imported>Latin Linguist: Overview: Included a similar English word with the same etymology.

2025-11-01T01:03:50Z

Overview: Included a similar English word with the same etymology.

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{{Short description|Occitan dialect near the French-Spanish border}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Aranese
|nativename=aranés
|pronunciation=
|states=[[Spain]]
|region=[[Val d'Aran]] ([[Catalonia]])
|speakers=ca. 2,600 + ca. 2,100 non-native
|date=2001
|ref=<ref name="cens">Conselh Generau d'Aran. [http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Altres/Arxius/aran_cens.pdf "Cens lingüistic del aranès de 2001"]. 2001. Retrieved on 22 August 2014. {{in lang|ca}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4= [[Latin]]
|fam5=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam6=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam7=[[Western Romance languages|Western]]
|fam8=[[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
|fam9=[[Occitano-Romance languages|Occitano-Romance]]
|fam10=[[Occitan language|Occitan]]
|fam11=[[Gascon dialect|Gascon]]
|nation= [[Spain]]
*[[Catalonia]]
|isoexception=dialect
|ietf = {{wikidata|property|P305}}
|glotto=aran1260
|glottorefname=Aranese
|map=Occitania aranes map.png
|mapcaption=Aranese area in the traditionally Occitan-speaking territory
}}
[[File:Europe2005 bossost-aranes1.jpg|thumb|Aranese signage in [[Bossòst]], Val d'Aran]]

'''Aranese''' ({{langx|oc|aranés}}) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]] variety of the [[Occitan language]] spoken in the [[Val d'Aran]], in northwestern [[Catalonia]] close to the [[France–Spain border|Spanish border with France]], where it is one of the three [[official language|official]] [[languages of Catalonia|languages]] beside [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Collett|first=Richard|title=Aranese: Spain's little-known language|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-aranese-spains-little-known-language|access-date=2022-01-18|website=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2010, it was declared the third official language in Catalonia by the [[Parliament of Catalonia]].<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/aranes/convierte/tercera/lengua/oficial/Cataluna/elpepuesp/20100922elpepunac_9/Tes "El aranés se convierte en la tercera lengua oficial de Cataluña"], ''[[El País]]'', Barcelona, 22 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 August 2014. {{in lang|es}}</ref>

The official names of towns in Val d'Aran are in Occitan; for example, the municipality of ''[[Vielha]]'' is known by its Occitan name on maps and road signs, rather than its Catalan/Spanish name, ''Viella''.

==Official status==
{{cleanup|section|reason=needs fleshing out and grammar improvements|date=April 2018}}

The Aran Valley is the only territory in the language domain of [[Occitania]] where Occitan has official recognition and institutional protection. According to Law 35/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, Occitan is considered an official language not only in Val d'Aran, but in all of Catalonia, and is given precedence in the territory where it is spoken (Val d'Aran).

Article 3.4 of Catalonia's [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979|1979 Statute of Autonomy]] establishes that the "Aranese language will be the object of education and of special respect and protection." Subsequently, Law 7/1983, on linguistic normalization, declares Aranese the language of Aran, proclaims certain linguistic rights of the Aranese and directs public service to guarantee its usage and teaching. Aranese is taught on all levels of compulsory education and has been the medium of instruction in the Aran Valley since 1984.

A certain degree of autonomy was granted to the Aran Valley in 1990. Law 16/1990, concerning the special regime of the Val d'Aran, grants to the Valley an administrative autonomy. This law affirms the official status of Aranese, further guarantees its use and teaching, and affirms the general mandate to promote its normalization in Aran.

Law 1/1998, on linguistic policy, includes specific provisions related to place names, [[anthroponymy]], and the media. Although the localities of Catalonia have their official names in Catalan, the localities of the Aran Valley have their official names in Occitan. Thus, the indicators of the towns and the names of their streets are written in this language. Since May 2001, there is an official regulation of the General Council of Aran that promulgates the certification system of the different levels of knowledge of Occitan.

