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{{short description|Biform lighthouse lens design (1885–1920s)}}
[[Image:Makapuu point light.JPG|right|thumb|240px|The lantern of [[Makapuu Point Light]], showing the hyperradiant lens within; note the people on the gallery]]
'''Hyper-radial''' or '''hyperradiant Fresnel lenses''' are [[Fresnel lens]]es used in [[lighthouses]]. They are larger than [[First order Fresnel lens#Sizes of lighthouse lenses|"first-order" lenses]], having a focal length (radius) of 1330 mm (52.36 inches). The idea was mentioned by [[Thomas Stevenson]] in 1869<ref name=usls/> and first proposed by [[John Richardson Wigham]] in 1872, and again proposed by Thomas Stevenson in 1885 (infringing Wigham's patent).<ref>{{cite journal| title=John Richardson Wigham 1829–1906 | url=http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/media/35546/Beam_2006.PDF#page=23| publisher=Commissioners of Irish Lights | journal=BEAM | volume=35 | date=2006 | pages=21–22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312014229/http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/media/35546/Beam_2006.PDF| archivedate=12 March 2012 }}</ref>

The hyper-radial lens was made in 1885 by the [[Barbier, Benard, et Turenne|F. Barbier Company]] in Paris as a test lens for the lighthouse illumination trials then going on at the [[South Foreland Lighthouse]] in the [[United Kingdom]] (UK). [[Chance Brothers]] Glass Company made their first hyper-radial lens in 1887 in the UK.<ref name=usls>{{cite web|title=Hyper-Radial Lenses|url=http://uslhs.org/hyper-radial-lenses|publisher=United States Lighthouse Society|accessdate=2 February 2016|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211202401/https://uslhs.org/hyper-radial-lenses|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These lenses were originally named biform, and later triform and quadriform lenses, by Wigham. Thomas Stevenson used the term hyperradiant lens, and later they were renamed the hyper-radial lens by James Kenward of the Chance Brothers Glass Company.

The hyper-radial Fresnel lenses were the largest ever put into use and were installed in about two dozen major "landfall" [[beacon]]s around the world. The recipients include [[Makapuu Point Light|Makapu'u Point lighthouse]] on [[Oahu]] Island in [[Hawaii]], [[Cabo de São Vicente]] in [[Portugal]], Manora Point in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Bishop Rock]] off the coast of [[Cornwall]] (in the UK), Cabo de Santa Marta in [[Brazil]], and [[Cape Race]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name=usls/> By the 1920s, high-intensity lamp technology had rendered lenses of this size obsolete.

