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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Grey hypocolius
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2019 |title=''Hypocolius ampelinus'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T22713263A155510808 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22713263A155510808.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Hypocolius ampelinus pair.JPG
| image_caption = Male (left) and female ([[Great Rann of Kutch]])
| grandparent_authority = [[Jean Théodore Delacour|Delacour]] & [[Dean Amadon|Amadon]], 1949
| parent_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Hypocolius ampelinus
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850<ref>{{cite book|author=Finsch, Otto|title=Index ad Caroli Luciani Bonaparte Conspectum Generum Avium|year=1865| publisher=E J Brill|url=https://archive.org/stream/indexadcaroliluc00fins#page/12/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

The '''grey hypocolius'''<ref>[http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-en.html ENGLISH NAME UPDATES - IOC Version 2.9 (July 10, 2011)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303183421/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-en.html |date=March 3, 2012 }}, IOC World Bird List</ref> or simply '''hypocolius''' ('''''Hypocolius ampelinus''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] [[species]]. It is the sole member of the genus '''''Hypocolius''''' and it is placed in a family of its own, the '''Hypocoliidae'''. This slender and long tailed bird is found in the dry semi-desert region of northern Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and western India. They fly in flocks and forage mainly on fruits, migrating south in winter. During migration they are often found feeding on the fruits of ''[[Salvadora persica]]''.

==Description==
The grey hypocolius is a slim bird with a long tail, slight crest and thick, short hook-tipped bill. Its shape and soft, satiny [[plumage]] resembles that of the [[waxwing]]. Birds are mainly a uniform grey or brownish-grey colour, with males having a black triangular mask around the eyes. They have white-tipped black primary wing feathers and a black terminal band on the tail. Adults are about {{cvt|19|–|21|cm}} in length.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=JC Anderton |year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|page=332| publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}</ref>

The head feathers are raised when the bird is excited. They fly in a straight non-undulating style and when hopping in shrubbery, can appear like a babbler. The tarsus is short and sturdy with coarse scales. There are [[rictal bristle]]s visible at the base of the bill and the nostrils are exposed, small and oval.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|pages=268–270|year=1986|volume=5|edition=2nd|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The relationships of the species were formerly unclear. Earlier authors had suggested that they were related to the [[bulbul]]s<ref name=BOA/> or [[shrike]]s.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktobirdso00barnrich#page/148/mode/2up/search/hypocolius |title=Handbook to the birds of the Bombay Presidency|author=Barnes, HE|year=1885|publisher=Calcutta Central Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Note on the Systematic Position of Hypocolius.|author=Lowe, Percy R.| doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00501.x| year=1947| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=117| issue=1| pages=109–114}}</ref> They appear to be related to the [[waxwing]]s, and at least one study based on molecular sequences suggests that it belongs to the same group.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Clarifying the systematics of an enigmatic avian lineage: What is a Bombycillid? |author1=Spellman, Garth M. |author2=Alice Cibois |author3=Robert G. Moyle |author4=Kevin Winker |author5=F. Keith Barker |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=49 |year=2008|pages=1036–1040 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.006|url= http://www.uaf.edu/museum/bird/personnel/KWinker/Spellman%20et%20al%20Bombycillidae%20MP&E%202008.pdf|pmid=18824237|issue=3|pmc=2627281}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers|author=Johansson, Ulf S.|author2=Jon Fjeldså, Rauri C.K. Bowie|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=48|year=2008|pages=858–876|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.7d9d550411abf68c801800015111/Johansson+et+al+Passerida+2008.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.029|pmid=18619860|issue=3|access-date=2009-11-14|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909190624/https://www.nrm.se/download/18.7d9d550411abf68c801800015111/Johansson+et+al+Passerida+2008.pdf}}</ref> A 2019 study found them to be in a clade containing the [[palmchat]] (Dulidae), waxwings (Bombycillidae), [[Silky-flycatcher|silky-flycatchers]] (Ptiliogonatidae), [[hylocitrea]] (Hylocitreidae), and the extinct [[Mohoidae|Hawaiian honeyeaters]] (Mohoidae), with Hypocoliidae being a [[sister group]] to the [[Mohoidae]] (with both diverging about 15-20 [[Million years ago|mya]] during the early-mid [[Miocene]]), and the clade containing Mohoidae and Hypocoliidae being sister to [[Hylocitrea|Hylocitreidae]], which diverged slightly earlier in the Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveros|first1=Carl H.|last2=Field|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Ksepka|first3=Daniel T.|last4=Barker|first4=F. Keith|last5=Aleixo|first5=Alexandre|last6=Andersen|first6=Michael J.|last7=Alström|first7=Per|last8=Benz|first8=Brett W.|last9=Braun|first9=Edward L.|last10=Braun|first10=Michael J.|last11=Bravo|first11=Gustavo A.|date=2019-04-16|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7916–7925|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30936315|pmc=6475423|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The grey hypocolius ranges through the [[Middle East]], breeding in the [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] area,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sorkoputov sviristel (Hypocolius ampelinus) (Aves, Bombycillidae) gnezdyashchiisya vid fauny SSSR|author1=A. Peklo |author2=O. Sopyev |journal=Vestn. Zool.|year=1980|pages=47–52|language=Russian}}</ref> and wintering mostly near the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]] coasts of [[Arabia]], including [[Bahrain]]. It is a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] to [[Turkey]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]] and [[Oman]]. They are regular winter visitors to the [[Kutch]] and [[Jamnagar]] region of western India<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shekar, PB |year=1960 |title= Further additions to the birds of Kutch| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=57| issue=1|pages= 224–225|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47541752}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Tiwari, JK|author2=Varu, SN|author3=Himmatsinhji, MK|author3-link=Himmatsinhji M. K. |year=1996 |title= The occurrence of Grey Hypocolius ''Hypocolius ampelinus'' in Kutch, Gujarat, India|journal= Forktail| volume=11|pages=33–38}}</ref> and vagrants have been noted as far south as Kihim near [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim A |year=1931|title= The occurrence of the Grey Hypocolius (''Hypocolius ampelinus'') in North Konkan|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=34|issue=4|page=1061|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294438}}</ref> It is found in woodland and scrub in arid and semiarid regions, especially river valleys near deserts, as well as in irrigated and cultivated areas with trees, sea costal area, palm groves and gardens.<ref name=BOA>{{cite book|author=Meinertzhagen, R|year= 1954| title=Birds of Arabia| publisher=Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh}}</ref><ref name=King1997/>

