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{{Infobox French commune<br />
|name = Pont-à-Mousson<br />
|commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]]<br />
|image = Moselle Pont-a-Mousson.jpg<br />
|caption = The Moselle and the Premonstratensian abbey in Pont-à-Mousson.<br />
|image coat of arms = Blason Pont-à-Mousson 54.svg<br />
|arrondissement = Nancy<br />
|canton = Pont-à-Mousson<br />
|INSEE = 54431<br />
|postal code = 54700<br />
|mayor = Henry Lemoine<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref><br />
|term = 2020&ndash;2026<br />
|intercommunality = CC Bassin de Pont-à-Mousson<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|48.9053|6.0547|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
|elevation m = 183<br />
|elevation min m = 172<br />
|elevation max m = 382<br />
|area km2 = 21.6<br />
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}<br />
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}<br />
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}<br />
|urban pop = 23824<br />
|urban area km2 = 73.3<br />
|urban pop date = 2018<ref name=compar/><br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.ville-pont-a-mousson.fr/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pont-à-Mousson''' ({{IPA|fr|pɔ̃.t‿a.musɔ̃}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] [[Departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]]. Its inhabitants are known as ''Mussipontains'' in French. It is an industrial town (mainly steel industry), situated on the river [[Moselle]]. Pont-à-Mousson has several historical monuments, including the 18th century [[Premonstratensian]] abbey.<br />
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==Demographics==<br />
In 2018, 14,434 people lived in the town, while its [[urban unit|agglomeration]] had a population of 23,824.<ref name=compar>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-54404+COM-54431 Comparateur de territoire], INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022.</ref><br />
<br />
{{Historical populations| 1793| 6428 | 1800| 6738 | 1806| 7000 | 1821| 7005 | 1831| 7039 | 1836| 7261 | 1841| 7131 | 1846| 7140 | 1851| 7079 | 1856| 7709 | 1861| 8115 | 1872| 8211 | 1876| 10970 | 1881| 11293 | 1886| 11585 | 1891| 11595 | 1896| 12701 | 1901| 12847 | 1906| 13543 | 1911| 14009 | 1921| 8891 | 1926| 11726 | 1931| 12646 | 1936| 11343 | 1946| 10239 | 1954| 11416 | 1962| 12802 | 1968| 13406 | 1975| 14830 | 1982| 14942 | 1990| 14645 | 1999| 14592 | 2007 | 14065 | 2012 | 15053 | 2017 | 14228 | cols=2 | align=none | graph-pos = bottom<br />
| source = EHESS<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|27491|Pont-à-Mousson}}</ref> and [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]]<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-54431#ancre-POP_T1 INSEE: Population en historique depuis 1968]</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Early Modern===<br />
In 1572 [[Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine|Cardinal Charles of Lorraine]] established a [[Jesuit]] university at Pont-à-Mousson. With [[protestantism|the Protestant Revolution]] building in the German-speaking lands, still part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], directly to the east, and the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] vulnerable to pressure from an increasingly assertive [[France|French state]] directly to the west, the Duchy participated in the [[French Wars of Religion|wars of religion]] on the side of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. The [[Council of Trent|Tridentine]] strategy promulgated by the [[Holy See]] involved the creation of a "Roman Catholic backbone" (sometimes termed the [[Lotharingia|Lotharingian axis]] from the territories, including Lorraine, between France and the Habsburg Empire).<br />
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During the seventeenth century the [[University of Lorraine|university of Pont-à-Mousson]] grew rapidly until there were about 2,000 students. There were four faculties covering theology, the arts, law and medicine. Students were drawn from across western and central Europe. Over time a rivalry grew up between students in the St Martin district, located on the right-bank of the river [[Moselle]] and dominated by Jesuits, and the left-bank students based in the St Laurent quarter and considered the rowdier of the two student tribes. Rivalry peaked with the violent "printers' battles" when the rival factions were known respectively as the "Ponti Mussoni" and the "Mussiponti". The "Mussiponti" won, and in the region the inhabitants of the town became known thereafter as "Mussipontains/Mussipontines".<br />
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===18th and 19th centuries===<br />
The [[Duchy of Lorraine]] became French following the death in 1766 of Duke [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], and in 1769 [[Louis XV]] had the Jesuit Academy transferred to Nancy. The only notable educational establishment remaining at Pont-à-Mousson was a military training school.<br />
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The town continued to flourish as a centre of the visual arts, however, rivalling [[Épinal]] to the south in this respect. A [[papier-mâché]] factory also contributed to the cultural development of Pont-à-Mousson.<br />
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It was the regional capital between 1790 and 1795, but underwent extensive destruction in the ensuing wars, and was subject to foreign occupation in 1814 and 1815. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] it experienced severe street fighting.<br />
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====Pont-à-Mousson Company====<br />
