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{{short description|History of the Trojan War told in poems}}
{{for|the epic cycles of incarnations in Meitei mythology|Moirang Shayon}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Trojan War|era=BCE}}
The '''Epic Cycle''' ({{langx|grc|Ἐπικὸς Κύκλος|Epikòs Kýklos}}) was a collection of [[Ancient Greek]] [[epic poem]]s, composed in [[dactylic hexameter]] and related to the story of the [[Trojan War]], including the ''[[Cypria]]'', the ''[[Aethiopis]]'', the so-called ''[[Little Iliad]]'', the ''[[Iliupersis]]'', the ''[[Nostoi]]'', and the ''[[Telegony]]''. Scholars sometimes include the two [[Homeric epics]], the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', among the poems of the Epic Cycle, but the term is more often used to specify the non-Homeric poems as distinct from the Homeric ones.

Unlike the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', the cyclic epics survive only in fragments and summaries from [[Late Antiquity]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]].

The Epic Cycle was the distillation in literary form of an [[oral tradition]] that had developed during the [[Greek Dark Age]], which was based in part on localised [[Greek hero cult|hero cults]]. The traditional material from which the literary epics were drawn treats [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] [[Bronze Age]] culture from the perspective of Iron Age and later Greece.

In modern scholarship, the study of the historical and literary relationship between the Homeric epics and the rest of the cycle is called [[Homeric scholarship#Neoanalysis|Neoanalysis]].

A longer Epic Cycle, as described by the 9th-century CE scholar and clergyman [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]] in codex 239 of his ''Bibliotheca'', also included the ''[[Titanomachy (epic poem)|Titanomachy]]'' (8th century BCE) and the [[Theban Cycle]] (between 750 and 500 BCE), which in turn comprised the ''[[Oedipodea]]'', the ''[[Thebaid (Greek poem)|Thebaid]]'', the ''[[Epigoni (epic)|Epigoni]]'', and the ''[[Alcmeonis]]''; however, it is certain that none of the cyclic epics (other than Homer's) survived to Photius' day, and it is likely that Photius was not referring to a canonical collection. Modern scholars do not normally include the Theban Cycle when referring to the Epic Cycle.

==Contents==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top" align="left"
! Title !! Length (books) !! Most common attribution !! Content
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Cypria]]'' || 11 || [[Stasinus]]
| The events leading up to the Trojan War and the first nine years of the conflict, especially the [[Judgement of Paris]]
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Iliad]]'' || 24 || [[Homer]]
| [[Achilles]]' rage against first king [[Agamemnon]] and then the Trojan prince [[Hector]], ending with Achilles killing Hector in revenge for the death of [[Patroclus]] and [[Priam]] coming to Achilles to ransom Hector's body
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Aethiopis]]'' || 5 || [[Arctinus]]
| The arrival of the Trojan allies, [[Penthesileia]] the [[Amazons|Amazon]] and [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]]; their deaths at Achilles' hands in revenge for the death of [[Antilochus]]; Achilles' own death
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Little Iliad]]'' || 4 || [[Lesches]]
| Events after Achilles' death, including the building of the [[Trojan Horse]] and the Awarding of the Arms to Odysseus
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Iliou persis]]'' ("Sack of Troy") || 2 || [[Arctinus]]
| The destruction of [[Troy]] by the Greeks
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Nostoi]]'' ("returns") || 5 || [[Agias]] or [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]]
| The return home of the Greek force and the events contingent upon their arrival, concluding with the returns of [[Agamemnon]] and [[Menelaus]]
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Odyssey]]'' || 24 || [[Homer]]
| The end of [[Odysseus]]' voyage home and his vengeance on his wife [[Penelope]]'s suitors, who have devoured his property in his absence
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Telegony]]'' || 2 || [[Eugammon]]
| Odysseus' voyage to [[Thesprotia]] and return to [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], and demise at the hands of an illegitimate son [[Telegonus (son of Odysseus)|Telegonus]]
|}

==Evidence ==
[[Herodotus]] knew of the ''Cypria'' and the ''Epigoni'' when he wrote his ''History'' in the mid-5th century BCE. He rejected the Homeric authorship for the former and questioned it for the latter.<ref>[[Martin Litchfield West]] "Epic Cycle" in ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' 3rd. ed. [[Oxford]]; [[Oxford University Press]] 1999 p. 707</ref>

The Epic Cycle was not "mentioned as a whole" (including the Theban Cycle) until the 2nd century CE, but knowledge of a "Trojan cycle" is apparent from at least the 4th century BCE as [[Aristoxenus]] mentions an alternative opening to the ''Iliad''.<ref>''OCD''3 p. 531</ref>

