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{{Short description|Styles of art associated with periods of time and/or locations of artistic activity}}
{{History of art sidebar}}

An '''art movement''' is a tendency or style in [[art]] with a specific art [[philosophy]] or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in [[modern art]], when each consecutive movement was considered a new [[avant-garde]] movement. [[Western art]] had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality ([[figurative art]]). By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new [[Style (visual arts)|style]] which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy ([[abstract art]]).<ref>Mel Gooding, ''Abstract Art'', [[Tate Publishing Ltd|Tate Publishing]], London, 2000</ref>

== Concept ==
According to theories associated with [[modernism]] and also the [[concept]] of [[Postmodern art|postmodernism]], ''art movements'' are especially important during the period of time corresponding to [[modern art]].<ref>''Man of his words: Pepe Karmel on Kirk Varnedoe — Passages'' – Critical Essay [[Artforum]], Nov, 2003 by Pepe Karmel</ref> The period of time called "modern art" is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called [[contemporary art]]. [[Postmodern art|Postmodernism]] in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to [[late modernism]]<ref>The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths [[Rosalind E. Krauss]], Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 9, 1986), ''Part I, Modernist Myths'', pp.8–171</ref> and refers to that period after the "modern" period called contemporary art.<ref name="Deconstructionists, 2006, pp218-221">''The Citadel of Modernism Falls to Deconstructionists'', – 1992 critical essay, ''The Triumph of Modernism'', 2006, [[Hilton Kramer]], pp 218–221.</ref> The postmodern period began during [[late modernism]] (which is a contemporary continuation of modernism), and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture'' [[Charles Jencks]]</ref><ref name="William R. Everdell 1997, p4">William R. Everdell, [[The First Moderns|''The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-century Thought'']], University of Chicago Press, 1997, p4. {{ISBN|0-226-22480-5}}</ref> During the period of time corresponding to "modern art" each consecutive movement was often considered a new [[avant-garde]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Also during the period of time referred to as "modern art" each movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it, concerning the visual arts. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. Verbal expression and explanation of movements has come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an [[art manifesto]],<ref name=introduction>[http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/chapters/i8066.html "Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes" introduction, Martin Puchner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227195629/http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/chapters/i8066.html |date=2005-12-27 }} Retrieved April 4, 2006</ref><ref>[http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/05-06/mellon_postdoc.shtml "Looking at Artists' Manifestos, 1945–1965", Stephen B. Petersen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185416/http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/05-06/mellon_postdoc.shtml |date=September 27, 2011 }} Retrieved April 4, 2006</ref> and sometimes from [[art critic]]s and others who may explain their understanding of the meaning of the new art then being produced.

In the [[visual arts]], many artists, theorists, art critics, art collectors, art dealers and others mindful of the unbroken continuation of modernism and the continuation of modern art even into the contemporary era, ascribe to and welcome new philosophies of art as they appear.<ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901163630/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html |date=2019-09-01 }}, seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901163630/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html |date=2019-09-01 }}, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism Retrieved October 26, 2011</ref> [[Postmodern art|Postmodernist]] theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.<ref>''Ideas About Art'' by Desmond, Kathleen K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iP4sA3kwcFsC&q=ideas+about+art], John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148</ref><ref>''International postmodernism: theory and literary practice'', Bertens, Hans [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_Eqx2Gr1vUC&q=international+postmodernism:+theory+and+literary+practice], [[Routledge]], 1997, p.236</ref> There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact;<ref name="ReferenceA"/> or just a passing fad.<ref name="William R. Everdell 1997, p4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond|title=The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now|website=philosophynow.org|access-date=2019-07-22|archive-date=2021-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916123251/https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond|url-status=live}}</ref>

The term refers to tendencies in [[visual art]], novel ideas and [[architecture]], and sometimes [[literature]]. In [[music]] it is more common to speak about [[genre]]s and [[fashion|styles]] instead. See also [[cultural movement]], a term with a broader connotation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example [[cubism]] and [[futurism (art)|futurism]]), they are sometimes referred to as ''isms''.