==Lighthouses==
{{Geogroup|section=Lighthouses}}
Hyperradiant optics were installed in thirty-one lighthouses around the world. A large proportion were destined for lights around Great Britain and Ireland, with another four used at sites around Sri Lanka. Despite the improvements in lighting technology, a number are still in use. Others are in museums, either on display or in storage. The remainder have been broken up or lost.<ref name=usls/><ref name=bness>{{cite web|title=Bullseye lens part from Buchan Ness Lighthouse |url=https://www.goindustrial.co.uk/collections/collection/bullseye-lens-part-from-buchan-ness-lighthouse|publisher=goindustrial.co.uk|accessdate=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=flannan>{{cite web|title= Part of a prism from Flannan Isle|url=https://www.goindustrial.co.uk/collections/lighthouses-museum/collection/prism-flannan-isle|publisher=goindustrial.co.uk|accessdate=12 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! class="unsortable" align="center" width="120px"|Image
! Location Coordinates
! Country
! Company
! data-sort-type="number"|Date
! Notes
|-----
|-
| [[Barberyn Lighthouse|Barberyn]]
| [[File:Островной маяк Бентоты - panoramio.jpg|120px]] || Barberyn {{Coord|6.4635|79.9683|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline|name=Barberyn}} || Sri Lanka || Chance || 1888 || The optic gave a flash of white light every minute.<ref name=gaz>{{cite news|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25975/page/4995/data.pdf|title=Notice to Mariners|newspaper=[[The London Gazette]]|date=17 September 1889|accessdate=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=usls/>
|-
| Bazaruto
| [[File:Bazaruto Lighthouse.jpg|120px]] || [[Bazaruto Island]] {{Coord|-21.5327|35.4861|type:landmark_region:MZ|display=inline|name=Bazaruto}} || Mozambique || Barbier et al. || 1913 || Still in situ, but badly damaged.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| Beiyushan
| [[File:HRDB-023 Tower Pei-Yu-Shan BBT.jpg|120px]] || [[Yushan Island]]s {{Coord|28.8842|122.2605|type:landmark_region:CN|display=inline|name=Beiyushan}} || China || Barbier et al. || 1895 || Made up of four panels, "each lens panel has two partial bull's-eyes giving a double group-flashing characteristic". It is not in the lantern room anymore, the fate of the optic is not known.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Bell Rock Lighthouse|Bell Rock]]
| [[File:Bell Rock Lighthouse showing reef (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Inchcape]] {{Coord|56.4342|-2.3873|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Bell Rock}} || United Kingdom || Henry Lepaute || 1902 || Lens removed in 1964. Made up of two panels, one panel is in the [[Signal Tower Museum]], Arbroath. The location of the other panel is unknown.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Berlenga Lighthouse|Berlenga]]
| [[File:Farol da Berlenga 01.jpg|120px]] || [[Berlengas]] {{Coord|39.4133|-9.5083|type:landmark_region:PT|display=inline|name=Berlenga}} || Portugal || Barbier et al. || 1897 || Made up of three panels, it was taken out of the tower in 1985. Two of the panels went to the Lighthouse Directorate Museum in [[Lisbon]], one is on display, the other stored but damaged. The third was taken to the museum in the [[Santa Marta Lighthouse]], [[Cascais]].<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Bishop Rock Lighthouse|Bishop Rock]]
| [[File:National Maritime Museum Cornwall (8826).jpg|120px]] || [[Isle of Scilly]] {{Coord|49.8729|-6.4457|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Bishops Rock}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1887 || Following automation in 1992 the bi-form lens was split, the lower tier remains in use, the upper tier is on display in the [[National Maritime Museum Cornwall]].<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Buchan Ness Lighthouse|Buchan Ness]]
| [[File:Buchan Ness Lighthouse 03.jpg|120px]] || [[Boddam, Aberdeenshire]] {{Coord|57.4704|-1.7745|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Buchan Ness}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1910 || A combined first order and hyper-radial optic, taken out in 1978 and stored at the [[Museum of Scottish Lighthouses]].<ref name=usls/><ref name=bness/>
|-
| [[Bull Rock Lighthouse|Bull Rock]]
| [[File:Bull Rock Lighthouse.jpg|120px]] || [[Dursey Island]] {{Coord|51.5920|-10.3010|type:landmark_region:IE|display=inline|name=Bull Rock}} || Ireland || Barbier et al. || 1888 || Bi-form lens was removed in 1991 by the [[Commissioners of Irish Lights]].<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente|Cabo de São Vicente]]
