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An '''expression-oriented programming language''' is a [[programming language]] in which every (or nearly every) construction is an [[Expression (computer science)|expression]] and thus yields a value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary - The Rust Programming Language |url=https://web.mit.edu/rust-lang_v1.25/arch/amd64_ubuntu1404/share/doc/rust/html/book/first-edition/glossary.html#expression-oriented-language |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref> The typical exceptions are [[Macro (computer science)|macro]] definitions, [[preprocessor]] commands, and [[Declaration (computer programming)|declarations]], which expression-oriented languages often treat as [[Statement (computer science)|statements]].<br />
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[[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Syme |first1=Don |date=2020-06-14 |title=The early history of F# |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages |language=en |volume=4 |issue=HOPL |pages=1–58 |doi=10.1145/3386325 |issn=2475-1421 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[ALGOL 68]] are expression-oriented languages. [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] is not an expression-oriented language.<br />
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All [[functional programming]] languages are expression-oriented.<br />
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==Criticism and prevention==<br />
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{{See also|Assignment (computer science)#Assignment versus equality|Relational operator#Confusion with assignment operators}}<br />
Critics, including language designers,<ref>[https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/codeconventions-programmingpractices.html#547 Java Code Conventions "10.4 Variable Assignments"]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}} blame expression-orientation for an entire class of [[software bug|programming mistakes]] wherein a programmer accidentally codes an [[Assignment (computer science)|assignment]] ''expression'', which replaces a variable with an expression rather than testing it for [[Equality (relational operator)|equality]] with that expression.<br />
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The designers of [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]] prevent this type of mistake by restricting [[Conditional (computer programming)|control expressions]] to those that evaluate strictly to the [[boolean data type]].<ref>[https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-14.html#jls-14.9 The Java Language Specification, Java SE 8 Edition "14.9 The if Statement"]</ref><ref>[https://www.adaic.org/learn/materials/intro/part4/ Introducing Ada]</ref><br />
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The designers of [[Python (programming language)|Python]] implemented assignment as a statement rather than an expression, thus prohibiting assignment from nesting inside any other statement or expression.<ref>[https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment The Python Language Reference "6.2. Assignment statements"]</ref> (Until version 3.8 added 'assignment expressions', with a different syntax.<ref>[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0572/ "PEP 572: Assignment Expressions"]</ref>)<br />
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In some expression-oriented languages, expressions that merely cause [[side effect (computer science)|side effects]] return [[void type]]s.<br />
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==Examples==<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
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*[[ALGOL 68]]<br />
*[[BLISS]]<br />
*[[Icon (programming language)|Icon]]<br />
*[[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[ML (programming language)|ML]]<br />
*[[Perl]]<br />
*[[Rebol]]<br />
*[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]<br />
*[[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]]<br />
*[[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]<br />
*[[Haskell]]<br />
*[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions - The Rust Programming Language |url=https://web.mit.edu/rust-lang_v1.25/arch/amd64_ubuntu1404/share/doc/rust/html/book/first-edition/functions.html#expressions-vs-statements |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref><br />
*[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]<br />
*[[Smalltalk]]<br />
*[[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]]<br />
*[[OCaml]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COS 326: Functional Programming |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpw/courses/cos326-12/notes/type-check.php |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.cs.princeton.edu}}</ref><br />
<!-- *[[PHP]]<ref>[https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.expressions.php PHP Manual "Expressions"]</ref> -- See talks. PHP manual saying something does not really mean that it is true =( --><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Command–query separation]]<br />
*[[Functional programming]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Programming paradigms navbox}}<br />
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