==19th century==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg|[[Jacques-Louis David]], ''[[The Coronation of Napoleon]]'', (1806), [[Musée du Louvre]], [[neoclassicism]]
File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|[[Eugène Delacroix]], ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' 1830, [[Romanticism]]
File:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Savage State 1836.jpg|[[Thomas Cole]], ''[[The Course of Empire (paintings)|The Course of Empire: The Savage State]]'', 1836, [[Hudson River School]]
File:Gustave Courbet 018.jpg|[[Gustave Courbet]], ''Stone-Breakers'', 1849, [[Realism (arts)|Realist School]]
File:corot.villedavray.750pix.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], {{Circa|1867}}, ''[[Ville d'Avray (painting)|Ville d'Avray]]'' [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Barbizon School]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=43430 |title=National Gallery of Art |access-date=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225739/http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=43430 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Claude Monet - Graystaks I.JPG|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Haystacks (Monet)|Haystacks, (sunset)]]'', 1890–1891, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], [[Impressionism]]
File:Van Gogh - Starry Night - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]], ''[[The Starry Night]],'' 1889, [[Post-Impressionism]]
File:The Scream.jpg|[[Edvard Munch]], ''[[The Scream]]'', early example of [[Expressionism]]
</gallery>

{{div col}}
*[[Academic art|Academic]], {{Circa|16th century}}–20th century
*[[Aesthetic Movement]]
*[[American Barbizon school]]
*[[American Impressionism]]
*[[Amsterdam Impressionism]]
*[[Art Nouveau]], {{circa|1890}}–1910
*[[Arts and Crafts Movement]], founded 1860s
*[[Barbizon school]], {{circa|1830s}}–1870s
*[[Biedermeier]], {{circa|1815}}–1848
*[[Cloisonnism]], {{circa|1888}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Danish Golden Age]] {{circa|1800s}}-1850s
*[[Decadent movement]]
*[[Divisionism]], {{circa|1880s}}–1910s
*[[Düsseldorf School]]
*[[Etching revival]]
*[[Expressionism]], {{circa|1890}}s–1930s
*[[German Romanticism]], {{circa|1790s}}–1850s
*{{lang|de|[[Gründerzeit]]}}
*[[Hague School]], {{circa|1860s}}–1890s
*[[Heidelberg School]], {{circa|1880s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Hoosier Group]]
*[[Hudson River School]], {{circa|1820s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Hurufiyya movement]] mid-20th-century in North Africa and the Middle East
*[[Impressionism]], {{circa|1860s}}–1920s
*[[Incoherents]], {{circa|1882}}-1890s
*[[Jugendstil]]
*[[Les Nabis]], {{circa|1890}}s–1900s (decade)
*[[Les Vingt]]
*[[Letras y figuras]], {{circa|1845}}–1900s
*[[Luminism (American art style)|Luminism]]
*[[Lyon School]]
*[[Macchiaioli]] {{circa|1850s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Mir iskusstva]], founded 1898
*[[Modernism]], {{circa|1860s}}-ongoing
*[[Naturalism (painting)|Naturalism]]
*[[Nazarene movement|Nazarene]], {{circa|1810s}}–1830
*[[Neo-classicism]], {{circa|1780s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Neo-impressionism]], {{circa|1880s}}–1910s
*[[Norwegian romantic nationalism]], {{circa|1840}}–1867
*[[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School]], founded 1803
*[[Orientalism]]
*[[Peredvizhniki]]
*[[Pointillism]], {{circa|1880s}}–1910s
*[[Pont-Aven School]], {{circa|1850s}}–1890s
*[[Post-Impressionism]], {{circa|1880s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]]
*[[Realist visual arts|Realism]], {{circa|1850s}}–1900s (decade)
* [[Realism (art movement)|Realism]], {{circa|1850s}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Romanticism]], {{circa|1750s}}–1890s
*[[Secession (art)|Secession groups]], {{circa|1890}}s–1910s
*[[Society of American Artists]], {{circa|1877}}–1906
*[[Spanish Eclecticism]], {{circa|1845}}-1890s
*[[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]]
*[[Synthetism]], {{circa|1877}}–1900s (decade)
*[[Tipos del País]]
*[[Tonalism]], {{circa|1880}}–1915
*[[Vienna Secession]], founded 1897
*[[Volcano School]]
*[[White Mountain art]], {{circa|1820s}}–1870s
*[[Spiritualist art]], {{circa|1870}}–
{{div col end}}

