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Horseshoe Crater: fixed wikilink to Horseshoe Crater page

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{{short description|U.S. National Monument in New Mexico}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Capulin Volcano National Monument
| iucn_category =

| photo = Capulin 1980 tde00005.jpg
| photo_caption = Last erupted between 55,000 and 62,000 years ago<ref name=NPS>{{cite web|url= https://www.nps.gov/cavo/geology.htm|title= Geology |work= Capulin Volcano |access-date=25 October 2009|author=National Park Service}}</ref>

| map = New Mexico#USA
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| relief = 1

| location = [[Raton-Clayton Volcanic Field]], [[Union County, New Mexico]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States]]
| nearest_city =
| nearest_town =
| coordinates = {{coord|36|46|56|N|103|58|12|W|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =

| length =
| length_mi =
| length_km =
| width =
| width_mi =
| width_km =
| area_acre = 793
| area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|accessdate=2012-03-12}}</ref>
| elevation = {{convert|2494|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| elevation_avg =
| elevation_min =
| elevation_max =8,182
| dimensions =
| designation =

| authorized =August 9, 1916
| created =
| designated =
| established = [[National Monument (United States)|U.S. National Monument]]
| named_for =
| visitation_num = 67,442
| visitation_year = 2018
| visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS Visitation|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref>
| governing_body = Department of the Interior
| administrator =
| operator = [[National Park Service]]
| owner =

| website = [https://www.nps.gov/cavo/index.htm Capulin Volcano National Monument]
| embedded =
}}

'''Capulin Volcano National Monument''' is a [[U.S. National Monument]] located in northeastern [[New Mexico]] that protects and interprets an extinct [[volcanic cone#Cinder cone|cinder cone]] [[volcano]] and is part of the [[Raton-Clayton volcanic field]]. A paved road spirals gradually around the volcano and visitors can drive up to a parking lot at the rim of the extinct volcano. Hiking trails circle the rim and lead down into the mouth of the volcano. The monument was designated on August 9, 1916, and is administered by the [[National Park Service]]. The volcano is located {{convert|5|km|mile}} north of the village of [[Capulin, New Mexico|Capulin]].

Capulin Volcano is characterized by a 1.7 km circumference crater, which rises 305 meters above the surrounding terrain, with a crater depth of 125 meters. The volcanic structure consists of multiple lava flow units and cinder/spatter eruptions. The flow units erupted in three primary directions: southeast, west, and north. The second and third series of flows originated from a site known as the boca (Spanish for "mouth"), located at the base of the cone. These eruptions formed intermittent lava lakes, and portions of the cone were displaced on the lava's surface.

The visitor center features exhibits about the volcano and the area's geology, natural and cultural history, and offers educational programs about volcanoes. There is also a video presentation about the volcano. The name ''capulin'' comes from a type of choke cherry, ''[[Prunus virginiana]]'', that is native to North America.

[[Apollo 16]]'s [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] and [[Charlie Duke]] did some of their geologic training here in May 1971. [[William R. Muehlberger]] was one of the geology instructors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phinney |first1=William |title=Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts |date=2015 |publisher=NASA SP -2015-626 |pages=246}}</ref>

==Description==
{{excessive quotation|date=August 2025}}
From the [[National Park Service]]:<ref name=NPS/>

{{blockquote|Capulin Volcano National Monument is a well-preserved, relatively young (55,000 to 62,000 years old), symmetrical cinder cone. It rises steeply from the surrounding grassland plains to an elevation of 8,182 feet above sea level. The irregular rim of the crater is about a mile in circumference and the crater about 400 feet deep.

Capulin Volcano is one of the outstanding landmarks located in the northeast corner of New Mexico, where the rolling grasslands meet the foothills of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]]. Capulin Volcano's highest point provides unobstructed, panoramic views of the volcanic field, distant snow-capped mountains, and portions of five states (New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas and Colorado).