[[Aristotle]], in his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]],'' criticizes the ''Cypria'' and ''Little Iliad'' for the piecemeal character of their plots:
{{Quote | But other poets compose a plot around one person, one time, and one plot with multiple parts; like the composer of the ''Cypria'' and the ''Little Iliad''. As a result, only one tragedy is made out of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', but from the ''Cypria'' many, and from the ''Little Iliad'' more than eight…<ref>Aristotle ''Poetics'' 1459a–b.</ref>}}

''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|The Library]]'' attributed to [[Apollodorus of Athens|Apollodorus]] and the 2nd century CE Latin ''Genealogia'' attributed to [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] also drew on them. Furthermore, there are also the [[Tabula iliaca]] inscriptions that cover the same myths.<ref>''OCD''3 p. 531</ref>

Most knowledge of the Cyclic epics comes from a broken summary of them which serves as part of the preface to the famous 10th century ''Iliad'' manuscript known as [[Venetus A]]. This preface is damaged, missing the ''Cypria'', and has to be supplemented by other sources (the ''Cypria'' summary is preserved in several other manuscripts, each containing only the ''Cypria'' and none of the other epics). The summary is, in turn, an excerpt from a longer work, ''[[Chrestomathy]]'', written by a "Proclus." This is known from evidence provided by the later scholar Photius, mentioned above. Photius provides sufficient information about Proclus' ''Chrestomathy'' to demonstrate that the Venetus A excerpt is derived from the same work.<ref>Monro 1883, Severyns 1928, 1938a, 1938b, 1953, 1962, and 1963, and Abrantes 2016.</ref> Little is known about Proclus. He is certainly not the philosopher [[Proclus|Proclus Diadochus]]. Some have thought that it might be the same person as the lesser-known grammarian [[Eutychius Proclus]], who lived in the 2nd century CE,<ref>E.g. Monro 1883.</ref> but it is quite possible that he is simply an otherwise unknown figure.

In antiquity, the two Homeric epics were considered the greatest works in the Cycle. For [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] scholars, the [[Cyclic poets]], the authors to whom the other poems were commonly ascribed, were νεώτεροι (''neōteroi'' "later poets") and κυκλικός (''kyklikos'' "cyclic") was synonymous with "formulaic."{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Then, and in much modern scholarship, there has been an equation between poetry that is later and poetry that is inferior.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

The tales told in the Cycle are recounted by other ancient sources,{{sfn|Abrantes|2016|loc=chpt. 3}} notably [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' (book 2), which recounts the sack of Troy from a Trojan perspective, and [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses (poem)|Metamorphoses]]'' (books 13–14), which describes the Greeks' landing at Troy (from the ''Cypria'') and the judgment of Achilles' arms (''Little Iliad''). [[Quintus of Smyrna]]'s ''[[Posthomerica]]'' is another source, which narrates the events after Hector's death up until the end of the war. The death of [[Agamemnon]] and the vengeance taken by his son [[Orestes]] (the ''Nostoi'') are the subjects of later Greek [[tragedy]], especially [[Aeschylus]]'s [[Oresteia]]n trilogy.

==Compilation==
The non-Homeric epics are usually regarded as later than the ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} There is no reliable evidence for this, however, and some [[Homeric scholarship#Neoanalysis|Neoanalyst]] scholars operate on the premise that the Homeric epics were later than the Cyclic epics and drew on them extensively.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Other Neoanalysts make the milder claim that the Homeric epics draw on legendary material which later crystallized into the Epic Cycle.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

The nature of the relationship between the Cyclic epics and Homer is also bound up in this question. As told by Proclus, the plots of the six non-Homeric epics look very much as though they are designed to integrate with Homer, with no overlaps with one another.{{sfn|Abrantes|2016|loc=chpt. 2}}

For example, a surviving quotation shows that the ''Little Iliad'' narrated how [[Neoptolemus]] took [[Andromache]] prisoner after the [[Trojan War|fall of Troy]];<ref>''Little Iliad'' fr. 14 in West's edition.</ref> however, in Proclus, the ''Little Iliad'' stops before the sack of Troy begins. Some scholars have argued that the ''Cypria'' as originally planned dealt with more of the Trojan War than Proclus' summary suggests;<ref>E.g. J. Marks 2002, "The Junction between the ''Kypria'' and the ''Iliad''", ''[[Phoenix (classics journal)|Phoenix]]'' 56: 1–24; and Burgess 2001 argues that the ''Cypria'' originally narrated the entire war.</ref> conversely, others argue that it was designed to lead up to the ''Iliad'', and that Proclus' account reflects the ''Cypria'' as originally designed.<ref>E.g. J. Latacz 1996, ''Homer, His Art and His World'' tr. J. Holoka (Ann Arbor); R. Scaife 1995, "The ''Kypria'' and its early reception", ''[[Classical Antiquity (journal)|Classical Antiquity]]'' 14: 164–97.</ref>

