{{lang|fa|[[wikt:سرنای|سرنای]]}}" (''surnāy''), composed of "{{lang|fa|[[wikt:سور|سور]]}}" (''sūr'') meaning "banquet, feast", and {{lang|fa|[[wikt:نای|نای]]}} (''nāy'') meaning "reed, pipe". The term is attested in the oldest Turkic records, as "''suruna''" in the 12th and 13th century [[Codex Cumanicus]] (CCM fol. 45a). Zurna has also been suggested as a possible borrowing from Hittite or Luwian into the [[Armenian language]], where Arm. զուռնա ''zuṙna'' is compared to Luwian ''zurni'' "horn".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1991|title=The Survival of Ancient Anatolian and Mesopotamian Vocabulary until the Present|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=50|issue=3|pages=203–207|doi=10.1086/373501|s2cid=162282522|issn=0022-2968}}</ref>

==Origins==
The zurna was said to originate from [[Central Asia]] and ancient [[Asia Minor]] ([[Anatolia]]). Images of the zurna are visible in stone reliefs and artwork by the [[Hittite empire|Hittites]], who were an ancient empire from Asia Minor about 2000 to 1200 B.C. It was known in [[Persia]] from 6th century A.D., and later introduced in several countries following the [[spread of Islam]] (A.D. 650-1500).<ref>[http://www.instrumentsoftheworld.com/instrument/203-Zurna.html Zurna] Instruments of the World - Virtual encyclopedia</ref> 
The zurna played an important role in [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[mehter]] music.<ref>[https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-98676/zurna.html Zurna] Republic of Turkey - Ministry of Culture and Tourism</ref>

As zurna became popular and intriguing, it spread further to the east and west. In the 16th century, the [[Central Asia]]n shawms got to [[China]] under the name 'sona'. The [[Kirghiz people]]s, from ancient Persia and Afghanistan, had used the zurna, as well as [[Syrian people]], who called it 'zamr'. As the Ottoman Empire sprawled into Europe, the zurna was introduced to the [[Balkans]], [[Hungary]], and even [[Western Europe]]. There were alteration of name and its structure, but the similarities to the original zurna was very apparent, as seen in the zurna of Macedonia, the shepherd flute of the [[Basque music|Basque]] and the mountain territories of Italy, and the zurna in North Africa, called 'zmar', of [[Tunis]] and [[Tangier]].<ref>[http://www.socalfolkdance.org/articles/mysterious_age_old_zurna_ozkok.htm#:~:text=The%20zurna%2C%20an%20ancient%20folk,flared%20bell%20at%20the%20end.&text=It%20is%20this%20shawm%20that,Minor%20(the%20Anatolian%20peninsula). Mysterious Age-Old Zurna] by Bora Özkök (Folk Dance Federation of California, South, Inc.)</ref>

In [[Turkish folk music]], the zurna joined with the [[davul]] to appoint a melodic concomitant to tribal and village folk dance. Today, the zurna is an essential part of Turkish folk music and dance, as well as in [[Armenian dance]], [[Assyrian folk dance]] and [[Kurdish dance]].

Turkish lore{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} says that [[Adam]], who was moulded from clay, had no soul. It is said only the melodious tuiduk-playing of [[Archangel Gabriel]] could breathe life into Adam. According to a Turkmen legend,{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} the devil played the main role in tuiduk invention (note the term "devil openings", ''şeytan delikleri'', in Turkish for the small apertures on the bell).

==Characteristics==
[[File:Τζιάκα-1473.wav|thumb|Sound file of kaba zurna from Serres, Greece]]
[[Image:Zourna.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A variety of zurna, from the Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments]]
The zurna, like the [[duduk]] and [[kaval]], is a woodwind instrument used to play folk music.

The zurna is made from the slow-growing and hardwood of fruit trees such as [[plum]] or [[apricot]] (''[[Prunus armeniaca]]''). There are several different types of zurnas. The most typical is the Armenian zurna. The longest (and lowest-pitched) is the kaba zurna, used in Bulgaria, the shortest (and highest-pitched), which can be made of bone, is the zurna played in Messolonghi and other villages of Aetolia-Acarnania region in Greece. The zurna, a relative of the [[oboe]], is found almost everywhere where the common reed grows because it uses a short cylindrical reed that is tied to a conical brass tube on one end, flattened to a narrow slit on the other end as a source of the sound.

