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{{Short description|Electric multiple unit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox train
| background = #000f89;color:white
| name = British Railways AM9<br>British Rail Class 309<br>''Clacton Express''
| image =21.03.81 London Liverpool Street 309.625 (5958456051).jpg
| imagealt =
| caption = Class 309 at [[London Liverpool Street]] in 1981
| interiorimage =
| interiorimagealt =
| interiorcaption =
| stocktype =
| service = 1963–2000
| manufacturer = [[British Rail]]
| ordernumber = {{ubl|30675 (75962-75968)|30676 (61925-61931)|30677 (70253-70259)|30678 (75969-75975)|30679 (75637-75644)|30680 (61932-61939)|30681 (69100-69107)|30682 (75976-75983)|30683 (75984-75991)|30684 (61940-61947)|c30707 (69108)|30871 (71107-71110)|30872 (71111-71114)|30893 (71277-71280)|30954 (71569-71576)|31001 (71754-71761)<ref name=Longworth>{{harvnb|Longworth|2015|pp=72, 135–136, 150–151, 157, 168, 170–171, 181, 186–187}}</ref>}}
| factory = {{ubl|[[Holgate Road carriage works, York|Holgate Road, York]]|[[Wolverton railway works|Wolverton Works]]}}
| family = 1962 Express
| replaced = [[BR Standard Class 7]]
| yearconstruction = {{ubl|1962–1963|1973–1974|1980–1981<ref name=Fox94-1314 />|1987<ref name=Swain>{{harvnb|Swain|1990|pp=47–48}}</ref>}}
| yearservice = 1963<ref name=Longworth />
| refurbishment = 1985–1987
| yearscrapped = {{ubl|1992–1994|2001–2004}}
| numberconstruction =
| numberbuilt = 24
| numberpreserved = 2 (plus 1 additional vehicle)
| numberscrapped = 22
| successor = {{ubl|[[British Rail Class 321|Class 321]]|[[British Rail Class 323|Class 323]]}}
| formation = 2, 3 or 4 cars per trainset:{{ubl|{{abbr|DMBSK|Driving Motor Brake Second Corridor}}+{{abbr|BDTS|Battery Driving Trailer Second}} (309/1)|{{abbr|BDTC|Battery Driving Trailer Composite}}+{{abbr|MBSK|Motor Brake Second Corridor}}+{{abbr|TRB|Trailer Restaurant Buffet}}+{{abbr|DTC|Driving Trailer Composite}} (309/2)|BDTC+MBSK+{{abbr|TSO|Trailer Second Open}}+DTC (309/3)|{{abbr|DMBS|Driving Motor Brake Second}}+{{abbr|TS|Trailer Second}}+{{abbr|TC|Trailer Composite}}+{{abbr|BDTS|Battery Driving Trailer Second}} (309/1 - modified, 309/4){{sfn|Mallaband|Bowles|1976|p=116}}|BDTC+{{abbr|MBS|Motor Brake Second}}+TS+{{abbr|DTS|Driving Trailer Second}} (309/3, modified)<ref name=TRC1>{{cite web|url=http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20Tech%20Data%20EMU/EMU_309.html|title=Class 309|work=The Railway Centre|access-date=26 February 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060847/http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20Tech%20Data%20EMU/EMU_309.html|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>}}
| diagram = {{ubl|EB206, EB207, BR421 (61940-61947)|ED209, ED218, BR418 (61925-61931, 61932-61939)|BR426 (69100-69107)|BR495 (69108)|EE229, BR448 (75969-75975)|EE229, BR447 (75976-75983)|EF216, EF209, BR446 (75984-75991)|EF301, EF305, BR448 (75637-75644, 75962-75968)|EH206, EH229, BR471 (70253-70259)|EH207, EH227, BR469 (71107-71110)|EH209, BR476 (71277-71280)|EH220, EH227 (71569-71572)|EH228 (71754-71761)|EH306, EH309, BR462 (71111-71114)|EH309 (71573-71576)<ref name=Longworth /><ref name=Fox94-1314>{{harvnb|Fox|1994|pp=13–14}}</ref><ref name=BRB210>{{cite web|url=http://www.barrowmoremrg.co.uk/BRBDocuments/Diagram_Book_210_for_Issue.pdf|title=Vehicle Diagram Book No.210 for Electrical Multiple Units (including A.P.T.)|at=ED265, EE160, EE273, EH288, EH289|work=Barrowmore MRG|publisher=BRB Residuary Ltd.|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215604/http://www.barrowmoremrg.co.uk/BRBDocuments/Diagram_Book_210_for_Issue.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| code =
