imported>AnomieBOT: Substing templates: {{Format ISBN}}. See User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster for info.

2025-10-03T07:30:10Z

Substing templates: {{Format ISBN}}. See User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster for info.

New page

{{Short description|Order of ray-finned fish}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Maastrichtian|present}}
| image = Fawn cusk-eel.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = [[Fawn cusk-eel]], ''Lepophidium profundorum''
| taxon = Ophidiiformes
| authority = [[Lev Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1937
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = See text
| type_species = ''[[Ophidion barbatum]]''
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus 1758
}}

'''Ophidiiformes''' {{IPAc-en|ɒ|'|f|ɪ|d|i|.|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] that includes the [[cusk-eel]]s (family [[Ophidiidae]]), [[pearlfish]]es (family [[Carapidae]]), [[viviparous brotula]]s (family [[Bythitidae]]), and others. Members of this order have small heads and long slender bodies. They have either smooth scales or no scales, a long dorsal fin and an anal fin that typically runs into the caudal fin. They mostly come from the tropics and subtropics, and live in both freshwater and marine habitats, including abyssal depths. They have adopted a range of feeding methods and lifestyles, including [[parasitism]]. The majority are [[Oviparity|egg-laying]], but some are [[Viviparity|viviparous]].

The earliest fossil members are known from the [[Maastrichtian]], and include the basal ophidiiform ''[[Pastorius (fish)|Pastorius]]'' from [[Italy]] and several species of the basal cusk-eel ''[[Ampheristus]]'' from the United States and Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=Giorgio |last2=Johnson |first2=G. David |date=2015 |title=A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes |url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-103/issue-4/CI-15-236/A-Cretaceous-Cusk-Eel-Teleostei-Ophidiiformes-from-Italy-and-the/10.1643/CI-15-236.full |journal=Copeia |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=771–791 |doi=10.1643/CI-15-236 |issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Distribution==
This order includes a variety of deep-sea species, including the deepest known, ''[[Abyssobrotula galatheae]]'', found at {{convert|8370|m|ft}} in the [[Puerto Rico Trench]]. Many other species, however, live in shallow water, especially near coral reefs, while a few inhabit freshwater. Most species live in tropical or subtropical habitats, but some species are known from as far north as the coast of Greenland, and as far south as the [[Weddell Sea]].<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2= Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Nielsen, Jørgen G.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 133–134|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Ophidiiform fish typically have slender bodies with small heads, and either smooth scales, or none at all. They have long [[dorsal fin]]s, and an [[anal fin]] that is typically united with the [[caudal fin]]. The group includes [[pelagic]], [[benthic]], and even [[parasitic]] species, although all have a similar body form. Some species are [[viviparous]], giving birth to live young, rather than laying eggs. They range in size from ''[[Grammanoides opisthodon]]'' which measures just {{convert|5|cm|in}} in length, to ''[[Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi]]'' at {{convert|2|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=EoF/>

The families [[Ranicipitidae]] ([[tadpole cod]]s) and [[Euclichthyidae]] ([[eucla cod]]s) were formerly classified in this order, but are now preferred in [[Gadiformes]]; Ranicipitidae has been absorbed within the family [[Gadidae]].

==Classification==
The order Ophidiiformes is subdivided into suborders and families as follows:<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Fricke |first=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Man-Kwan |last2=Chen |first2=Wei-Jen |date=2024-10-01 |title=Exploring the phylogeny and depth evolution of cusk eels and their relatives (Ophidiiformes: Ophidioidei) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790324001568 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=199 |article-number=108164 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108164 |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* Order '''Ophidiiformes'''
** Genus †''[[Pastorius (fish)|Pastorius]]<ref name=":3" />'' (Late Cretaceous of Italy)
** Suborder [[Ophidioidei]]
*** Family [[Acanthonidae]] Wong & Chen, 2024 (deepsea cusk-eels)
*** Family [[Brotulidae]] [[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1838 (bearded cusk-eels)
*** Family [[Ophidiidae]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810 (cusk-eels)
*** Family [[Carapidae]] [[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1867 (pearlfishes)
**Suborder [[Bythitoidei]]
*** Family [[Bythitidae]] [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1861 — viviparous brotulas
*** Family [[Parabrotulidae]] Nielsen, 1968 — false brotulas