In 2006, a [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006|new Statute of Autonomy]] was promulgated in Catalonia. Concerning Aranese, article 6.5 of the organic law establishes that "the Occitan language, called Aranese in Aran, is the language of this territory and is official in Catalonia, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute and the laws of linguistic normalization." In 2010, Law 35/2010 was subsequently passed, with specific provisions concerning Occitan in Catalonia reflecting the new constitutional framework.

In 2011, the Spanish Government, specifically that of the [[People's Party (Spain)|People’s Party]] and [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]], opposed the preference given to Aranese by the 2010 law, questioning the constitutionality of articles 2.3, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.5. In 2018, the constitutional court ruled that while article 2.3 was found to be constitutional, the "preferential" status given found in the other concerned articles are unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news|title=El Tribunal Constitucional tomba la condició de "preferent" de l'aranès|url=https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2018/02/12/actualidad/1518460460_814618.html|work=EL PAÍS|date=12 February 2018|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El TC declara inconstitucional el carácter de "preferente" del aranés en su territorio|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2018/02/12/5a81d783468aebdc5d8b4593.html|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2018-3301|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2018-3301|website=www.boe.es|language=es}}</ref>

==Usage==
According to a 2001 linguistic census by the Aranese government, about 90% of the inhabitants of Val d'Aran can understand the language, with those between 25 and 34 years old having the lowest rate, at around 80% (excluding those under the age of 4). Between 60 and 65% of the population can speak it; however, only 26% reported being able to write in Aranese.<ref name="cens" />

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align:center;"
!valign="right"| Knowledge of Aranese in the Val d'Aran among People 2+ Years Old
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''1996'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''2001'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''2008'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''2013'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''2018'''
|-
!
! Total
! Percentage
! Total
! Percentage
! Total
! Percentage
! Total
! Percentage
! Total
! Percentage
|-
| Can understand
| 6,295
| 90.05%
| 6,712
| 88.88%
| 6,600
| 78.2%
| 6,840
| 80.7%
| 7,060
| 83.3%
|-
| Can speak
| 4,534
| 64.85%
| 4,700
| 62.24%
| 4,800
| 56.8%
| 4,710
| 55.6%
| 5,087
| 60%
|-
| Can read
| 4,145
| 59.29%
| 4,413
| 58.44%
| 5.000
| 59.3%
| 5,020
| 59.3%
| 6,234
| 73.5%
|-
| Can write
| 1,746
| 24.97%
| 2,016
| 26.69%
| 2,900
| 34.9%
| 2,950
| 34.9%
| 3,880
| 45.8%
|-
| "text-align:left; colspan="11;" | Source : IDESCAT, Cens lingüístic de l'aranès de 2001<ref name="cens" /> and Enquesta d’usos lingüístics de la població - Aran 2008/2018.<ref>[https://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/dossier_eulp-2018_aranes.pdf ''Enquesta d’usos lingüístics de la població''.] IDESCAT/[[Generalitat de Catalunya]].</ref>
|}

In 2008, the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] surveyed the population (15 years old or older) in the Val d'Aran. The survey reported that 78.2% of the population could understand Aranese, 56.8% could speak it, 59.4% could read it, and 34.8% could write the language.<ref>[http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Dades_territori_poblacio/Altres/Arxius/EULP08_PresentResultats.pdf Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 (EULP 2008)], Generalitat de Catalunya, 29 June 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2014. {{in lang|ca}}</ref> The number of people that can speak Aranese grew to the 61% of the population in 2020, according to a survey of the Public Office for the Occitan Language.<ref>[https://www.jornalet.com/12513 ''Enquista sociolingüistica de l’ÒPLO: mai del 90% dels sondats vòlon de politicas lingüisticas per l’occitan'']. Jornalet.</ref>

Once considered to be an endangered language<ref>[http://www.catalannewsagency.com/politics/item/aranese-language-becomes-the-3rd-co-official-language-in-catalonia "Aranese language becomes the 3rd co-official language in Catalonia"], ''Catalan News Agency'', 2010. Retrieved on 22 August 2014.</ref> spoken mainly by older people, it is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish within Val d'Aran, and since 1984 has been taught bilingually alongside Spanish in schools.<ref>[http://www.aranes.org/docs/curr.pdf "Curriculum der Aranés"], "Conselh Generau d'Aran", 12 February 1998. Retrieved on 24 August 2014. ''(Aranese)''</ref> Students in the Val d'Aran are required to have two hours each of Spanish, Catalan, and Aranese per week. At some levels of education, a foreign language is added to the three official languages —usually French due to proximity— and sometimes even two additional hours of English.