The Pont-à-Mousson Company (PAM) was created in 1856 by a group of Lorraine businessmen to operate the [[Marbache]] iron mine and to use the ore to manufacture cast iron.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=Our history |url=https://www.pamline.com/about-pam/our-history |website=www.pamline.com |publisher=Saint-Gobain PAM |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Xavier Rogé was the manager. In 1862 the enterprise was liquidated due to lack of sufficient capital to cover the high investment expenses. Rogé managed to raise capital in the [[Saarland]] and restart the business, selling most of its production to forges in the Ardennes and Champagne.<br />
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In 1866, Rogé visited England and became aware of the new and promising market for cast-iron water pipes. He focused the company on pipe production, and found a ready market when cities began to make large investment in water supply after 1871.{{sfn|Gaston-Breton|2005}} He adopted the English method of casting pipes in vertical rather than horizontal moulds.{{sfn|Vuillemin|2002}} He was succeeded by [[Camille Cavallier]], who transformed the moderately sized cast iron pipe manufacturer into a giant, always concentrating on making pipes. Annual cast iron production rose from 80,000 to 183,000 tons between 1900 and 1913.{{sfn|Gaston-Breton|2005}}<br />
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The company, later known as [[Saint-Gobain#1950.E2.80.931970: Pont-.C3.A0-Mousson merger|Saint-Gobain PAM]] is still producing ductile cast iron pipes and fittings for drinking water, irrigation and sewage applications; its logo still reflects the multi-arched bridge over the river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint-Gobain PAM |url=https://www.pamline.com/ |website=www.pamline.com |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> The plant of Pont-à-Mousson, having its 160th anniversary in 2016, is the largest employer in the city, with an average 1000 employees spread among two plants, a research center and the headquarters of the company.<br />
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===20th century===<br />
Strategically positioned at an important river crossing, Pont-à-Mousson and the surrounding region saw terrible fighting during the twentieth century wars between France and Germany. In the [[World War I]] [[Bois-le-Prêtre fighting|fighting at Bois-le-Prêtre]], [[:fr:Croix des Carmes|Croix des Carmes]], and Grand-Couronné are names that recall savage fighting between French and German soldiers. The town suffered further destruction in 1944, before being liberated by the [[United States Army Central|U.S. Third Army]] under the command of Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton]], supported by an active local [[French Resistance|resistance movement]].<br />
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In 1921 [[Raymond Poincaré|the President]] personally presented the town with the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]], and shortly after this [[Désiré Ferry]], the local deputy, was awarded the [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]]. After [[World War II]], Pont-à-Mousson was again honoured, this time with the [[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]].<br />
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==People==<br />
Pont-à-Mousson was the birthplace of:<br />
* [[Guarinus of Sitten]] (1065–1150), saint and bishop of [[Bishopric of Sion|Sion]]<br />
* [[Margaret of Anjou]] (1430–1482) married to [[Henry VI of England]]<br />
* [[John Barclay (1582-1621)|John Barclay]] (1582&mdash;1621), Scottish [[satirist]] and [[Latin]] [[poet]]<br />
* [[Geraud Duroc]] (1772–1813), French general<br />
* [[Louis Camille Maillard]] (1878–1936), French physician and chemist<br />
* [[Émile Amann]] (1880–1948), French historian of religion<br />
* [[Pierre Lallement]] (1843–1891), inventor of the modern bicycle<ref>{{cite magazine | first = Charles E. | last = Pratt | title = Pierre Lallement and his Bicycle | magazine = [[Outing (magazine)|Outing and the Wheelman]] | volume = 3 | date = October 1883 – March 1884 | location = Boston | publisher = The Wheelman Company | pages = 4–13 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eU9hAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 | access-date = July 18, 2010 }}</ref><br />
* [[Georges Navel]] (1904–1993), French writer, first winner of the [[Prix Sainte-Beuve]] in 1946<br />
* [[Jean Kuntzmann]] (1912–1992), mathematician<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{citation|title=Camille Cavallier|journal=Les Echos|series=Ces innovateurs ou ces aventuriers qui ont transforme l'economie<br />
|last=Gaston-Breton |first=Tristan |date=8 August 2005<br />
|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/08/08/2005/LesEchos/19472-044-ECH_11--camille-cavallier.htm|access-date=2017-08-29}}<br />
*{{citation|language=fr|title=Camille Cavallier|publisher=Fondation des Arts et Métiers|last=Vuillemin|first=Jean|journal=Arts et Métiers Magazine|date=October 2002|url=http://www.fondam.org/Portraits/CamilleCavallier|access-date=2017-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205959/http://www.fondam.org/Portraits/CamilleCavallier|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Pont-à-Mousson}}<br />
* {{official website|http://pont-a-mousson.fr/}}<br />
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{{Meurthe-et-Moselle communes}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pont-A-Mousson}}<br />
[[Category:Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle|Pontamousson]]<br />
[[Category:Duchy of Bar]]</div>imported>Ellipsis22