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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Measure of the general power of a nation-state}}<br />
'''Comprehensive National Power''' ('''CNP'''; {{zh|c=综合国力}}, [[pinyin]]: ''zōnghé guólì'') is a measure of the general [[power (international)|power]] of a [[Nation state|nation-state]]. It is a putative measure, important in the contemporary political thought of the [[People's Republic of China]] from the 1980s onwards and first introduced into official documents in 1992.{{sfn|Bajwa|2008|p=151}}{{Sfn|Yongnian|1998|p=192}}<br />
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CNP can be calculated numerically by combining various quantitative indices to create a single number held to measure the power of a nation-state.{{sfn|Bajwa|2008|p=152}} These indices take into account military, political, economic and cultural factors.{{sfn|Bajwa|2008|p=153-157}}{{Sfn|Yongnian|1998|p=196}}<br />
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== About ==<br />
Inspired by F. Clifford German, [[J. David Singer]], Stuart Bremer and John Stuckey, [[A. F. K. Organski|A.F.K. Organski]] and [[Jacek Kugler]], and [[Ray S. Cline|Ray Cline]]'s understanding and formulas for [[national power]] assessment.{{Sfn|Bhonsle|2016|p=3-4}}{{Sfn|Chuwattananurak|2016|p=3}} It builds upon concepts such as [[superpower]] and [[regional power]], as well as [[soft power]], [[hard power]] and [[smart power]].{{Sfn|Mishra|2017|p=}}<br />
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A 1995 definition of CNP refers to it as "the totality of a country's economic, military and political power in a given period. It signals the country's comprehensive development level and its position in the international system."{{Sfn|Yongnian|1998|p=192}}<br />
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There are a number of methods for calculating CNP devised by the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]], [[Chinese Military Academy]], [[China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations|Chinese Institute of Contemporary International Relations]] and independent Chinese scholars.{{Sfn|Singh|Gera|Dewan|2013|p=viii}}<br />
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== National strategic resources ==<br />
[[Michael Porter]] lists five major resources, that is, physical, human, infrastructure, knowledge and capital resources. Accordingly, the national strategic resources are divided into eight categories, with 23 indictors.{{sfn|Bajwa|2008|p=153}} Those categories constitute CNP:{{sfn|Bajwa|2008|pp=153–156}}<br />
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* Economic resources<br />
* Natural resources<br />
* Capital resources<br />
* Knowledge and Technology resources<br />
* Government resources<br />
* Military resources<br />
* International resources<br />
* Cultural resources<br />
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== Adaptations ==<br />
A fairly simplistic and effective index was developed by Chin-Lung Chang. It uses critical mass, economic capacity and military capacity. Due to its indicators, it is often repeatable and easy to define, making it comparable to the [[Human Development Index]] in understanding and reliability.{{Sfn|Chang|2004}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Composite Index of National Capability]]<br />
* [[Power (international relations)|Power in international relations]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
;Citations<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
;Works cited<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Bajwa|first=J.S|date=Summer 2008|title=Defining Elements of Comprehensive National Power|url=https://archive.claws.co.in/images/journals_doc/1302263399_JSBajwa.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal}}<br />
*{{Citation|last=Bhonsle|first=Brig (Retd.) Rahul|title=Strategies for Enhancing India's Comprehesive {{sic|nolink=y}} National Power|date=March 2016|url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/strategies-for-enhancing-india-s-comprehesive-national-power.pdf|publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation}}<br />
*{{Citation|last=Chang|first=Chin Lung|title=A Measure of National Power|date=2004|url=http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~academic/up1/malayconference1/paperscollection.files/conferefncepapers/chang.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165230/http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~academic/up1/malayconference1/paperscollection.files/conferefncepapers/chang.pdf|publisher=Fo-guang University|archive-date=27 September 2011}}<br />
*{{Citation|last=Chuwattananurak|first=Wuttikorn|title=China's Comprehensive National Power and Its Implications for the Rise of China: Reassessment and Challenges|date=June 2016|url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/CEEISA-ISA-LBJ2016/Archive/01043de7-0872-4ec4-ba80-7727c2758e53.pdf|others=Paper presented at the CEEISA-ISA 2016 Joint International Conference at Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.}}<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Lieutenant Colonel Malay|date=March 2017|title=Unique Approach to Comprehensive National Power through the Lens of Kautilya's Arthashastra|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/unique-approach-to-comprehensive-national-power-through-the-lens-of-kautilyas-arthashastra/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=United Service Institution of India|archive-date=2022-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220080151/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/unique-approach-to-comprehensive-national-power-through-the-lens-of-kautilyas-arthashastra/|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=P. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfQNcYhSFVoC|title=Comprehensive National Power: A Model for India|last2=Gera|first2=Y. K.|last3=Dewan|first3=Sandeep|date=2013|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-81411-39-1|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Yongnian|first=Zheng|url=|title=China's Political Economy|publisher=World Scientific|year=1998|isbn=9789814496308|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Gungwu|chapter=Comprehensive National Power: An Expression of China's New Nationalism|editor-last2=Wong|editor-first2=John|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIbVCgAAQBAJ|via=Google Books}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
* Michael Pillsbury (January 2000). [https://nuke.fas.org/guide/china/doctrine/pills2/index.html China Debates the Future Security Environment]. ''National Defense University Press.''<br />
*{{Citation|last=Haixia|first=QI|title=From Comprehensive National Power to Soft Power: A Study of the Chinese Scholars' Perception of Power|date=2017|url=https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/206644/Griffith-Tsinghua-WP-7-final-web.pdf|others=The Griffith-Tsinghua Project "How China Sees the World" Working Paper Series No. 7}}<br />
*Hu Angang, Men Honghua (2002).[https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/china/chigrandstrategy.pdf The Rising of Modern China: Comprehensive National Power and Grand Strategy]. ''Strategy & Management''<br />
*Kaushik Basu, Supriyo De, Rangeet Ghosh (2011). [https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Index%20of%20Government%20Economic%20Power_0.pdf The evolving dynamics of global economic power in the postcrisis world: Revelations from a new Index of Government Economic Power]. ''Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.''<br />
*Ł. Kiczma, M. Sułek (2020). [https://prnet.org.pl/img/pub/national-power-rankings-of-countries-2020.pdf National Power Rankings of Countries 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905014855/https://prnet.org.pl/img/pub/national-power-rankings-of-countries-2020.pdf |date=2021-09-05 }}. Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2020. ISBN 978-83-8209-033-8<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=8 May 2017|title=Comprehensive national power|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/comprehensive-national-power/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=ORF|language=en-US}}<br />
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{{International power}}<br />
{{Politics country lists}}<br />
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[[Category:International relations theory]]<br />
[[Category:International security]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign relations of China]]</div>imported>1F616EMO