| [[File:Portugal M Suessen-2324.jpg|120px]] || [[Cape St. Vincent]] {{Coord|37.0231|-8.9961|type:landmark_region:PT|display=inline|name=Cape St. Vincent}} || Portugal || Barbier et al. || 1906 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Cap d'Antifer Lighthouse|Cap d'Antifer]]
| [[File:HRDB-010 Lens Cap d'Antifer BBT 1889.jpg|120px]] || [[La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer]] {{Coord|49.6835| 0.1654|type:landmark_region:FR|display=inline|name=Cap d'Antifer}} || France || Barbier et al. || 1894 || Made up of six bullseye panels. It was lost when German soldiers demolished the entire lighthouse at the end of [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Occupation of France]] in August 1944.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Cape Race Lighthouse|Cape Race]]
| [[File:Cape Race Light.jpg|120px]] || [[Cape Race]] {{Coord|46.6587|-53.0738|type:landmark_region:CA|display=inline|name=Cape Race}} || Canada || Chance || 1907 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Dondra Head Lighthouse|Dondra Head]]
| [[File:Dondra Head Lighthouse - ATennakoon.jpg|120px]] || [[Dondra Head]] {{Coord|5.9213|80.5941|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline|name=Dondra Head }} || Sri Lanka || Chance || 1888 || The optic gave a flash of white light every twenty seconds.<ref name=gaz/><ref name=usls/>
|-
| Fair Isle North
| [[File:Fair Isle North lighthouse (geograph 3079981).jpg|120px]] || [[Fair Isle]] {{Coord|59.5521|-1.6098|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Fair Isle North}} || United Kingdom || Barbier et al. || 1892 || Made up four panels, it was taken from the lighthouse in 1980, but its location is not known.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Flannan Isles Lighthouse|Flannan Isles]]
| [[File:Flannan Isles- close-up of the lighthouse (geograph 3201960).jpg|120px]] || [[Flannan Isle]] {{Coord|58.2881|-7.5879|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Flannan Isle}} || United Kingdom || Henry Lepaute || 1899 || Made up of two panels, in a clamshell configuration. Broken up in 1971, a fragment of one of the prisms is on display in the [[Museum of Scottish Lighthouses]].<ref name=flannan/><ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Great Basses Reef Lighthouse|Great Basses Reef]]
| [[File:Greatbasses1.jpg|120px]] || [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] {{Coord|6.1821|81.4830|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline|name=Great Basses}} || Sri Lanka || Chance || 1888 || Broken up in the 1960s.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Hyskeir Lighthouse|Hyskeir]]
| [[File:Oigh Sgier - geograph.org.uk - 119673.jpg|120px]] || [[Hyskeir]] {{Coord|56.9694|-6.6804|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Hyskeir}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1904 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Kinnaird Head Lighthouse|Kinnaird Head]]
| [[File:Kinnaird Head Castle Lighthouse 20110520 light.jpg|120px]] || [[Kinnaird Head]] {{Coord|57.6977|-2.0039|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Kinnaird Head}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1902 || Still in situ in the original tower which is part of the [[Museum of Scottish Lighthouses]], which has been superseded by a modern lighthouse.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Little Basses Reef Lighthouse|Little Basses Reef]]
| [[File:Little Basses Reef Im1876ev22-p355.jpg|120px]] || [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] {{Coord|6.4073|81.7302|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline|name=Little Basses}} || Sri Lanka || Chance || 1888 || Broken up in the 1960s.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Makapuu Point Light|Makapuu Point]]
| [[File:Makapuu-Lighthouse-Oahu-Hawaii.jpg|120px]] || [[Oahu]] {{Coord|21.3099|-157.6497|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline|name=Makapuu Point}} || United States || Barbier et al. || 1887 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Manora Point Lighthouse|Manora Point]]
| [[File:Hyperradial Lens.jpg|120px]] || [[Manora, Karachi|Manora]] {{Coord|24.7939|66.9775|type:landmark_region:PK|display=inline|name=Manora Point}} || Pakistan || Chance || 1908 || Made up of four bullseye panels, it is still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Mew Island Lighthouse|Mew Island]]