Until recent taxonomic revisions, the suborder Ophidioidei was a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] grouping.<ref name=":0" /> However, the Bythitoidei are [[vivipary|viviparous]] and seem to make up a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[Taxonomy (biology)#Modern system of classification|group]],<ref name = FAO>{{cite book | author1 = Jørgen G. Nielsen | author2 = Daniel M. Cohen | author3 = Douglas F. Markle | author4 = C. Richard Robins | name-list-style = amp | year = 1999 | title = FAO Species Catalogue Volume 18 Ophidiiform Fishes of the World (Order Ophidiiformes) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome | isbn = 92-5-104375-2 | page = 3}}</ref> while the Ophidioidei are [[ovipary|oviparous]].<ref name = NOAA>{{cite book | author1 = Daniel M. Cohen | author2 = Jørgen G. Nielsen | name-list-style = amp | year = 1978 | title = NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 417 Guide to the Identification of Genera of the Fish Order Ophidiiformes With a Tentative Classification of the Order | url = https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/Circulars/CIRC417.pdf | access-date = 30 June 2018 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]/[[National Marine Fisheries Service]] | page = 6}}</ref>

== Timeline of genera ==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-65.5 till:15
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify

Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:black value:black
id:white value:white
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData=
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24
bar:NAM25
bar:NAM26
bar:NAM27

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)

bar:periodtop
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]

bar:eratop
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:paleocene bar:NAM1 from: -65.5 till: -61.7 text: [[Eolamprogrammus]]
color:paleocene bar:NAM2 from: -65.5 till: -33.9 text: [[Ampheristus]]
color:eocene bar:NAM3 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Ophidion]]
color:eocene bar:NAM4 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Onuxodon]]
color:eocene bar:NAM5 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Oligopus]]
color:eocene bar:NAM6 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Ogilbia]]
color:eocene bar:NAM7 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Glyptophidium]]
color:eocene bar:NAM8 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Brotula (genus)|Brotula]]
color:eocene bar:NAM9 from: -48.6 till: -15.97 text: [[Nolfophidion]]
color:eocene bar:NAM10 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Neobythites]]
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Monomitopus]]
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Hoplobrotula]]
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Dannevigia]]
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Carapus]]
color:eocene bar:NAM15 from: -48.6 till: 0 text: [[Benthocomectes]]
color:eocene bar:NAM16 from: -37.2 till: 0 text: [[Saccogaster]]
color:eocene bar:NAM17 from: -37.2 till: 0 text: [[Dipulus]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM18 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: [[Protobrotula]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM19 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: [[Propteridium]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM20 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: [[Genypterus]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM21 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: [[Diplacanthopoma]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM22 from: -28.4 till: 0 text: [[Sirembo]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM23 from: -28.4 till: 0 text: [[Echiodon]]
color:miocene bar:NAM24 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: [[Lepophidium]]
color:miocene bar:NAM25 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: [[Dermatopsis]]
color:miocene bar:NAM26 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: [[Bassozetus]]
color:pliocene bar:NAM27 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: [[Chilara]]

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]

bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

</timeline>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{FishBase_order|order=Ophidiiformes|year=2006|month=February}}
* {{ITIS |id=553139 |taxon=Ophidiiformes |access-date=June 23, 2005}}
* {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-17 }}

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q574457}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ophidiiformes| ]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lev Berg]]

Ophidiiformes - Revision history

imported>AnomieBOT: Substing templates: {{Format ISBN}}. See User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster for info.