==Behaviour==

The grey hypocolius is a shy and unobtrusive, even cryptic, bird which will fly to thick cover when disturbed, where it will remain motionless until the perceived danger has passed. Its flight is strong and direct (without undulations).<ref name=pcr/> It will form flocks, especially in winter, and roost communally.<ref name=King1997>[http://www.hawar-islands.com/hypocolius.html King, Howard. (1997). ''Grey Hypocolius - a Bahrain Experience'']</ref>

===Breeding===
[[File:Hypocolius ampelinus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.179.5.jpg|thumb|''Hypocolius ampelinus'' - ([[MHNT]])]]
The breeding season is June or July in Arabia. The nest is cup shaped and deep lined with hair and fluff. The nest is often placed on the leaves of a date palm at a height of about 3 to 5 feet. Both the male and female take part in nest building. The clutch is four eggs. The eggs are leaden white with blotches.<ref>{{cite book| page=162 |url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia01humerich#page/162/mode/2up/search/hypocolius | title = The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 1| author=Hume, A O | year=1889|publisher=R H Porter}}</ref> The incubation period is about 14–15 days.<ref>{{cite book|pages=356–358| url=https://archive.org/stream/birds01bakeiala#page/356/mode/2up/search/hypocolius |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1| publisher=Taylor and Francis, London| year=1922|author= Baker, ECS}}</ref>

===Feeding===
Grey hypocoliuses forage quietly and methodically in foliage, through clusters of trees, palm groves and orchards, rarely coming to the ground. Though they may eat some insects, their main diet consists of fruits and berries, including [[Salvadora persica|toothbrush tree fruits]], [[mulberry|mulberries]], [[ficus|fig]]s and [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]]s. In captivity they have been known to readily take bread.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cumming, WD |year=1899 |title= Notes on the ''Hypocolius ampelinus'' (The Bulbul Shrike)| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume= 12|issue=4 |pages= 760–765}}</ref>

===Calls===
The most common [[bird vocalization|vocalization]] is a series of squealing descending notes or ''kleeeu'' whistles. Other calls include scolding chirps.<ref name=pcr/>

==Conservation==
Because the species has a large range, and because it does not meet the population size and decline criteria of the [[IUCN Red List]], the conservation status is evaluated as being of "[[least concern]]".<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> Because of its [[monotypic]] family status it is much sought after by [[birdwatching|birdwatchers]].<ref>Porter, R. & Aspinall, S. (2017). Hypocolius (''Hypocoliidae''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/52312 on 2 March 2017).</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hypocolius.svg|The male has a conspicuous black face mask
File:Hypocolius.ogg|Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hypocolius ampelinus}}
{{Wikispecies|Hypocolius ampelinus}}
*[http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/hypocolius.html Hypocolius birding info and photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828155652/http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/hypocolius.html |date=2008-08-28 }}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/hypocolius-hypocolius-ampelinus Hypocolius videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection]

{{Passerida|M.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q727891}}

[[Category:Bombycilloidea|grey hypocolius]]
[[Category:Birds of West Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1850|grey hypocolius]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte|grey hypocolius]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Grey hypocolius - Revision history

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