| fleetnumbers = {{ubl|309/1:|601-608, later 309601-309608 (sets)|61940-61947 (DMBSK)|75984-75991 (BDTS)| 309/2:|611-618 (sets)|75637-75644 (BDTC)|61932-61939 (MBSK)|69100-69107 (TRB)|75976-75983 (DTC)|309/3:|621-627, later 309621-309627 (sets)|75962-75968 (BDTC)|61925-61931 (MBSK)|70253-70259 (TSO)|75969-75975 (DTC)<ref name=TRC1 />}}
| capacity = {{ubl|108S (309/1)|36F/112S/32U (309/2)|36F/176S (309/3)|24F/196S (309/1, modified)|18F/194S (309/3, modified)<ref name=TRC1 />}}
| operator = {{ubl|[[Eastern Region of British Rail]]| [[First North Western]]<ref name="MLI"/> |[[Network Southeast]]|[[Regional Railways]]<ref name="MLI"/>}}
| depots = {{ubl|[[Clacton Servicing Depot|Clacton]]<ref name=Fox94-1314 />|[[Ilford Depot|Ilford]]<ref name="MLI">{{cite magazine |title=Futuristic styling of the Clacton-Walton AM9s|magazine=[[Modern Locomotives Illustrated|MLIPlus]] |issue=253 | date=February 2022| pages=24-37}}</ref> |[[Longsight Electric TMD]]}}
| lines = {{ubl|[[Crewe–Manchester line]]|[[Great Eastern Main Line]]|[[Sunshine Coast Line]]}}
| carbody = Steel<ref name=BRB210 />
| trainlength = {{ubl|{{convert|132|ft|9+1/4|in|abbr=on}} (2-car)|{{convert|265|ft|8+1/2|in|abbr=on}} (4-car)<ref name=TRC1 />}}
| carlength = {{convert|64|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} (over body)<ref name=TRC1 /><ref name=BRB210 />
| width = {{convert|2.819|m|ftin|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (overall)<ref name=BRB210 />
| height = {{convert|3.899|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}} (overall)<ref name=BRB210 />
| floorheight =
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep =
| doors = Slam<ref name=TRC1 />
| wheeldiameter =
| wheelbase = {{convert|14.173|m|ftin|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (bogie centres)<ref name=BRB210 />
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|mph|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=TRC1 />
| weight = {{unbulleted list|309/1 Total: {{convert|99|LT|t ST|abbr=on}}|309/2: Total: {{convert|168|LT|t ST|abbr=on}}|309/3 Total: {{convert|167|LT|t ST|abbr=on}}}}<ref name=TRC1 />
| axleload =
| traction = [[Electric Multiple Unit]]
| traction motors = 4 × [[General Electric Company plc|GEC]] WT401 of {{convert|210|kW|abbr=on}}<ref name=Swain /><ref name=Fox94-1314 />
| poweroutput = {{convert|1128|hp|abbr=on}}<ref name=TRC1 />
| tractiveeffort =
| transmission =
| acceleration = {{convert|0.41|m/s2|mph/s|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
| deceleration =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac = Electric<ref name=BRB210 />
| electricsystem = 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead lines|OHLE]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]]
| uicclass = {{ubl|Bo′Bo′+2′2′ (309/1)|Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′+2′2′ (309/1 modified)|2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′ (others)}}
| bogies = [[Commonwealth bogie|Commonwealth]]<ref name=TRC1 />
| brakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]] ([[Electropneumatic brake|EP]]/Auto)<ref name=TRC1 />
| safety =
| coupling = {{ubl|[[Janney coupler|Buckeye]] (outer)|[[Drawbar (haulage)|Solid shank]] (inner)<ref name=BRB210 />}}
| multipleworking = Classes 302–312<ref name=TRC1 />
| light =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| notes =
}}