== Phonology ==
General [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]] characteristics:
* Latin ''F'' > ''H'':
** ''focus'' {{IPA|/ˈfokus/}} (hearth) > ''huec'' {{IPA|/hwek/}} (fire)
** ''ferrum'' {{IPA|/ˈferːum/}} > ''hèr'' {{IPA|/hɛɾ/}} (iron)
* Latin ''LL'' > ''TH ''(internal or final) or ''R'' (in intervocalic position):
** ''vitellu > vedèth'' {{IPA|/beˈdɛt(ʃ)/}} (calf)
** ''ille'' > ''eth ''{{IPA|/et(ʃ)/}}'' ''(sing. masc. definite article)
** ''ille'' > ''er ''{{IPA|/eɾ/}}'' ''(sing. masc. definite article; used before words that start with a vowel sound)
** ''illa'' > ''era ''{{IPA|/eɾa/}}'' ''(sing. fem. definite article)
* Vocalisation of ''L'' to ''U'' in final position: ''malum'' > ''mau'' {{IPA|/maw/}} (bad)
* Loss of ''N'' in intervocalic position:
** Latin ''luna'' > ''lua'' (moon)
** Latin ''farīna'' > ''haria'' (flour)
* [[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]] of ''-R'':
** Latin ''venter'' > ''vrente'' (stomach)
** Latin ''vesper'' > ''vrèspe'' (evening)
* Prosthetic ''A-'' before initial ''R-'', doubling the ''R'':
** Latin ''recognōscō'' > ''arreconéisher'' (to recognize)
** Latin ''rīdēre'' > ''arríder'' (to laugh)
Specific Aranese characteristics:
* Deaspiration of Gascon {{IPA|/h/}} > Aranese ∅ (except in [[Bausen]] and [[Canejan]], where it remains [h])
** Gascon ''huec'' {{IPA|/hwek/}} (fire) > Aranese ''huec'' {{IPA|/wek/}}
* Gascon -''AS'' pronounced and written ''-ES'':
** Gascon ''hemnas'' > ''hemnes ''{{IPA|/ˈennes/}} (women)
** Gascon ''parlas'' > ''parles ''{{IPA|/ˈpaɾles/}} (you speak)
* Plurals of nouns ending in -A become -ES: ''era pèira'' → ''es pèires'' (the stones)
* Intervocalic {{IPA|/b/}} written ''U'' and pronounced {{IPA|[w]}}:
** Gascon: ''cantava ''{{IPA|/kanˈtaba/}} > Aranese ''cantaua ''{{IPA|/kanˈtawa/}} (he/she was singing)
* Reduction of plural definite articles:
** Gascon: ''eths'', ''eras'' > Aranese ''es ''{{IPA|/es/}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|m}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|n}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" |({{IPA link|ŋ}})4
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|p}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|b}}1
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|d̪|d}}1
| colspan="2" |
|
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|k}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|ɡ}}1
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|f}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|s}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|z}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|ʃ}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|({{IPA link|h}})2
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|ts}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|dz}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|tʃ}}
| width="25px" |{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|r}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɾ}}3
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|l}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|ʎ}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|w}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|j}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|}

