https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ingrian_WarIngrian War - Revision history2026-06-25T16:17:22ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.44.2https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Ingrian_War&diff=480370&oldid=previmported>LocalF15 at 18:03, 3 November 20252025-11-03T18:03:55Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Conflict between Sweden and Russia (1610–17)}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Ingrian War<br />
| partof = the [[Time of Troubles]]<br />
| image = Slaget vid Novgorod 1611 (Johan Hammer) - Nationalmuseum - 35876.tif<br />
| image_size = 300<br />
| caption = Depiction of the Battle of Novgorod<br />
| date = 1610–1617<br />
| place = [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| result = Swedish victory<br>(See {{slink|#Result}})<br />
| territory = * Sweden gains the province of [[Kexholm]] in [[Karelia]] and the province of [[Ingria]] — including the [[Shlisselburg Fortress|fortress of Nöteborg]] (now [[Shlisselburg]], [[Russia]]).<br />
* Russia renounces all claims to [[Estonia]] and [[Livonia]]<br />
| combatant1 = {{flag|Tsardom of Russia|1552}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Swedish Empire}} [[Swedish Empire]]<br />
| commander1 = Unknown<br />
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] <br/> {{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Jacob De la Gardie]] <br /> {{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Evert Horn]]{{KIA}}<br />
| strength1 = <br />
| strength2 = <br />
| casualties1 = <br />
| casualties2 = <br />
}}<br />
{{Russo-Swedish War Series}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Ingrian War}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ingrian War''' ({{langx|sv|Ingermanländska kriget}}) was a conflict fought between the [[Swedish Empire]] and the [[Tsardom of Russia]] which lasted between 1610 and 1617. It can be seen as part of Russia's [[Time of Troubles]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Russia|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor|isbn=9780521812276|location=Cambridge|oclc=77011698}}{{page?|date=February 2022}}</ref> and is mainly remembered for the attempt to put a Swedish duke on the Russian throne. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including [[Ingria]]) in the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]], which laid an important foundation to Sweden's [[History of Sweden (1611–1648)|Age of Greatness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historiesajten.se/krigsinfo.asp?id=10 |title=Ingermanländska kriget|publisher = historiesajten.se |author= Nina Ringbom<br />
|access-date=November 1, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prelude ==<br />
During Russia's [[Time of Troubles]], [[Vasily IV of Russia]] was besieged in [[Moscow]] by the supporters of the [[False Dmitry II]]. Driven to despair by the [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)#Background|Polish intervention]], he entered into an alliance with [[Charles IX of Sweden]], who was also waging war against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]. According to the [[Vyborg Treatise]] of 1609, the tsar promised to cede [[Korela Fortress]] to Sweden in recompense for military support against [[False Dmitry II]] and the Poles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ruski carevi|last=Željko.|first=Fajfrić|date=2008|publisher=Tabernakl|isbn=9788685269172|edition=1. izd|location=Sremska Mitrovica|oclc=620935678}}</ref>{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|pages=28–30}} Russia also renounced all territorial claims on the coast of the [[Baltic Sea]] coast.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|pages=28–30}} The Swedish commander [[Jacob De la Gardie]] joined his forces with the Russian commander [[Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky]] and marched from Novgorod towards [[Moscow]] in order to relieve the tsar.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|page=30}} In May, the [[De la Gardie campaign]] began, where the Swedish corps fought as part of the army of Skopin-Shuisky, who managed to clear a significant part of Russia from the interventionists.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|page=30}}<br />
<br />
Sweden's involvement in Russian affairs gave King [[Sigismund III Vasa]] of Poland a pretext to declare war on Russia. After the sudden death of Skopin-Shuisky, De la Gardie's troops were united with Shuisky's army, and the Poles defeated the combined Russo-Swedish force at the [[Battle of Klushino]] on {{OldStyleDate|4 July|1610|24 June}}.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|pages=30–31}} The Swedish mercenaries taking part in the De la Gardie Campaign surrendered and De la Gardie concluded an agreement with Polish hetman [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]].{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|page=31}} The battle had serious consequences for Russia, as the tsar was deposed by the [[Seven Boyars]] and the Poles occupied the [[Moscow Kremlin]], after which the Russian state began to fall into its constituent parts.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|page=31}} De la Gardie then sought to take control of the Russian north-west in order to prevent the Poles from extending their power and therefore threaten Sweden with an offensive on its Baltic territories.{{sfn|Löfstrand|2005|page=31}}<br />