It requires high pressure to give any tone at all and when it does, it is almost constantly loud, high pitched, sharp, and piercing. The need for high pressure makes it suitable for playing without stop using [[circular breathing]]. A small pacifier-style disk that the lips may lean on helps the lip muscles that hold the high-pressure air, rest, and recover during long non-stop playing sessions. The combination of constant volume and non-stop playing makes the zurna unsuitable for emphasis of the rhythm. It has therefore been played almost invariably along with big drums that both provide the rhythm and the lower frequencies that travel further away than the zurna's loud, high pitched sound.

It has a cylindrical bore, and a bell opening out in a [[parabolic curve]], thus adapted to reflect the sound straight ahead. Because of its loud and highly directional sound as well as accompaniment by big drums, it has historically been played outdoors, during festive events such as weddings and public celebrations. It has also been used to gather crowds in order to make official announcements. This use of the zurna as a token of the ruling power developed into [[Janissary]] bands and eventually into military music. Seven holes on the front, and one thumb hole, provide a range of over one octave including some transposition.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

==Usage==

[[File:Joueur_de_zurna_marocain.JPG|thumb|Zurma player (traditional Moroccan wind instrument also called gheita).]]

Similar to the [[Mizmar (instrument)|mizmar]] and [[rhaita]], zurnas are used in the folk music of many countries and regions, especially in [[Armenia]], [[Iran]], [[Algeria]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Central Asia]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]], [[the Maghreb]], [[Albania]], [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia]], [[Kurdistan]] and the other [[Caucasus|Caucasian countries]], and have now spread throughout [[India]], [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Eastern Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The zurna is most likely the immediate predecessor of the [[Europe]]an [[shawm]], and is related to the [[Traditional Chinese musical instruments|Chinese]] [[suona]] still used today in weddings, temple and funeral music.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/94Arts11121.html |title=Suona -- Eight-eyed monkey with the bad rap - China culture |access-date=2012-11-10 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525221649/http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/94Arts11121.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Japanese ''charumera'', or ''charamera'', traditionally associated with itinerant noodle vendors is a small zurna, its name derived from the Portuguese ''chirimoya''. Few, if any, noodle vendors continue this tradition, and those who do would use a loudspeaker playing a recorded charumera.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

A zurna was used by frontman Stu Mackenzie in [[King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard]]'s 9th studio album, [[Flying Microtonal Banana]].

The [[Homeworld (series)|Homeworld]] series uses a zurna quite extensively in its soundtrack, particularly in more action-focused pieces.

==See also==
*[[Pku]]
*[[Zhaleika]]
*[[Duduk]]
*[[Ney]]
*[[Sorna]]
*[[Rhaita]]
*[[Suona]]
*[[Kangling]]
*[[Sopila]]
*[[Piffero]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zurna}}
*[http://www.duduk.com/Arm-music-ins/Zurna/Info-Zurna/index.html ''Armenian Zurna''], Duduk.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221805/http://musicalconfrontations.com/MC5/wlc/mcb/cul/mim/mfl/mtm/foc/JNS/jns0000000002.htm ''Janitschareninstrumente und Europa'']. Memo G. Schachiner, MusicalConfrontations.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040603210322/http://www.fromnorway.net/yaylas/zurna/zurna_faq.htm  ''Zurna FAQ'' by Satilmis Yayla, 1996 Oslo, Norway. Archived at Wayback Machine]

{{Double reed}}
{{Armenian musical instruments}}
{{Azerbaijani musical instruments}}
{{Pontic Greek musical instruments}}
{{Turkish musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Single oboes with conical bore]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Algerian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Arabic musical instruments]]
[[Category:Armenian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Croatian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Macedonian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkish folk music instruments]]
[[Category:Albanian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Serbian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hungarian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bulgarian musical instruments]]
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[[Category:Musical instruments of Georgia (country)]]
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[[Category:Laz musical instruments]]
[[Category:Pontic Greek musical instruments]]
[[Category:Romani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Circular breathing]]
[[Category:Assyrian music]]