'''Notes:'''
:# The voiced stops {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, respectively, in word-final position.
:# {{IPA|/h/}} is pronounced only in the towns of Bausen and Canejan. Foreign words that have not been adopted into Aranese also retain {{IPA|/h/}}: ''hardware'', ''maharajah''.
:# {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, except at the end of a word, where it is generally silent, regardless of what follows.
:# {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is heard as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} in word-final position.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ caption | Vowel phonemes<ref name="normes">Conselh Generau d'Aran. [http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Altres/Arxius/normes.pdf "Normes Ortografiques der Aranés"], 1999. Retrieved on 23 August 2014 ''(Aranese)''</ref>
|-
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}   {{IPA link|y}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} || || ({{IPA link|o}})
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} || || {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ä|a}} ||
|}

===Diphthongs===
{| style="background: none"
|-----
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ caption | Falling diphthongs<ref name="normes" />
|-
! Diphthong
! Usual spelling
! Example
|-
| {{IPA|/aj/}}
| ai
| '''ai'''gua
|-
| {{IPA|/aw/}}
| au
| s'''au'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ej/}}
| ei1
| v'''ei'''re
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛj/}}
| èi2
| l'''èi'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ew/}}
| eu
| p'''eu'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛw/}}
| èu
| m'''èu'''
|-
| {{IPA|/iw/}}
| iu3
| h'''iu'''
|-
| {{IPA|/uj/}}
| oi
| p'''oi'''rir
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔj/}}
| òi
| ber'''òi'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔw/}}
| òu2
| p'''òu'''r

|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ caption | Rising diphthongs<ref name="normes" />
|-
! Diphthong
! Usual spelling
! Example
|-
| {{IPA|/ja/}}
| ia
| istòr'''ia'''
|-
| {{IPA|/je/}}
| ie
| v'''ie'''lh
|-
| {{IPA|/jɛ/}}
| iè
| mol'''iè'''r
|-
| {{IPA|/ju/}}
| io
| v'''io'''léncia
|-
| {{IPA|/jɔ/}}
| iò
| p'''iò'''isha
|-
| {{IPA|/wa/}}
| oa ua
| empod'''oa'''r q'''ua'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/we/}}
| oe ue
| '''oe'''lha h'''ue'''c
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
:# In practice, stressed ''ei'' tends to be pronounced [e]: ''trueita'' pronounced as ''trueta''.
:# Word-final ''èi'' is often pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ]}} instead of {{IPA|[ɛj]}}: ''cantèi'' pronounced as ''cantè''. Similarly, speakers tend to say ''òu'' as ''ò'' {{IPA|[ɔ]}}: ''auriòu'' is pronounced like ''auriò''
:# ''iu'' can be pronounced as {{IPA|[iw]}} or {{IPA|[jew]}}: ''Diu'' {{IPA|[diw ~ djew]}}
:# Orthographic ''ui'' historically was a diphthong, but is currently produced as {{IPA|[y]}}.

Aranese orthography denotes where two consecutive vowels do not diphthongize, but rather form a hiatus.{{vague|date=October 2017|reason= word salad, as "denotes" normally serves to explain the meaning of a term and thus suggests the meaning of the phrase "A.o." is a place at which a linguistic event occurs. I feel as if the colleague is offering an alchemical theory of linguistics: "It's just a question of who's going to be master: you, or the words." (Surely unfairly, my respect for Catalonian nationalism and my contempt for al Caudillo feel as if they are at stake here !!)}}
* A [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaereses]] mark over unstressed ''i'' or ''u'': ''ï'', ''ü''
**''flaüta'' {{IPA|/flaˈy.ta/}}
**''cocaïna'' {{IPA|/ku.kaˈi.na/}}
**''coïncidir'' {{IPA|/ku.in.siˈdi(ɾ)/}}
* An [[acute accent]], which marks lexical stress, on ''i'' or ''u'': ''í'', ''ú''
**''país'' {{IPA|/paˈis/}}