Capulin Volcano also offers visitors excellent opportunities for observing and understanding volcanic formation. The large volcanic field surrounding the monument contains at least 100 recognizable volcanoes, and aids visitors in gaining insights into 10 million years of the geological history of northern New Mexico.|sign=|source=}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Capulin Volcano 2002.jpg|The grass-covered outer slope of the cinder cone.
File:2004-08 Capulin Volcano path to crater floor.jpg|A trail leads from the parking lot to the crater floor.
File:Capulin Volcano View from top 2002.jpg|View from the summit.
File:Capulin oli 2016095 lrg.jpg|A satellite image of the volcano (center) and the surrounding area
File:Looking south southeast from the walking path encircling Capulin Volcano National Monument on 29 August 2022.jpg|Looking south southeast from the walking path encircling the volcano.
</gallery>
[[File:Capulin Volcano National Monument Panorama.JPG|thumb|upright=3.5|center|Panorama view from the top]]

== Capulin Eruption ==
From the New Mexico Geological Society <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=NMGS 2001 Guidebook Details |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/details.cfml?ID=33054 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=New Mexico Geological Society |language=en |doi=10.56577/ffc-52.69|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The volcano's most recent eruption occurred approximately 56,000 to 62,000 years ago, based on recent radiometric dating techniques. This is significantly older than earlier estimates, which had suggested an eruption within the last 10,000 years. Prior to 1995, no absolute age determinations had been made for the rocks at Capulin. In that year, two dating methods were used to refine the eruption's age.

Cosmogenic Helium Dating: Sayre et al. (1995) used the cosmogenic helium technique to date a sample from Capulin’s lava flow. This method measures the accumulation of helium-3 produced by cosmic rays, which is useful for dating young volcanic rocks. The results indicated an age of 59,000 ± 6,000 years for a late eruption flow.

Argon-Argon Dating: Stroud (1996) applied the Ar-Ar technique to four different samples from the volcano, yielding a weighted average age of 58,000 ± 4,000 years. This method, though challenging due to the young age of the rocks, confirmed the results from the helium dating.

Earlier interpretations, based on a correlation with alluvial deposits near the Folsom archaeological site, had suggested that Capulin erupted between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago. However, subsequent studies (Anderson and Haynes, 1978) indicated that the lava flow overlies older alluvial layers, refining the eruption date to between 22,000 and 26,000 years ago.

== Cinder Cone Formation ==
From the New Mexico Geological Society <ref name=":0" />

[[Cinder cone|Cinder cones]], such as Capulin, are formed through the explosive fragmentation of basaltic magma as it erupts to the surface. The primary gases involved in this process, carbon dioxide ({{chem2|CO2}}) and water vapor ({{chem2|H2O}}), require less than 1% of the gas content to disperse the magma into the surrounding environment. The eruption style responsible for the creation of cinder cones is known as "strombolian," named after the [[Stromboli]] volcano in Italy. Strombolian eruptions are characterized by explosive "fire fountains" that send pyroclasts (volcanic debris) soaring up to 1,000 feet into the air.

The shape of a cinder cone is more than just a random pile of rubble. It features a distinctive, organized internal structure resulting from the way ash and cinder accumulate during the eruption. Close to the vent, the eruption produces fluid spatter, rootless lava flows, and welded cinders. As the distance from the vent increases, more solid, rubble-like cinders and ash accumulate. This results in a layered structure with a well-defined internal bedding. Both types of deposits (fluid spatter and solid cinder) can be observed at Capulin Volcano.

The pyroclasts follow ballistic trajectories, typically parabolic in nature, with variations in the angle and distance of eruption. This causes the material to accumulate in a round shape initially. However, several factors can disrupt this symmetry. For example, a significant increase in magma effusion within the shallow feeder conduit or summit crater may cause the cone's flanks to collapse laterally, resulting in a breached crater profile. This type of instability makes perfect cinder cones, like Capulin, rare. It is believed that the eruption of the Boca flow played a significant role in altering Capulin’s original profile. This event likely displaced the western flanks of the cone. As the eruption continued, the cone was rebuilt, restoring much of its symmetry. However, detailed morphometric and structural analysis indicates that the cone's shape is slightly skewed, suggesting a shift in the location of the Strombolian vent to the west following the breach.