The '''British Rail Class 309''' "'''''[[British Rail brand names#Rolling stock classes|Clacton Express]]'''''" [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs) were built by British Rail (BR) [[York Carriage Works]] from 1962 to 1963. They were initially classified as '''Class AM9''' before the introduction of [[TOPS]]. These units were the first express 25 [[volt|kV]] [[alternating current]] (AC) units to be built by British Rail and were their first EMUs capable of 100 mph.

==Description and design==
Twenty-four units were built in three different configurations:
*601–608 – Two-car units (309/1)
*611–618 – Four-car units containing a griddle car (309/2)
*621–627 – Four-car units (309/3)
Each unit had identical electrical equipment. The original concept called for increasing the power-to-weight ratio when strengthening trains from eight to ten cars in peak periods using the 2-car units, in order to make the peak timetable more resilient.

Due to problems that had been encountered with the BR1 bogie design then current for [[British Railways Mark 1|Mk1 loco-hauled coaches]], the Class 309s were built with [[Bogie#Commonwealth bogie|Commonwealth bogies]], much heavier than the more modern design, but more robust.<ref name=glover>{{cite book| last = Glover| first = John| title = Eastern Electric| year = 2003 | publisher = Ian Allan | location = Hersham | isbn = 0-7110-2934-2 | pages = 78–80 | chapter = British Railways, Great Eastern Suburban and LT&S}}</ref> The exception to this is vehicle E19608 which was originally a BR Class 123 Buffet Vehicle No. W59831. This was converted to a 309 griddle car but retained its B4 bogies, becoming the only vehicle in the class with this type. This vehicle also had 36 seats in the Buffet area compared to 24 in the other units.<ref name=Longworth/>{{sfn|Mallaband|Bowles|1978|p=79}}

More unusual was the front end design, incorporating the drivers cab but retaining passenger access between units via a pullman [[Gangway connection|gangway]], particularly necessary to allow access to the griddle car from all coaches. The design was based on the front end of the [[British Rail Class 303|Class 303]] but with the gangway placed centrally and also incorporating a [[Train reporting number|headcode]] box. Also notable was the curved wrap-around glass on the cab windows, but these proved expensive to replace and later an additional pillar was inserted so that flat glass could be used.<ref name=glover /> The units were originally class AM9 (AC Multiple Unit) pre-TOPS, and were painted in the BR standard coaching stock maroon livery lined black & yellow, with the driving end gangway doors painted warning panel yellow.

Units 605-608 were expanded to 4 coaches in 1973 by the addition of a Corridor Second (SK) and a Corridor Composite (CK) and reclassified 309/4.{{sfn|Mallaband|Bowles|1976|p=116}} In 1981 units 601-608 were again altered so that the formation became MBS-TC-DMS, and numbers 605-608 were reclassified back to 309/1.<ref>{{cite book| last = Marsden| first = Colin J| title = British Rail Motive Power Combined Volume 1984| year = 1984| publisher = Ian Allan| location = Shepperton| isbn = 0-7110-1367-5| page = 130}}</ref>

==Operations==
When built, units were originally planned to be used on the Original Proposed [[East Coast Main Line]] Electrification Scheme,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Class 309 {{!}} Clacton Express Preservation Group|url=https://www.clactonexpresspreservationgroup.com/class-309|access-date=2022-01-19|website=CEPG}}</ref> however, when this was abandoned the units were deployed on [[Great Eastern Main Line]] (GEML) express services from [[Liverpool Street station|London Liverpool Street]] to [[Clacton-on-Sea railway station|Clacton-on-Sea]] and [[Walton-on-the-Naze railway station|Walton-on-the-Naze]] (also marketed as the [[Sunshine Coast Line]])<ref>[https://esscrp.org.uk/lines/sunshine-coast/ The Sunshine Coast Line]</ref> which is what gained them the class nickname ''Clacton Express''. Trains would be formed of three units in a ten-car formation (i.e. one two car unit, and two four car units). The train would divide at [[Thorpe-le-Soken railway station|Thorpe-le-Soken]], with one of the 4-cars units used on the Walton section, and the remaining six cars continuing to Clacton. The Clacton portion usually included the griddle car unit, and was always the second to leave Thorpe-le-Soken, being the rear (London end) portion of the coastbound train. The choice of building units with only two coaches may seem unusual, but these were intended only for use in strengthening pairs of four coach units at peak times to produce a ten coach train, and with this in mind they only had second class accommodation.<ref name=glover />