<br />
== War ==<br />
<br />
In July 1611, a Swedish expeditionary corps under [[Jacob De la Gardie]] [[Capture of Novgorod (1611)|captured]] [[Novgorod]]. He compelled the Novgorodians to acknowledge the Swedish king as their patron and forced them to choose one of his sons, [[Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland|Carl Filip]] or [[Gustavus II Adolphus|Gustavus Adolphus]], to be installed as their monarch.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Gustavus Adolphus ascended to the Swedish throne. The young king decided to pursue his brother's claim to the Russian throne, even after the Poles had been expelled from Moscow by a [[Battle of Moscow (1612)|patriotic uprising in 1612]], which resulted in [[Mikhail Romanov]] being elected as the new tsar.<ref name=":1" /> He became the first tsar of the [[House of Romanov]].<br />
<br />
While Swedish statesmen envisioned the creation of a Trans-Baltic dominion extending northward to [[Arkhangelsk]] and eastward to [[Vologda]], De la Gardie and other Swedish soldiers, still holding Novgorod and [[Ingria]], viewed the war as a response to their forces not receiving payment for their support during the [[De la Gardie Campaign]].<br />
<br />
In 1613, Swedish troops advanced towards [[Siege of Tikhvin|Tikhvin]] and laid siege to the city but were ultimately repelled. The Russian counteroffensive failed to reclaim Novgorod; however, the [[Michael of Russia|Russian tsar]] refused to commit his troops to battle, and the war dragged on until 1614 when the Swedes [[Siege of Gdov|captured Gdov]]. The Swedes transferred about 5,000 soldiers who had participated in the Swedish-Danish war, which concluded with the peace in Knäred that same year. In 1614, an additional 7,000 soldiers were also shipped over.<br />
<br />
The following year, Gustavus Adolphus laid siege to [[Siege of Pskov (1615)|Pskov]], but Russian Generals Morozov and Buturlin successfully defended the city. Sweden and Russia began negotiations on {{OldStyleDate|9 March|1617|27 February}}, which ultimately resulted in the end of the war with the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Velikai︠a︡ russkai︠a︡ smuta : prichiny vozniknovenii︠a︡ i vykhod iz gosudarstvennogo krizisa v XVI–XVII vv.|date=2007|publisher=Dar|others=Strizhova, I. M., Стрижова, И. М.|isbn=9785485001230|location=Moskva|oclc=230750976}}</ref><br />
<ref>The book: "Den svenska historien del 5, Sverige blir en stormakt"</ref><br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
{{main|Treaty of Stolbovo}}<br />
[[File:1617, May 1. Gustav Adolf's ratification of Russia-Sweden peace (RGADA).jpg|thumb|Treaty of Stolbovo at the 2013 exhibition "Romanovs. The beginning of the dynasty"]]<br />
In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovo was concluded between Russia and Sweden in which the Swedes acquired significant territories in Ingria, with the townships of [[Ivangorod]], [[Kingisepp|Jama]], [[Koporye]], and [[Shlisselburg|Nöteborg]], as well as [[Priozersk|Kexholm]] in [[Karelia]], but restored Novgorod and Gdov which they had occupied since 1611 and 1614, respectively. As a result, Russia was denied access to the [[Baltic Sea]] for about a century, despite its persistent efforts to reverse the situation. This led to the increased importance of [[Arkhangelsk]] for its trading connections with [[Western Europe]]. Russia also renounced all claims to Estonia and Livonia and were obligated to pay 20,000 rubles in war reparations, while Sweden recognised Michael Romanov as the rightful Russian tsar.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Sundberg|2002|pp=232–234}}<br />
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A majority of sources assess the war as a victory for the Swedes,{{Refn|{{Sfn|Roberts|1968|p=134}}{{Sfn|Wolke|2003|p=47}}{{Sfn|Sundberg|2010|p=328}}{{Sfn|Isacson|2006|p=392}}{{Sfn|Nordin|2020}}}} with some specifying it as a Swedish military victory.{{Sfn|Granqvist|Talvitie|2021|p=296}}{{Sfn|Scott|2015|p=324}} The treaty was considered humiliating in the Soviet era, but more recent Russian historiography views it differently; since the treaty allowed the Russians to concentrate their forces against Poland in the concurrent war, the loss of the Baltic coast was seen as less concerning at the time.{{sfn|Rabinovich|2008|p=35}} Russian historian German Zamyatin claims that, while the treaty was difficult for Russia, Sweden had suffered a diplomatic defeat in its failure to secure Novgorod and Gdov,{{sfn|Zamyatin|2016|pp=20, 22–24}} while other sources express a similar point of view.{{sfn|Kurbatov|2014|p=188}} Gennady Kovalenko considers the agreement a mutually beneficial compromise.{{sfn|Kovalenko|2017|p=172}} The Russian tsar and the Swedish king were both pleased with the peace treaty, with parades being held in Moscow as part of its conclusion.{{sfn|Selin|2019|p=109}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{efron|Русско-шведские войны}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Löfstrand |first1=Elisabeth |title=Accounts of an occupied city: catalogue of the Novgorod Occupation Archives 1611-1617. Series 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Riksarkivet |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-88366-67-7}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{See also|Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)|Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)}}<br />