An interesting feature of many cinder/spatter vents in the [[Raton-Clayton volcanic field]] (RCVF), including Capulin, is that their craters typically open to the southwest or west. This indicates that prevailing winds from the southwest or west likely influenced the eruption and deposition of pyroclastic materials. The lower southwest and west flanks of the volcano were more vulnerable to breaching and collapse as a result of these wind patterns.

== Horseshoe Crater ==
[[File:Another cinder cone volcano located southeast of Capulin Volcano (ebc2cf4d-4e4e-47cb-8cf0-6afcd72a3e9d).JPG|thumb|Horseshoe Crater]]
Capulin volcano is near many other extinct volcanoes. One of these is [[Horseshoe Crater]], a mountain created likely due to volcanic depression or a [[meteorite]] explosion in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-5472141.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> It is much older than Capulin, being 440,000 years old, and has been exposed to [[erosion]] to appear more rounded and shorter than its original height.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erosional Volcanic Landforms - Volcanoes, Craters & Lava Flows (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/erosional-volcanic-landforms.htm |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> The crater appears in a U-shape, which gives the crater its name. Other extinct volcanoes around it include Baby Capulin, [[Mount Taylor (New Mexico)|Mount Taylor]], and Jose Butte.

== Visitor activities ==
[[File:Capulin Night Sky.jpg|thumb|Night sky]]
[[File:Hike pic.jpg|thumb|Capulin Hiking Trail]]

The two mile road that winds from the bottom of the volcano all the way to the top is popular with visitors. Once the top is reached, views of the surrounding volcano field, [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains|Sangre De Cristo mountains]], the flora and fauna are visible. From late June to early August a phenomenon called [[Hill-topping (biology)|hill-topping]] can be seen on the Crater Rim trail; thousands upon thousands of [[Coccinellidae|ladybugs]] cover trees and bushes at the top of the volcano. Capulin is also [[International Dark-Sky Association]] Gold Tier Certified, which means it has one of the darkest night skies in the entire country. Due to low levels of light pollution incredible views of the [[Milky Way]] and constellations are evident.

Visitors can hike a variety of different trails located throughout the park. The Lava Flow trail is a mile long loop that runs along the southern portion of the park. The Boca Trail is a 1.7 mile long loop that runs along the western base of the volcano, hikers can view the collapsed lava tubes that were created thousands of years ago at the foundation of the volcano. There are two different trails accessible from the top of the volcano: the Crater Rim trail which is a one-mile loop that goes around the entirety of the rim of the volcano and the Crater Vent trail which goes 200 yards into the crater itself.<ref name="History" />

== History ==
According to the National Park Service,<ref name=History>{{cite web|url= https://www.nps.gov/cavo/learn/historyculture/index.htm |title= History & Culture |work= Capulin Volcano |access-date=25 October 2009|author=National Park Service}}</ref> on January 16, 1891, Capulin Mountain was

<blockquote>...withdrawn from settlement, entry or other disposition under any of the public land laws, until such time as Congress may see fit to take action touching the same or until otherwise ordered by competent authority...</blockquote>

On August 9, 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] set Capulin aside as a [[U.S. National Monument]] by Presidential Proclamation No. 1340, to preserve "...a striking example of recent extinct volcanoes ... which ...is of great scientific and especially geologic interest..."

Jessie Foote Jack and other local ranchers highly valued Capulin Volcano during this time period as it was considered prime grazing land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jessie Foote Jack |url=https://www.nps.gov/cavo/learn/historyculture/jessie-foote-jack.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> In order to ensure sole rights to graze cattle on the volcano, Jessie used her husband's political connections to secure the position of custodian for the monument. Serving from 1916 to 1921, Jessie Foote Jack was the first custodian for Capulin Volcano, as well as the first female custodian in the National Park Service.