=== Comparison to other Romance languages ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ caption | Comparison to other Romance languages
|-
! [[Latin language|Latin]]
! Aranese
! [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
! [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
! [[French language|French]]
! [[Italian language|Italian]]
! [[English language|English]]
|-
! fēsta {{IPA|/ˈfeːsta/}}
| hèsta {{IPA|/ˈ(h)ɛsta/}}
| fiesta {{IPA|/ˈfjesta/}}
| festa {{IPA|/ˈfɛsta/}}
| festa {{IPA|/ˈfɛʃtɐ/}}
| fête {{IPA|/fɛt/}}
| festa {{IPA|/ˈfɛsta/}}
! feast
|-
! lūna {{IPA|/ˈluːna/}}
| lua {{IPA|/ˈly.a/}}
| luna {{IPA|/ˈluna/}}
| lluna {{IPA|/ˈʎuna/}}
| lua {{IPA|/ˈlu.ɐ/}}
| lune {{IPA|/lyn/}}
| luna {{IPA|/ˈluna/}}
! moon
|-
! mel {{IPA|/mel/}}
| mèu {{IPA|/mɛw/}}
| miel {{IPA|/mjel/}}
| mel {{IPA|/mɛɫ/}}
| mel {{IPA|/mɛɫ/}}, {{IPA|/mɛw/}}
| miel {{IPA|/mjɛl/}}
| miele {{IPA|/ˈmjɛle/}}
! honey
|-
! castellum {{IPA|/kasˈtelːum/}}
| castèth {{IPA|/kasˈtɛt(ʃ)/}}
| castillo {{IPA|/kasˈtiʎo/}}
| castell {{IPA|/kasˈteʎ/}}
| castelo {{IPA|/kɐʃˈtɛlu/}}
| château {{IPA|/ ʃɑto/}}
| castello {{IPA|/kasˈtɛlːo/}}
! castle
|-
! illa {{IPA|/ˈilːa/}}
| era {{IPA|/ˈeɾa/}}
| ella {{IPA|/ˈeʎa/}}
| ella {{IPA|/ˈeʎa/}}
| ela {{IPA|/ˈɛlɐ/}}
| elle {{IPA|/ɛl/}}
| ella ~ lei {{IPA|/ˈelːa/}} ~ {{IPA|/lɛːi/}}
! she
|-
! rīdēre {{IPA|/riːˈdeːre/}}
| arrir {{IPA|/aˈri(ɾ)/}}
| reír {{IPA|/reˈiɾ/}}
| riure {{IPA|/ˈriwɾe/}}
| rir {{IPA|/ʁiɾ/}}
| rire {{IPA|/ʁiʁ/}}
| ridere {{IPA|/ˈridere/}}
! to laugh
|-
! capra {{IPA|/ˈkapra/}}
| craba {{IPA|/ˈkraba/}}
| cabra {{IPA|/ˈkabɾa/}}
| cabra {{IPA|/ˈkabɾa/}}
| cabra {{IPA|/ˈkabɾɐ/}}
| chèvre {{IPA|/ʃɛvʁ/}}
| capra {{IPA|/ˈkapra/}}
! goat
|}

==Orthography==

===Digraphs===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
! Grapheme
! Pronunciation
! Example
! Notes
|-
| ch
| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
| '''ch'''ut
|
|-
| lh
| {{IPA|[ʎ]}}
| hi'''lh'''
| pronounced {{IPA|[l]}} before ''s'': ''hilhs'' {{IPA|[ils]}}
|-
| ll
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| co'''ll'''aborar
|
|-
| nh
| {{IPA|[ɲ]}}
| '''nh'''èu
| '''n·h''', with [[interpunct]], is pronounced {{IPA|[n(h)]}}: e'''n·h'''ornar
|-
| rr
| {{IPA|[r]}}
| te'''rr'''assa
|
|-
| sh ish
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| '''sh'''ada ca'''ish'''a
| * following a vowel, ''sh'' must be written ''ish'' * '''s·h''', with interpunct, is pronounced {{IPA|[s(h)]}}: de'''s·h'''èir
|-
|-
| tj tg
| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| ho'''tj'''ar horma'''tg'''e
| * before ''a'', ''o'', ''u'' * before ''e'', ''i''
|-
| th
| {{IPA|[t]}} {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
| vedè'''th''', e'''th''' cò'''th''', po'''th'''
| the {{IPA|[tʃ]}} pronunciation only occurs in Bausen and Canejan
|-
| tl
| {{IPA|[lː]}}
| ca'''tl'''a
|
|-
| ts
| {{IPA|[ts]}}
| di'''ts'''
| word-final ''ts'' is only used for plurals of words ending in ''-t'', otherwise it becomes written ''tz''
|-
| tz
| {{IPA|[dz]}} {{IPA|[ts]}}
| do'''tz'''e prè'''tz'''
| * between vowels * word-final
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
!Vowel
! colspan=2 | Pronunciation
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | a, à
| stressed
| {{IPA|[a]}}
|
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|[ɑ ~ ɔ]}}
| phrase-final
|-
| e, é
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[e]}}
|
|-
| è
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|
|-
| i, í
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[i]}}
|
|-
| o, ó
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[u]}}
|
|-
| ò
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
| sometimes pronounced {{IPA|[o]}}
|-
| u, ú
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|[y]}}
|
|}