The Class 309 units were considerably more powerful than the [[BR Standard Class 7|Britannia pacifics]] that they replaced with a typical 10-coach formation (2 x 4-car units plus 1 x 2-car unit) producing 3,384 hp for {{convert|428|LT|t}} tare. However, from 1971 it was found that additional capacity was required for the evening peak and the 17.40 departure from [[Liverpool Street station]] was increased to 12 coaches by the addition of a second 2-car unit bringing the power output up to 4,512 hp from a train of {{convert|521|LT|t}} tare.<ref>{{cite magazine| last = Allen| first = Cecil J| author-link = Cecil J. Allen| title = Steam, diesel and electric exploits| magazine = Railway World| location = Shepperton| publisher = Ian Allan| date = November 1971| volume = 32| issue = 378| page = 470}}</ref>

In the 1970s many of the units were reformed. The two-car units were augmented to four-car units.
In 1973-74 units 605–608 with the addition of TSK with TCK converted former Mk1 SK and CK coaches which formed in to 4 car sets.
In 1978 units 601–604 with the addition of TCK and TSOL converted former Mk1 CK and TSO coaches which formed in to 4 car sets.
In the early 1980s units 611-618 had the griddle cars were taken out of use and replaced by TSOL from 601 to 604 and TSK from 605 to 608.
601-608 were augmented to 3-car units until refurbishment work in 1985–86
In 1986-87 refurbishment work required the addition of 8 Mk1 TSO coaches to be converted to TSO trailers for units 611–618 with the borrowed TSOL and TSK trailers all being converted to TSOL trailers and reformed back into 601–608.

[[File:Class-309-Blue-Gray-Original-Windows-Liverpool-St-Stn.jpg|thumb|left|The front of a Class 309 train in blue/grey BR livery with original 'wrap around' cab windows at London Liverpool Street station]]
[[File:Class-309-Blue-Gray-New-Windows-Liverpool-St-Stn.jpg|thumb|left|The front of a Class 309 train in blue/grey BR livery with modified front windows at London Liverpool Street station]]
The entire fleet was refurbished in the period 1985–1987, with the single-glazed wooden framed windows replaced by aluminium-framed double-glazed units with hopper ventilators. Another change was 2 + 2 seating in open saloons replacing the second class compartments, this change producing an increase in seating capacity.

The first refurbished units outshopped were painted in the bold new [[Network SouthEast|London and SouthEastern]] "Jaffa Cake" livery. However, this was soon superseded by the equally bold [[Network SouthEast]] livery, which was introduced in 1986. Coinciding with the refurbishment work, in 1985 electrification spread north from [[Colchester railway station|Colchester]] to [[Ipswich railway station|Ipswich]], and later to [[Harwich Town railway station|Harwich]] and [[Norwich railway station|Norwich]]. This meant the Class 309 units were soon introduced on fast trains to Ipswich and Harwich.

In 1989, new [[British Rail Class 321|Class 321/3]] units were introduced onto GEML services partially replacing both class 309 and [[British Rail Class 312|Class 312]] diagrams. The "Clacton Express" units however continued until May 1992 in main service and then a reduced fleet operated a few rush hour services until January 1994. The last units were withdrawn on 22 January 1994, despite their recent and expensive refurbishment. After working a final railtour (15 January 1994) and the week of normal services a final Saturday diagram was run with 309626/613/616 ending on the 1800 [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]] - [[Clacton-on-Sea railway station|Clacton]].<ref>[http://www.gensheet.co.uk/class309.htm Gensheet Class 309 history page]</ref> However, not all units were immediately scrapped, and seven were retained for possible reuse around [[Manchester]] on suburban trains. These units were stored at [[Blackpool]].<ref name="MLI"/>