In 1921, Homer Farr would unofficially become the custodian of the monument at the request of Mrs. Jack. Later, in 1923, Farr would officially take over the position serving the National Park Service until 1955. His enthusiasm for the volcano brought numerous changes to the monument. During his tenure, Farr was credited with building the monument's infrastructure which includes the road to the rim, procuring funding in economically difficult times, and garnering a Civil Works Project during the Great Depression to stabilize the road and build retaining walls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capulin Volcano |url=https://home.nps.gov/cavo/learn/historyculture/homer-farr.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=8 June 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Public Law 87-635, 87th Congress, S.2973, September 5, 1962, amended the proclamation to "...preserve the scenic and scientific integrity of Capulin Mountain National Monument..." because of the significance of Capulin Volcano.

On December 31, 1987, Congress changed the Monument's name from Capulin Mountain National Monument to Capulin Volcano National Monument by Public Law 100-225 (101 Stat. 1547).

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Capulin 1909 lwt01406.jpg|Congealed lava flows, viewed from the top of Capulin Volcano (1909)
File:Capulin 1916 lwt01401.jpg|Capulin Volcano, viewed from the west (1916)
File:Homer farr after the building of the road.jpg|Homer Farr after the completion of the road (1925)
</gallery>

== Ecology ==
[[File:Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico (fa5697dd-b4ea-4f74-ad0d-824df2030815).jpg|thumb|Horned toad at Capulin Volcano National Monument]]

Although Capulin is primarily known for its volcanic geology, the park boasts a rich diversity of plant and animal life. The grasslands of the Great Plains and the forests of the Rocky Mountains combine at Capulin to form a unique ecotone which provides habitat for 73 species of birds in addition to numerous other animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/cavo/learn/nature/index.htm |title=Nature - Capulin Volcano National Monument |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> Songbirds such as the [[spotted towhee]], [[Bullock's oriole]], [[mountain bluebird]], and [[Steller's jay]] all call Capulin Volcano home. Larger birds such as the [[wild turkey]], [[osprey]], [[red-tailed hawk]], as well as New Mexico's state bird, the [[roadrunner]], also live within the park. There are five different species of [[hummingbird]] that migrate through Capulin during the summer months.

Some of the larger mammals that frequent the park include the [[American black bear]], [[cougar]], [[pronghorn]], [[elk]], and the most numerous of larger mammals, the [[mule deer]]. Smaller mammals such as the [[American badger]], [[Mexican free-tailed bat]], [[ring-tailed cat]], [[desert cottontail]], and [[North American porcupine]] also inhabit Capulin Volcano National Monument. The unique landscape and flora create a habitat that allows a large and diverse group of animals to co-exist in a relatively small area. The abundance of diversity is not contained to just warm blooded animals however, Capulin also has a large group of cold blooded reptiles as well. The [[Crotalus viridis|prairie rattlesnake]] and [[bullsnake]] are seen throughout the park. [[Western fence lizard]]s and [[horned lizard]]s can be seen on hiking trails. The [[tiger salamander]] is found in pools of water that sometimes collect around the park.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

''[[Solidago capulinensis]]'', known as the Capulin goldenrod, is a rare plant endemic to Capulin Volcano National Monument. It is the only known rare vascular plant species in the monument.<ref>{{NPS|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/capulin-goldenrod.htm|title=Capulin Goldenrod}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national monuments of the United States]]
* [[Black Mesa (Oklahoma)]] to the northeast
* [[Eastern New Mexico]]
* [[Johnson Mesa]] to the northwest
* [[Sierra Grande]] to the southeast

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Capulin Volcano National Monument}}
* [https://www.nps.gov/cavo/index.htm Official Capulin Volcano National Monument website]—National Park Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072202/http://www.sangres.com/nationalparks/capulin/ Sangres.com: Information and photos]
* [https://www.nps.gov/cavo/index.htm Geology Fieldnotes: Capulin Volcano National Monument]—National Park Service

{{Protected areas of New Mexico}}
{{National Monuments of the United States}}
{{Mountains of New Mexico}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cinder cones of the United States]]
[[Category:Extinct volcanoes of the United States]]
[[Category:Geology museums in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Mountains of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Museums in Union County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:National Park Service national monuments in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1916]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Union County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Landforms of Union County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Mountains of Union County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Quaternary New Mexico]]

Capulin Volcano - Revision history

imported>Kdoccnatl: /* Horseshoe Crater */ fixed wikilink to Horseshoe Crater page