==Loanwords==
Since the Val d'Aran is located within Spanish and Catalan territory, Aranese is subject to certain influences from Spanish and Catalan. As such, Aranese has adopted several neologisms from them:

*''actuar'' (vs. ''agir'')
*''empresa'' (vs. ''entrepresa'')
*''increment'' (vs. ''aumentacion'')
*''laborau'' (vs. ''professionau'')
*''matrícula'' (vs. ''inscripcion'')
*''oficina'' (vs. ''burèu'', which is a [[Gallicism]])

Spanish and Catalan have also created deformations of words such as ''abans'' > ''abantes'' or ''dempús'' > ''despuès''. Some Hispanicisms are directly adopted into Aranese: ''hasta''.

==Regulation==
Aranese is regulated under classic unifying standards of Occitan, defined initially by [[Loís Alibèrt]]. These standards of the [[Conselh de la Lenga Occitana]] (Occitan Language Council) have officially been recognized by the [[Conselh Generau d'Aran]] (General Council of Aran) since 1999.

In practice, several details standards diverge due to the popular or preferred usage of Aranese, in relation to other [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]] varieties. For instance:
* the form of the feminine plural -AS in general Gascon is replaced with -ES in Aranese, as the pronunciation is "/es/". Ex: ''hemnes araneses ''(Aranese women) in place of general Gascon ''hemnas aranesas ''
* the accepted use of U in place of V in a good deal of the Valley (but some retain the "v" as it is pronounced /b/) Ex: ''auer'' instead of ''aver'' (general Gascon always write it "v" even when pronounced /w/).

The Institut d'Estudis Aranesi is the recognized language academy by the Conselh Generau d'Aran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conselharan.org/reconeishenca-der-institut-destudis-aranesi-coma-academia-e-autoritat-linguistica-der-occitan-aranes-en-aran/|title=Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran|website=www.conselharan.org}}</ref>

== Written publications ==
=== Grammar ===
A reference on usage and conjugation of Aranese verbs entitled ''Es Vèrbs conjugadi : morfologia verbau aranesa'' was written by Verònica Barés Moga and published in 2003. A descriptive and normative reference grammar book, written in Aranese by [[Aitor Carrera]], was published in March 2007. It includes a detailed breakdown of phonological and grammatical differences between varieties of Aranese in different villages in the valley.

=== Dictionaries ===
A dictionary of Aranese was written by the Catalan linguist [[Joan Coromines]] as his doctoral thesis.

A simple four-language Spanish–Aranese–Catalan–French dictionary exists, written by Frederic Vergés Bartau (see Bibliography).