==20th century==

===1900–1921===
<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter), oil on canvas, 52.1 x 54.6 cm, Stiftung Sammlung E.G. Bührle, Zurich.jpg|[[Wassily Kandinsky]], 1903, ''[[The Blue Rider (Kandinsky painting)|Der Blaue Reiter]]'' painting, ''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]'' {{convert|21.1|x|54.6|cm|1|abbr=on}}
File:Family of Saltimbanques.JPG|[[Pablo Picasso]], ''[[Family of Saltimbanques]],'' 1905, [[Picasso's Rose Period]]
File:Matisse-Open-Window.jpg|[[Henri Matisse]], ''[[The Open Window (Matisse)|The Open Window]]'', 1905, [[Fauvism]]
File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|[[Pablo Picasso]], ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'', 1907, [[Proto-Cubism]]
File:Violin and Candlestick.jpg|[[Georges Braque]] 1910, [[Analytic Cubism]]
File:Supremus 55 (Malevich, 1916).jpg|[[Kazimir Malevich]], ''(Supremus No. 58)'', Museum of Art, 1916, [[Suprematism]]
File:Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Fountain, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz.jpg|[[Marcel Duchamp]], ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]],'' 1917, photograph by [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Dada]]
File:Albert Gleizes, 1920, Femme au gant noir (Woman with Black Glove), oil on canvas, 126 x 100 cm. Private collection.jpg|[[Albert Gleizes]], ''[[Woman with Black Glove]]'', 1920, [[Crystal Cubism]]
File:Tableau I, by Piet Mondriaan.jpg|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Tableau I'', 1921, [[De Stijl]]
</gallery>

{{div col}}
*[[Academic art|Academic]], {{circa|1900s}} (decade)-ongoing
*[[American realism]], {{circa|1890}}s–1920s
*[[Analytic Cubism]], {{circa|1909}}–1912
*[[Art Deco]], {{circa|1910}}–1939
*[[Ashcan School]], {{circa|1890}}s–1920s
*[[Australian tonalism]], {{circa|1910s}}–1930s
*[[Berlin Secession|Berliner Sezession]], founded 1898
*[[Bloomsbury Group]], {{circa|1900s}} (decade)–1960s
*[[Brandywine School]]
*[[Camden Town Group]], {{circa|1911}}–1913
*[[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]], {{circa|1920}}–1922, 1920s–1940s
*[[Cubism]], {{circa|1906}}–1919
*[[Cubo-Futurism]], {{circa|1912}}–1918
*[[Czech Cubism]], {{circa|1910}}–1914
*[[Dada]], {{circa|1916}}–1922
*[[Der Blaue Reiter]], {{circa|1911}}–1914
*[[De Stijl]], {{circa|1917}}–1931
*[[Deutscher Werkbund]], founded 1907
*[[Die Brücke]], founded 1905
*[[Expressionism]], {{circa|1890}}s–1930s
*[[Fauvism]], {{circa|1900}}–1910
*[[Futurism]], {{circa|1909}}–1916
*[[German Expressionism]], {{circa|1913}}–1930
*[[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven (Canada)]], {{circa|1913}}–1930s
*[[Jack of Diamonds (artists)|Jack of Diamonds]], founded 1909
*[[Luminism (Impressionism)]], {{circa|1900s}} (decade)–1930s
*[[Modernism]], {{circa|1860s}}–ongoing
*[[Neo-classicism]], {{circa|1900s}} (decade)–ongoing
*[[Neo-primitivism]], from 1913
*[[Neue Künstlervereinigung München]]
*[[Novembergruppe]], founded 1918
*[[Objective abstraction]], {{circa|1933}}–1936
*[[Orphism (art)|Orphism]], {{circa|1910}}–1913
*[[Photo-Secession]], founded {{circa|1902}}
*[[Pittura Metafisica]], {{circa|1911}}–1920
*[[Proto-Cubism]], {{circa|1906}}–1908
*[[Purism (arts)|Purism]], {{circa|1917}}–1930s
*[[Rayonism]]
*[[Section d'Or]], {{circa|1912}}–1914
*[[Suprematism]], formed {{circa|1915}}–1916
*[[Synchromism]], founded 1912
*[[Synthetic Cubism]], {{circa|1912}}–1919
*[[The Eight (Nyolcak)|The Eight]], {{circa|1909}}–1918
*[[Ten American Painters|The Ten]], {{circa|1897}}–1920
*[[Vorticism]], founded 1914
{{div col end}}

