https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=PhronimaPhronima - Revision history2026-08-02T21:18:33ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.44.2https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Phronima&diff=520270&oldid=previmported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.2025-05-24T20:28:15Z<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OABOT" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:OABOT">Open access bot</a>: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Genus of crustaceans}}<br />
{{Automatic Taxobox<br />
| image = Phronima sedentaria (YPM IZ 075000).jpeg<br />
| image2 = Phronima sedentaria 3685226.jpg<br />
| image2_caption = Specimens of ''[[Phronima sedentaria]]''<br />
| taxon = Phronima<br />
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802<br />
| type_species = ''[[Phronima sedentaria|Cancer sedentarius]]''<br />
| type_species_authority = Forsskål, 1775<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Phronima sedentaria offspring.jpg|thumb|Photnima Sedentaria Offspring]]<br />
'''''Phronima''''' is a genus of small, [[deep sea]] [[Hyperiidea|hyperiid]] [[amphipod]]s of the family [[Phronimidae]]. It is found throughout the world's oceans, except in [[polar region]]s.<ref name="Lowry">{{cite book |author=James K. Lowry |year=2003 |title=Peracarida : Amphipoda, Cumacea, Mysidacea |series=Volume 2, Part 2 of Crustacea: Malacostraca in Zoological catalogue of Australia |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-643-06902-2 |chapter=Phronimidae |pages=339–344 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5LTA9bAHqYC&pg=PA341}}</ref> ''Phronima'' species live in the [[pelagic zone]] of the deep ocean. Their bodies are semitransparent. Although commonly known as parasites, they are more technically correctly called [[parasitoids]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/43076-meet-phronima-the-barrel-riding-parasite-that-inspired-the-movie-alien.html |title=Meet Phronima, The Barrel-Riding Parasite That Inspired The Movie Alien |work=Live Science |author=Katie O'Dwyer |date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> Instead of constantly feeding on a live host, females attack [[salp]]s, using their mouths and claws to eat the animal and hollow out its gelatinous shell.<ref name="Benningfield">{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceandthesea.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=154&Itemid=10 |title=''Phronima'' |author=Damond Benningfield |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=October 11, 2010 |work=Science and the Sea |publisher=[[University of Texas System|University of Texas]] Marine Science Institute}}</ref> ''Phronima'' females then enter the barrel and lay their eggs inside, then propel the barrel through the water as the larvae develop, providing them with fresh food and water.<ref name="Benningfield"/><br />
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It is sometimes thought to be an inspiration for the fictional [[Xenomorph|xenomorphs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Tommy |date=2014-01-20 |title=Parasite of the Day: Phronima sp. |url=https://dailyparasite.blogspot.com/2014/01/phronima-sp.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Parasite of the Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsen |first=Sönke |date=2000 |title=Transparent Animals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26058604 |journal=Scientific American |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0200-80 |jstor=26058604 |pmid=10710790 |bibcode=2000SciAm.282b..80J |issn=0036-8733|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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''Phronima'' species possess unique compound eyes adapted to detect blue-green wavelengths of light, which are prominent in the bioluminescent flashes of potential prey and predators. These specialized visual adaptations aid Phronima in navigating the dim mid-ocean environment, where bioluminescence serves as an important ecological signal.{{cn|date=December 2024}}<br />
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==Classification==<br />
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The genus ''Phronima'' contains these 10 species:<ref>{{WoRMS |title=''Phronima'' Latreille, 1802 |db=Amphipoda |id=101804 |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><br />
*''[[Phronima atlantica]]'' {{small|Guérin-Méneville, 1836}}<br />
*''[[Phronima bowmani]]'' {{small|Shih, 1991}}<br />
*''[[Phronima bucephala]]'' {{small|Giles, 1888}}<br />
*''[[Phronima colletti]]'' {{small|Bovallius, 1887}}<br />
*''[[Phronima curvipes]]'' {{small|Vosseler, 1901}}<br />
*''[[Phronima dunbari]]'' {{small|Shih, 1991}}<br />
*''[[Phronima pacifica]]'' {{small|Streets, 1877}}<br />
*''[[Phronima sedentaria]]'' {{small|(Forskål, 1775)}} ([[type species]])<ref name="Lowry"/><br />
*''[[Phronima solitaria]]'' {{small|Guérin-Méneville, 1844}}<br />
*''[[Phronima stebbingi]]'' {{small|Vosseler, 1901}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
7. Osborn, K.J., Baldwin Fergus, J. (2020). Hyperiid Amphipod Adaptations to Mid-Ocean Environments. Smithsonian Ocean. National Museum of Natural History.<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=phronima&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=oZmaVY_hD4OssAGzm4KgBw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1920&bih=1008 Google search for images of Phronima]<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1761575}}<br />
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[[Category:Hyperiidea]]<br />
[[Category:Amphipod genera]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]<br />
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{{amphipod-stub}}</div>imported>OAbot