In 1994, North West [[Regional Railways]] (NWRR) acquired the seven redundant units stored at Blackpool.<ref name="MLI"/> The units, nos. 309613/616/617/624/626/627,<ref name="MLI"/> were quickly put to use operating suburban passenger services from [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]] to [[Crewe railway station|Crewe]] and [[Stoke-on-Trent railway station|Stoke-on-Trent]].<ref name="MLI"/> Six of the seven units were repainted in the Regional Railways blue livery with the addition of a green stripe.<ref name="MLI"/> The seventh, no. 309624, was repainted in a special blue livery to commemorate the opening a new railway line to [[Manchester Airport|Manchester International Airport]] in 1996.<ref name="MLI"/> Upon privatisation, the units passed to the North Western Trains (NWT) franchise. This was later renamed [[First North Western]] (FNW)<ref name="MLI"/> following [[FirstGroup]] taking 100% ownership of [[Great Western Holdings]].

By the late 1990s, the seven units saw continued use around Manchester.<ref name="MLI"/> They also saw some use on longer distance services, with one booked daily [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]]-[[Birmingham International railway station|Birmingham International]] service and return. On occasion, units were used on NWT's Manchester-[[London Euston station|London Euston]] service, deputising for a non-available [[British Rail Class 322|Class 322]] unit. At one point, it was planned to use the units on a new {{stnlnk|Crewe}}-{{stnlnk|Carlisle}} stopping service, but this did not happen. However, the end was in sight, because as part of their franchise commitment, FNW had to replace their slam-door rolling stock, including the Class 309 units. New [[British Rail Class 175|Class 175]] [[diesel multiple unit]]s were introduced in 2000, and FNW discontinued its Manchester-Euston service. This meant that the "Clacton Express" units were surplus to requirements. As a farewell gesture, three units were used on a final railtour from Manchester to their old haunt of {{stnlnk|Clacton-on-Sea}} via [[Liverpool Street station|London Liverpool Street]].{{CN|date=August 2025}} Following this tour, all seven units were withdrawn in late 2000, and sent for storage at [[Pig's Bay|MoD Pig's Bay]] near [[Shoeburyness]].<ref name="MLI"/> Two of the units later saw further use as departmental units, whilst the remaining five units were scrapped in 2004.<ref name="MLI"/>

==Further use==
Following withdrawal from normal service, three units were transferred to Eastleigh works: numbers 616, 617 and 624.{{sfn|Longworth|2015}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} In 2001, two of these units were converted to [[British Rail Class 960#Electric Units|Class 960]] departmental units for cab-signalling tests at the [[Old Dalby, Leicestershire|Old Dalby]] test track. They were reduced in length to 3 cars and painted in a blue and white livery. The new units' designations were 960101 (ex-309616), named ''West Coast Flyer'', and 960102 (ex-309624), named ''New Dalby''. They were withdrawn in 2004, following completion of the tests and were stored at [[Pig's Bay|MoD Pig's Bay]], near [[Shoeburyness]], [[Essex]], until early 2009 when they entered preservation. The third unit, 617, was used as a spares donor and sat derelict at Eastleigh until it was scrapped in August 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.old-dalby.com/ETCS.htm |title=Train Control System Testing |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120090844/http://www.old-dalby.com/ETCS.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Finally, one vehicle from 309623 survives; its TSO was purchased by [[West Coast Railways]] in 2003 for eventual spares use. It has, however, remained unrestored at [[Carnforth MPD]], still in its [[Regional Railways]] livery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BR 5058 Mk 1 Tourist Second Open (later Class 309 EMU) built 1963|url=http://www.cs.rhrp.org.uk/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=5988|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230140721/http://www.cs.rhrp.org.uk/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=5988|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-30|website=cs.rhrp.org.uk}}</ref>

==Preservation==
Several attempts since their original withdrawal from the London to Clacton route in 1994 have been made to preserve a Class 309 by a number of organisations that have never come to much more than attempts. Preservation actions have included trying to originally preserve 309605 and 309606 at Ilford in spring 1994, an attempt around their completion of First North Western services to preserve a unit (309623), then and at least one other time all not coming to any fruition. However, once no further work was found for them in test train use, units 309616 and 309624 were successfully preserved by AMPSRail Limited in 2009, and went to the [[Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire]]. However, when this was forced to close in 2018, the sale of 624 was used to fund transport costs for 616, and the two sets were split up, both going to different homes.