===1920–1945===
<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Theo van Doesburg Composition XX.jpg|[[Theo van Doesburg]], ''Composition XX'', 1920, [[De Stijl]]
File:The Elephant Celebes.jpg|[[Max Ernst]], ''[[The Elephant Celebes]]'', 1921, [[Tate]], [[Surrealism]]
File:NY Met demuth figure 5 gold.JPG|[[Charles Demuth]], ''[[I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold]]'', 1928, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[Precisionism]]
File:Grant Wood - American Gothic - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Grant Wood]], ''[[American Gothic]]'', 1930, [[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Social Realism]]
</gallery>

{{div col}}
*[[American Scene painting]], {{circa|1920s}}–1950s
*[[Arbeitsrat für Kunst]]
*[[Art Deco]]
*[[Bauhaus]], {{circa|1919}}–1933
*[[Concrete art]]
*[[Der Ring]]
*[[De Stijl]], {{circa|1917}}–1931
*[[École de Paris]]
*[[Geometric abstraction]]
*[[Gruppo 7]]
*[[International style (architecture)|International Style]], {{circa|1920s}}–1970s
*[[Kapists]], {{circa|1930s}}
*[[Magic realism]]
*[[Neo-romanticism]]
*[[Neue Sachlichkeit]]
*[[Novecento Italiano]]
*[[Novembergruppe]], founded 1918
*[[Os renovadores]], founded 1922
*[[Precisionism]], {{circa|1918}}–1940s
*[[Regionalism (art)]], {{circa|1930s}}–1940s
*[[Return to order]], 1918–1922
*[[Scuola Romana]], {{circa|1928}}–1945
*[[Social Realism]], {{circa|1920s}}–1960s
*[[Socialist Realism]]
*[[Surrealism]], {{circa|1920s}}–1960s
*[[Universal Constructivism]], {{circa|1930}}–1970
{{div col end}}

===1940–1965===
[[File:Gorky-The-Liver.jpg|thumb|[[Arshile Gorky]], ''The Liver is the Cock's Comb'' (1944), oil on canvas, 73{{fraction|1|4}} × 98" (186 × 249 cm) [[Albright–Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo, New York]]. Gorky was an [[Armenians|Armenian]]-born [[United States|American]] painter who had a seminal influence on [[Abstract Expressionism]]. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends."<ref>''Willem de Kooning'' (1969) by Thomas B. Hess</ref>]]
{{div col}}
*[[Abstract expressionism]]
*[[Action painting]]
*[[Arte Povera]]
*[[Art Informel]]
*[[Assemblage (art)|Assemblage]]
*[[Bay Area Figuration]]
*[[Beat Generation|Beatnik art]]
*[[Chicago Imagists]]
*[[CoBrA]], c. 1948–1951
*[[Color Field painting]]
*[[Combine painting]]
*[[De-collage]]
*[[Fluxus]]
*[[Happening]]
*[[Hard-Edge Painting]]
*[[Kinetic Art]]
*[[Kitchen Sink School]]
*[[Lettrism]]
*[[Art Informel|Lyrical abstraction]]
*[[Neo-Dada]]
*[[New Brutalism]]
*[[Northwest School (art)|Northwest School]]
*[[Nouveau Réalisme]]
*[[Op Art]]
*[[Organic abstraction]]
*[[Outsider Art]]
*[[Panic Movement]]
*[[Pop Art]]
*[[Post-painterly abstraction]]
*[[Process art]]
*[[Public art]]
*[[Retro art]]
*[[Serial art]]
*[[Shaped canvas]]
*[[Situationist International]]
*[[Tachism]]
*[[Video art]]
{{div col end}}