| [[File:The Great Light (night view), Titanic Quarter, Belfast (November 2018) (Geograph 5966944 by Albert Bridge).jpg|120px]] || [[Copeland Islands]] {{Coord|54.6986|-5.5136|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Mew Island}} || United Kingdom || Barbier et al. || 1928 || The original 1887 Tory Island tri-form lens was re-engineered to create a bi-form lens. Taken out in 2014, it was renovated and has been relocated to the [[Titanic Quarter]] in [[Belfast]] as a tourist attraction known as the Great Light.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| Nólsoy
| [[File:Nólsoy Lighthouse (1204455017).jpg|120px]] || [[Nólsoy]] {{Coord|61.9573|-6.6146|type:landmark_region:NO|display=inline|name=Nólsoy}} || Faroe Islands || Barbier et al. || 1893 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Orfordness Lighthouse|Orfordness]]
| [[File:Orford Ness Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 1457108.jpg|120px]] || [[Orford Ness]] {{Coord|52.0839| 1.5742|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Orfordness}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1909 || Two secondary sector light panels, removed in 2014, as the tower is endangered by coastal erosion.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Pakri Lighthouse|Pakri]]
| [[File:9496 Pakri tuletorn.jpg|120px]] || [[Pakri Peninsula]] {{Coord|59.3874|24.0377|type:landmark_region:EE|display=inline|name=Pakri}} || Estonia || Barbier et al. || 1889 || The lighthouse was badly damaged and the lens was lost in 1941 during World War II.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Pladda Lighthouse|Pladda]]
| [[File:Taighsolaisairpladaigh.jpg|120px]] || [[Pladda]] {{Coord|55.4251|-5.1184|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Pladda}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1901 || Made up of three bullseye panels, it was taken out of the tower, but its location is unknown. Reportedly moved to the Arran Heritage Museum.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Round Island Light, Isles of Scilly|Round Island]]
| [[File:Round Island Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 932637.jpg|120px]] || [[Isles of Scilly]] {{Coord|49.9790|-6.3231|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Round Island}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1888 || Bi-form, each tier made up of six panels. Removed in 1966, location not known.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Rua Reidh Lighthouse|Rua Reidh]]
| [[File:Gairloch - 1991 (geograph 3807617).jpg|120px]] || [[Wester Ross]] {{Coord|57.8588|-5.8117|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Rua Reidh}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1909 || Made up of six panels. Removed in 1985, on display at [[Gairloch Heritage Museum]].<ref name=usls/>
|-
| Santa Marta
| [[File:FAROL DE SANTA MARTA. LAGUNA-SC, BRASIL.JPG|120px]] || [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]] {{Coord|-28.6033|-48.8133|type:landmark_region:BR|display=inline|name=Santa Marta}} || Brazil || Barbier et al. || 1891 || Still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|-
| [[Spurn#Lighthouses|Spurn Point]]
| [[File:Lighthouse at Spurn Head.jpg|120px]] || [[Spurn]] {{Coord|53.5789| 0.1183|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Spurn Point}} || United Kingdom || Chance || 1895 || Location not known.<ref name=usls/> Made up of six lens panels it was removed in 1957 when the lighthouse was automated.
|-
| [[Sule Skerry#Lighthouse|Sule Skerry]]
| [[File:The lighthouse on Sule Skerry (geograph 6164846).jpg|120px]] || [[Sule Skerry]] {{Coord|59.0847|-4.4073|type:landmark_region:UK|display=inline|name=Sule Skerry}} || United Kingdom || Barbier et al. || 1895 || Removed in 1977 and stored at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].<ref name=usls/>
|-
| Tory Island
| [[File:Lighthouse, Tory Island (geograph 2493032).jpg|120px]] || [[Tory Island]] {{Coord|55.2730|-8.2490|type:landmark_region:IE|display=inline|name=Tory Island }} || Ireland || Chance || 1887 || Original 1887 tri-form was re-engineered by dividing up the bullseye panels, and creating a new bi-form optic for use at Mew Island in 1928. The second set of panels were used to create a second bi-form optic that is still in situ and in use.<ref name=usls/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hyperradiant fresnel lenses|Hyperradiant Fresnel lenses}}

* [https://wikimap.toolforge.org/?page=Hyperradiant_Fresnel_lens&lang=en Wikimap showing lighthouse locations]
* [http://starbulletin.com/96/05/20/news/story1.html Makapuu Point] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304171016/http://starbulletin.com/96/05/20/news/story1.html |date=2007-03-04 }}

[[Category:Lenses]]
[[Category:History of physics]]
[[Category:Lighthouse fixtures]]

Hyperradiant Fresnel lens - Revision history

imported>Blainster: /* top */add short description