616, still in the care of AMPSRail, ended up at the [[Tanat Valley Light Railway]] in [[Oswestry]]. Here it has remained as a static exhibit with the interior now used as a Cafe and tea room, titled "The Clacton Cafe"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clacton Cafe |url=https://www.tanatvalleyrailway.co.uk/309-collection/clacton-cafe |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Tanat Valley Railway Shop}}</ref>

624 was sold to the [[Lavender Line]] and arrived in 2018. Minor conservation work was carried out, but due to changing priorities at the railway, the set was put up for sale in 2021. In March 2022, the unit was purchased by the CEPG, funded by a private benefactor. It remained at the Lavender line in storage while options for future preservation were explored.

In May 2024, it was announced that the long term future of 624 had been secured. BDTC 75965 and MBS 61928 have been donated to the [[East Anglian Railway Museum]], where a full restoration of both vehicles has been committed to.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chairman |first=CEPG |date=2024-05-14 |title=THE 309 IS COMING HOME |url=https://www.clactonexpresspreservationgroup.com/post/the-309-is-coming-home |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=CEPG |language=en}}</ref> Due to a lack of space at the EARM DTS 75972 has been donated to the [[Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway]] who intend to restore it to operational condition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chairman |first=CEPG |date=2024-05-18 |title=STOP PRESS: 309 DTS to Further Preservation! |url=https://www.clactonexpresspreservationgroup.com/post/stop-press-309-dts-to-further-preservation |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=CEPG}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
*{{cite book|title=Electric Multiple Units|series=British Railways Pocket Book No.4|first=Peter|last=Fox|publisher=Platform 5|edition=7th|year=1994|isbn=978-1-872524-60-3}}
*{{cite book|title=British Railways Electric Multiple Units to 1975|first=Hugh|last=Longworth|publisher=Oxford Publishing Co.|year=2015|isbn=978-0-86093-668-8|oclc=923205678}}
*{{cite book|title=Overhead Line Electric Multiple Units|series=British Rail Fleet Survey|volume=11|first=Alec|last=Swain|publisher=Ian Allan|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7110-1902-7|oclc=315344213}}
*{{cite book|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways 1976|first1=P|last1=Mallaband|first2=L J|last2=Bowles|publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|year=1976|isbn=9780901115393}}
*{{cite book|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways 1978|first1=P|last1=Mallaband|first2=L J|last2=Bowles|publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|year=1978|isbn=978-0-901115-44-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways|first=P|last=Mallaband|publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|year=1980|isbn=978-0-901115-50-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways|first=P|last=Mallaband|publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|year=1981|isbn=978-0-901115-51-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways|first=P|last=Mallaband|publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|year=1982|isbn=978-0-901115-56-0}}
*{{cite book|title=Locomotives & Coaching Stock|series=British Railways Pocket Book|first=Peter|last=Fox|publisher=Platform 5|year=1985|isbn=978-0-906579-45-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Locomotives & Coaching Stock|series=British Railways Pocket Book|first=Peter|last=Fox|publisher=Platform 5|year=1987|isbn=978-0-906579-67-1}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=EMUs|first=Colin J.|last=Marsden|series=Motive Power Recognition|volume=2|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1982|pages=32–35|isbn=9780711011656|oclc=16537600}}
*{{cite magazine|title=Unsung heroes of the 100mph elite|first=Peter|last=Kelly|pages=41–42, 51|date=August 1983|magazine=[[RAIL (magazine)|Rail Enthusiast]]|publisher=EMAP National Publications|issn=0262-561X|oclc=49957965}}
*{{cite magazine|title=Rear four coaches for Clacton...|first=D.|last=Jackman|pages=52–54|date=August 1983|magazine=[[RAIL (magazine)|Rail Enthusiast]]|publisher=EMAP National Publications|issn=0262-561X|oclc=49957965}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.gensheet.co.uk/class309.htm Class 309 History]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://electricrailwaymuseum.co.uk/ Electric Railway Museum Limited - Owners of the preserved units From 2009-2018]
{{British Rail EMU}}

[[Category:British Rail electric multiple units|309]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 1963]]
[[Category:25 kV AC multiple units]]

British Rail Class 309 - Revision history

imported>WereSpielChequers: c/e