It is probable that at least some editing or "stitching" was done to edit epics together. For the last line of the ''Iliad'',
<blockquote>ὣς οἵ γ᾽ ἀμφίεπον τάφον Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο.</blockquote>
<blockquote>In this way they performed the funeral of Hector, tamer of horses.</blockquote>
an alternative reading is preserved which is designed to lead directly into the ''Aethiopis'':
<blockquote>ὣς οἵ γ' ἀμφίεπον τάφον Ἕκτορος· ἦλθε δ' Ἀμαζών, 
Ἄρηος θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος ἀνδροφόνοιο.</blockquote>
<blockquote>In this way they performed the funeral of Hector; then the [[Amazons|Amazon]] [[Penthesileia]] came, 
daughter of great-hearted man-slaughtering [[Ares]]. ...</blockquote>
There are contradictions between epics in the Cycle. For example, the Greek warrior who killed Hector's son [[Astyanax]] in the fall of Troy is [[Neoptolemus]] according to the ''Little Iliad''; according to the ''Iliou persis'', it is [[Odysseus]].{{sfn|Abrantes|2016|loc=chpt. 4.6.11}}

How and when the eight epics of the Cycle came to be combined into a single collection and referred to as a "cycle" is a matter of ongoing debate. In the late 19th century, [[David Binning Monro]] argued that the scholastic use of the word κυκλικός did not refer to the Cycle as such, but meant "conventional", and that the Cycle was compiled in the [[Hellenistic period]] (perhaps as late as the 1st century BCE).<ref>D.B. Monro 1883.</ref> More recent scholars have preferred to push the date slightly earlier, but accept the general thrust of the argument.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

== See also ==
*[[Cyclic Poets]]
*[[Homerica]]

==Bibliography==

===Editions===
* Online editions (English translation):
** [http://mcllibrary.org/Hesiod/ The Medieval and Classical Library text] (translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914; public domain)
** [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/348 Project Gutenberg text] (translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 Proklos' summary of the Epic Cycle, omitting the ''Telegony''] (translated by Gregory Nagy)
* Print editions (Greek):
** Bernabé, A. 1987, ''Poetarum epicorum Graecorum testimonia et fragmenta'' pt. 1 (Leipzig). {{ISBN|3-322-00352-3}}
** Davies, M. 1988, ''Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta'' (Göttingen). {{ISBN|3-525-25747-3}}
* Print editions (Greek with English translation):
** Hesiod & Evelyn-White, H.G., 1914, ''Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' (Loeb Classical Library) {{ISBN|0-674-99063-3}}
** West, M.L. 2003, ''Greek Epic Fragments'' (Cambridge, MA). {{ISBN|0-674-99605-4}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last1=Abrantes |first1=Miguel Carvalho |title=Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition |date=2016 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1530337118}}
* Burgess, J.S. 2001, ''The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle'' (Baltimore). {{ISBN|0-8018-7890-X}} (pbk)
* Davies, M. 1989, ''The Greek Epic Cycle'' (Bristol). {{ISBN|1-85399-039-6}} (pbk)
* Kullmann, W. 1960, ''Die Quellen der Ilias (troischer Sagenkreis)'' (Wiesbaden). {{ISBN|3-515-00235-9}} (1998 reprint)
*Michalopoulos, Dimitris, ''Homer's Odyssey beyond the myths'', Piraeus: Institute of Hellenic Maritime History, 2016. {{ISBN|9786188059931}}.
* Monro, D.B. 1883, "On the Fragment of Proclus' Abstract of the Epic Cycle Contained in the Codex Venetus of the ''Iliad''", ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 4: 305–334.
* Monro, D.B. 1901, ''Homer's Odyssey, books XIII-XXIV'' (Oxford), pp. 340–84. (Out of print)
* Severyns, A. 1928, ''Le cycle épique dans l'école d'Aristarque'' (Liège, Paris). (Out of print)
* Severyns, A. 1938, 1938, 1953, 1963, ''Recherches sur la "Chrestomathie" de Proclos'', 4 vols. (''Bibliothèque de la faculté de philosophie et lettres de l'université de Liège'' fascc. 78, 79, 132, 170; Paris). (Vols. 1 and 2 are on Photius, 3 and 4 on other MSS.)
* Severyns, A. 1962, ''Texte et apparat, histoire critique d'une tradition imprimée'' (Brussels).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Epic Cycle}}

[[Category:Epic Cycle| ]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC books]]
[[Category:Lost poems]]

Epic Cycle - Revision history

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