===1965–2000===
<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Art & Language, Untitled Painting (1965), Tate Modern, London - 20130627.jpg|[[Art & Language]], ''Untitled Painting'' (1965), [[Tate]], [[Conceptual art]]
File:Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg|[[Art & Language]], ''[[Art-Language The Journal of conceptual art|Art-Language Vol.3 No.1]]'' (1974), [[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Conceptual art]]
File:She Who Must Be Obeyed tony smith007.JPG|[[Tony Smith (sculptor)|Tony Smith]], ''She Who Must Be Obeyed'', 1975, Tony Smith Department of Labour Building, [[Minimalism]]
File:Unititled (Corner Piece) by Dan Flavin, Tate Liverpool.jpg|[[Dan Flavin]], ''Untitled (Corner Piece),'' 1930, [[Tate Liverpool]], [[Installation art]]
</gallery>
{{div col}}
*[[Abstract Illusionism]]
*[[Appropriation (art)|Appropriation]]
*[[Arte Povera]]
*[[Art Photography]]
*[[Body Art]]
*[[Classical Realism]]
*[[Conceptual Art]]
*[[Dogme 95]]
*[[Earth Art]]
*[[Figuration Libre]]
*[[Funk art]]
*[[Graffiti art]]
*[[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]]
*[[Installation art]]
*[[Internet Art]]
*[[Land art]]
*[[Late modernism]]
*[[Light and Space]]
*[[Lowbrow (art movement)|Lowbrow]]
*[[Lyrical Abstraction]]
*[[Mail art]]
*[[Massurrealism]]
*[[Maximalism]]
*[[Minimalism]]
*[[Neo-expressionism]]
*[[Neo-figurative]]
*[[Neo-pop]]
*[[Performance Art]]
*[[Postminimalism]]
*[[Postmodernism]]
*[[Photorealism]]
*[[Psychedelic art]]
*[[Relational art]]
*[[Site-specific art]]
*[[Sound Art]]
*[[Transavanguardia]]
*[[Young British Artists]]
{{div col end}}

==21st century==
{{div col}}
*[[Algorithmic art]]
*[[Altermodern]]ism
*[[Artificial intelligence art]]
*[[Biomorphism]]
*[[Computer art]]
*[[Computer graphics]]
*[[Craftivism]]
*[[Digital art]]
*[[Electronic art]]
*[[Environmental art]]
*[[Excessivism]]
*[[Internet art]]
*[[Intervention art]]
*[[Metamodernism]]
*[[Modern European ink painting]]
*[[Neo-minimalism]]
*[[New media art]]
*[[Pixel art]]
*[[Postinternet]]
*[[Post-postmodernism]]
*[[Relational art]]
*[[Remodernism]]
*[[Social practice (art)]]
*[[SoFlo Superflat]]
*[[Stuckism|Stuckism International]]
*[[Superflat]]
*[[Superstroke]]
*[[Transgressive art]]
*[[Toyism]]
*[[Unilalianism]]
*[[Vaporwave]]
{{div col end}}

== See also ==

*[[20th-century Western painting]]
*[[Art periods]]
*[[List of art movements]]
*[[Post-expressionism]]
*[[Western art history]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://the-artists.org/movement/movements Art Movements since 1900] at the-artists.org ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915101125/http://the-artists.org/movement/movements |date=2018-09-15 }})
* [http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTH20thcentury.html 20th-Century Art] Compiled by Dr.Witcombe, Sweet Briar College, Virginia.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/ WebMuseum, Paris] Themes index and detailed glossary of art periods.

{{Westernart}}
{{Avant-garde}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Art world}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Art movements| ]]
[[Category:History of art]]
[[Category:Style]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Art movement - Revision history

imported>.drmldrml: Added link to another article