160.72.81.86: /* History */''Included reference citations for the use of radio to support Cultural diplomacy through the use of soft power"~~~~GCL

2025-09-29T17:35:23Z

History: ''Included reference citations for the use of radio to support Cultural diplomacy through the use of soft power"~~~~GCL

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{{short description|Broadcast programming of a radio format}}
{{distinguish|Radio program}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=April 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
}}

'''Radio programming''' is the process of [[broadcast programming|organising a schedule]] of [[radio format|radio content]] for [[commercial broadcasting]] and [[public broadcasting]] by [[radio station]]s.

==History==
The original inventors of [[radio]], from [[Guglielmo Marconi]]'s time on, expected it to be used for one-on-one [[wireless]] communication tasks where [[telephone]]s and [[telegraph]]s could not be used because of the problems involved in stringing [[copper wire]]s from one point to another, such as in ship-to-shore communications. Those inventors had no expectations whatever that radio would become a major [[mass media]] [[entertainment]] and information medium earning many millions of dollars in revenues annually through [[radio advertising]] commercials or [[sponsorship]]. These latter uses were brought about after 1920 by business entrepreneurs such as [[David Sarnoff]], who created the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), and [[William S. Paley]], who built [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS). These broadcasting (as opposed to [[narrowcasting]]) business organizations began to be called [[network affiliate]]s, because they consisted of loose chains of individual stations located in various cities, all transmitting the standard overall-system supplied fare, often at synchronised agreed-upon times. Some of these [[radio network]] stations were [[owned and operated]] by the networks, while others were [[independent radio]] owned by entrepreneurs allied with the respective networks. By selling blocks of time to advertisers, the medium was able to quickly become profitable and offer its products to listeners for free, provided they invested in a radio receiver set.

The new medium had grown rapidly through the 1930s, vastly increasing both the size of its [[audience]] and its profits. In those early days, it was customary for a corporation to sponsor an entire half-hour radio program, placing its commercials at the beginning and the end. This is in contrast to the pattern which developed late in the 20th century in both television and radio, where small slices of time were sold to many sponsors and no corporation claimed or wanted sponsorship of the entire show, except in rare cases. These later [[radio commercial|commercials]] also filled a much larger portion of the total program time than they had in the earlier days.

In the early radio age, content typically included a balance of [[Radio comedy|comedy]], [[Radio drama|drama]], news, music and sports reporting. Variety radio programs included the most famous [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] talent of the day. During the 1920s, radio focused on musical entertainment, the ''[[Grand Ole Opry]]'', has been focused on broadcasting [[country music]] since it began in 1925. Radio [[soap opera]]s began in the U.S. in 1930 with ''[[Painted Dreams]]''. ''[[Lørdagsbarnetimen]]'', a Norwegian children's show, with its premiere in 1924 interrupted only by the Second World War, was the longest running radio show in the world until it ceased production in 2010.<ref>"''[http://www.nrk.no/kultur_og_underholdning/1.7264676 Kultur og underholdning]''" (Norwegian){{spaced ndash}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fkultur-og-underholdning%2F1.7264676 English translation by Google translate]</ref>

As World War II unfolded during the 1940s, radio also played a central role in utilizing [[soft power]] to support [[cultural diplomacy]] through a collaboration of the United States Department of State's [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] and [[CBS]]'s [[La Cadena de las Americas]] network.<ref name="content.time.com">''Time'' - Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,790530-1,00.html William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com]</ref><ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W4IgALTXtH4C&dq=Edmund+A.+Chester&pg=PT163 ''In All His Glory: the Life And Times of William S. Paley'']. Salley Bedell Smith. Random House. New York, 2002 p. 18 {{ISBN|978-0-307-78671-5}} William S. Paley, CBS, Edmund A. Chester on books.google</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&dq=Alfredo+Antonini+Elsa+Miranda&pg=PA49 |title=Media Sound & Culture in Latin America|last1= Bronfman|first1= Alejanda |last2= Wood|first2= Andrew Grant|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|location= Pittsburgh, PA|year= 2012 |page= 49|isbn=9780822977957 }} {{ISBN|978-0822961871}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anthony|first=Edwin D.|title=Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs|volume=Inventory of Record Group 229|publisher=National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration|location=Washington D.C.|year=1973|pages=25–26|lccn=73-600146 |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=33|chapter=Records of the Radio Division}}</ref> This nonprofit collaboration resulted in programming which showcased the cultural heritage shared throughout the Americas and included informative news programs such as ''Calling Pan America'' and popular musical shows such as ''[[Viva America]]''<ref name="content.time.com"></ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ql_sDwAAQBAJ&dq=CBS+Pan+American+Orchestra+Alfredo+Antonini&pg=PT74 ''Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America''. Han, Benjamin M. Rutgers University Press, 2022 La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund Chester, William S. Paley, Cold War diplomacy on Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda''] Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} p. 152-157 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas" on google.books.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xYoYAAAAIAAJ&q=Edmund++Chester+New+York+Times ''Current Biographical Yearbook Volume 2''. H. W. Wilson Co. New York, 1941 p. 148 Edmund A. Chester CBS Director of Foreign Broadcasting - biography on books.google]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiogoldin.library.umkc.edu/Home/RadioGoldin_Records?searchString=Viva%20America&type=Programs|title=Viva America|last=|first=|date=|website=radiogoldindex.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206070142/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America|archive-date=February 6, 2012|access-date=2019-03-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1950s, [[television program]]ming eroded the popularity of radio comedy, drama and variety shows.<ref name="listening">(26 November 1956). [https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele51unse_0#page/n1165/mode/2up Radio Listening: 1948-1956], ''[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting - Telecasting]]'', p. 34 (chart showing decline of United States radio audience from 1948 to 1956 -- from about 30% average evening ratings in 1948 to under 10% by 1956)</ref> By the late 1950s, radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today{{spaced ndash}} strongly focused on music, talk, news and sports, though drama can still be heard, especially on the [[BBC]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Programming}}
[[Category:Radio broadcasting]]

Radio programming - Revision history

160.72.81.86: /* History */''Included reference citations for the use of radio to support Cultural diplomacy through the use of soft power"~~~~GCL