* Göransson, Göte (1994) ''Gustav II Adolf och hans folk''. Höganäs: Bra böcker {{ISBN|91-7119-128-3}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Essen |first=Michael Fredholm von |title=Sweden's War in Muscovy, 1609-1617: The Relief of Moscow and Conquest of Novgorod |publisher=Helion & Company |year=2024 |isbn=9781804510087 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kovalenko |first=Gennady |lang=ru |script-title=ru:Столбовский мир: Поражение или успех Российской дипломатии |trans-title=Treaty of Stolbovo: Defeat or Success of Russian Diplomacy |date=2017 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stolbovskiy-mir-porazhenie-ili-uspeh-rossiyskoy-diplomatii/viewer }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Selin |first=Adrian |lang=ru |script-title=ru:Столбовский мир 1617 года |trans-title=Treaty of Stolbovo 1617 |date=2019 |isbn=978-5-86789-483-2 |place=Saint-Petersburg |publisher=Блиц }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zamyatin |first=German |lang=ru |script-title=ru:Условия заключения Столбовского договора между Россией и Швецией |trans-title=Conditions for the conclusion of the Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden |date=2016 |place=Novgorod |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/usloviya-zaklyucheniya-stolbovskogo-mirnogo-dogovora-mezhdu-rossiey-i-shvetsiey-9-marta-1617-goda/viewer }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rabinovich |first=Yakov |lang=ru |script-title=ru:Столбовский мир: Победа или Поражение |trans-title=Treaty of Stolbovo: victory or defeat |date=2008 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stolbovskiy-mir-pobeda-ili-porazhenie/viewer }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Michael |title=Sweden as a Great Power, 1611-1697 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=1968 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last1=Granqvist |first1=Juha-Matti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRk5EAAAQBAJ&dq=ingrian+war+%22victory%22&pg=PA296 |title=Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland |last2=Talvitie |first2=Petri |publisher=[[Helsinki University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=9789523690394 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Wolke |first=Lars Ericson |title=Svensk militärmakt: strategi och operationer i svensk militärhistoria under 1 500 år |publisher=[[Swedish Defence University]] |year=2003 |isbn=9189683498 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish military power: strategy and operations in Swedish military history during 1,500 years}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Ulf |title=Svenska krig 1521-1814 |publisher=Hjalmarson & Högberg |year=1998 |isbn=9789189660106 |pages=213 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish wars 1521-1814}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Ulf |title=Svenska freder och stillestånd 1249–1814 |publisher=Hjalmarson & Högberg |year=2002 |isbn=9789189080980 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish peaces and truces 1249–1814}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Ulf |title=Sveriges krig 1448-1630 |publisher=Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek |year=2010 |isbn=9789185789627 |pages=310–311 |language=sv |trans-title=Sweden's wars 1448-1630}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Isacson |first=Claes-Göran |title=Vägen till stormakt : Vasaättens krig |publisher=Norstedts |year=2006 |isbn=9789113015026 |language=sv |trans-title=The road to great power: The wars of the Vasa dynasty}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Nordin |first=Jonas Monié |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWbnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ingrian+War+defeat&pg=PT17 |title=The Scandinavian Early Modern World: A Global Historical Archaeology |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2020 |isbn=9781000062595 |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Hamish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb4DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780191020001 |series=Oxford Handbooks |access-date=2024-12-15}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kurbatov |first=Oleg |lang=ru |script-title=ru:Военная история Русской смуты |trans-title=The military history of the Russian Troubles |date=2014 |place=Moscow |publisher=Квадрига |isbn=978-5-91791-146-5 }}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1610s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:Ingria]]<br />
[[Category:Invasions of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:1610s in Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:1610s in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:1610 in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:1610 in Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:Russia–Sweden military relations]]<br />
[[Category:Time of Troubles]]</div>imported>LocalF15