An Aranese-English and English–Aranese dictionary was published in 2006. It was written by Ryan Furness, a young man from [[Minnesota]], after he became curious about the language when he traveled to Val d'Aran.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130115144308/http://www.noticies.cat/acn/265803/General/text/-.html "Presenten el primer diccionari aranès-anglès"], ''Agència Catalana de Notícies'', 05 April 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2014. {{in lang|ca}}</ref><ref>[http://www.324.cat/noticia/26187/valldaran/Un-jove-de-Minnesota-prepara-el-primer-diccionari-aranes-angles "Un jove de Minnesota prepara el primer diccionari aranès-anglès"], ''324'', Vielha, 09 November 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2014. {{in lang|ca}}</ref>

A detailed one-volume Catalan–Occitan and Occitan–Catalan dictionary was published under the auspices of the governments of Catalonia ([[Generalitat de Catalunya]]) and Val d'Aran ([[Conselh Generau d'Aran]]). Although it calls the language "Occitan", it uses Aranese spelling and its preface says that special attention is given to the Aranese variety.

=== Periodicals and commercial publications ===
A local monthly magazine ''Toti'' and local newspapers are published partly in the language. The online newspaper ''Jornalet'' also publishes a fair deal of articles and opinions in Aranese.

== See also ==
* [[Occitan language]]
* [[Languages of Spain]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book
| last = Barés Moga
| first = Verònica
| title = Es vèrbs conjugadi: morfologia verbau aranesa
| publisher = Barcelona: Llibres de l'Index
| year = 2003
| isbn = 84-95317-47-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Carrera|first=Aitor|title=Gramatica Aranesa|publisher=Pagès Editors|location=Lleida|year=2007|isbn=978-84-9779-484-8|language=Occitan}}
* {{cite book
| last = Furness
| first = Ryan C.
| title = Diccionari Occitan (aranés) - Anglés/English-Occitan (Aranese) Dictionary
| publisher = Pages Editors
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-84-9779-362-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Institut d'Estudis Aranesi |title=Gramatica der occitan aranés |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Aranesi-Acadèmia aranesa dera llengua occitana |year=2019}}
* {{cite book
| last = Leclerc
| first = Jean-Marc
| title = Le Gascon de poche
| publisher = France: Assimil
| year = 2004
| isbn = 2-7005-0345-7
|language=French}}
* {{cite book
| last = Vergés Bartau
| first = Frederic
| title = Petit diccionari: castelhan-aranés (occitan)-catalan-francés, aranés (occitan)-castelhan-catalan-francés
| publisher = Vielha, Vall dʾAran, Lhèida : Conselh Comarcau dera Val d’Aran
| year = 1991
| isbn = 84-606-0175-7}}

== External links ==
* [http://languagecharter.coe.int/sites/languages/L-Aranese_in_Spain-Catalonia.htm Aranese in Catalonia, Spain]—Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
* [http://corsi.aranes.org/ Aranese Training with the Conselh generau d'Aran] {{in lang|en|es|ca|oc}}
* [https://www.angelfire.com/falcon/ramonrius/verb.htm Es vèrbs der aranés]—Aranese verb conjugation guide {{in lang|oc}}
* [http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/lectures_basiques ''Lectures basiques'']—Manuel Naranjo i Teixido and Frederic Vergés i Bartau {{in lang|oc}}
* [http://www.ub.edu/guiaconversa/a.php?idioma%5B%5D=7&idioma%5B%5D=1&idioma%5B%5D=3&idioma%5B%5D=0&idioma%5B%5D=0&fer=guianova ''A University Phrasebook'' (English-Catalan-Aranese)]—University of Barcelona (with recordings) {{in lang|en|ca|oc}}
* [http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/rebrembes_d_ua_garia ''Rebrembes d'ua garia'']—a story in Aranese {{in lang|oc}}
* [http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Cerca?p_tip=AUDIO&p_cp=1&p_amb=&p_niv=&p_are=&x=17&y=20&p_ex=condes&p_to=&p_alg= Stories in Aranese] {{in lang|ca|oc}}
* [http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/vocabulari_basic ''Vocabulari basic'']

{{Languages of Spain}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Occitano-Romance languages and dialects}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aranese Language}}
[[Category:Gascon dialect]]
[[Category:Languages of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Occitan language]]
[[Category:Val d'Aran]]

Aranese dialect - Revision history

imported>Latin Linguist: Overview: Included a similar English word with the same etymology.