https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Stephan_EndlicherStephan Endlicher - Revision history2026-08-04T22:02:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.44.2https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&diff=549683&oldid=previmported>Suite1408: Undid revision 1306145600 by Natemup (talk) Please provide the citations before putting the categories back.2025-08-16T21:17:02Z<p>Undid revision <a href="/index.php/Special:Diff/1306145600" title="Special:Diff/1306145600">1306145600</a> by <a href="/index.php/Special:Contributions/Natemup" title="Special:Contributions/Natemup">Natemup</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=User_talk:Natemup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Natemup (page does not exist)">talk</a>) Please provide the citations before putting the categories back.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Austrian botanist and linguist}}<br />
{{redirect|Endl.|the computer code|Newline}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
|name = Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher<br />
|other_names = Endlicher István László<br />
|image = Endlicher.jpg<br />
|birth_date = {{birth-date|24 June 1804}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Pressburg|Bratislava]] (Pozsony), [[Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]]<br />
|death_date = {{death-date and age|28 March 1849|24 June 1804}}<br />
|death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]]<br />
|nationality = Austrian<br />
|field = [[Botany]]<br />
|work_institutions = [[Austrian National Library]], [[University of Vienna]]<br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|doctoral_advisor = <br />
|doctoral_students = <br />
|known_for = ''Genera Plantarum''<br />
|author_abbrev_bot = '''Endl.'''<br />
|author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
|influences = <br />
|influenced = <br />
|awards = [[American Philosophical Society]]<br />
|religion = <br />
|footnotes = <br />
|signature =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher''', also known as '''Endlicher István László''' (24 June 1804 – 28 March 1849), was an [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[botanist]], [[numismatist]] and [[Sinologist]]. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of [[Vienna]]. {{botanist|Endl.|inline=true}}<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Endlicher studied theology and received minor orders. In 1828 he was appointed to the [[Österreichische Nationalbibliothek|Austrian National Library]] to reorganize its manuscript collection. Concurrently he studied [[natural history]], in particular botany, and East-Asian languages.<br />
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In 1836, Endlicher was appointed keeper of the court cabinet of natural history,<ref name=amcyc/> and in 1840 he became professor at the [[University of Vienna]] and director of its [[Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna|Botanical Garden]]. He wrote a comprehensive description of the plant kingdom according to a natural system, at the time its most comprehensive description. As proposed by Endlicher, it contained images with text. It was published together with the reissue of [[Franz Unger]]'s ''Grundzüge der Botanik'' (Fundamentals of Botany).<br />
<br />
Endlicher was fundamental in establishing the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences|Imperial Academy of Science]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Akademie der Wissenschaften}}), but when contrary to his expectations the Baron [[Joseph Hammer von Purgstall]] was elected its president in his stead, he resigned. He presented his library and herbaria to the state, and passed several hours every week for 10 years in the society of the [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Emperor Ferdinand]], but he received no other reward than the title of councillor ({{langx|de|link=no|Regierungsrath}}).<ref name=amcyc>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1842, he was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1842&year-max=1842&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-12|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a known liberal, Endlicher was asked to act as mediator during the [[revolution of 1848]], but eventually was forced to leave Vienna for a time. In 1848 he also became a member of the [[Frankfurt Parliament]] and the assembly at [[Kroměříž|Kremsier (Kroměříž)]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par R {{!}} Liste des membres depuis la création de l'Académie des sciences {{!}} Membres {{!}} Nous connaître |url=https://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Liste-des-membres-depuis-la-creation-de-l-Academie-des-sciences/les-membres-du-passe-dont-le-nom-commence-par-r.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.academie-sciences.fr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Endlicher made valuable contributions to the science of old German and classic literature, and pointed out new sources of Hungarian history, publishing ''Fragmenta Theotisca Versionis antiquissimae Evangelii Matthaei'' (edited with [[Hoffmann von Fallersleben]], 1834), an edition of two poems of [[Priscian]] (1828), and ''Anonymi Belæ Regis Notarii de Gestis Hungarorum Liber'' (1827). His linguistic publications comprise ''Analecta Grammatica'' (with Eichenfeld, 1836), and ''Anfangsgründe der chinesischen Grammatik'' (Foundations of Chinese grammar; 1845).<ref name=amcyc/><br />
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His ''Verzeichniss der japanesischen und chinesischen Münzen des kaiserlichen Münz- und Antikencabinets'' (Catalog of Japanese and Chinese coins in the imperial coin and antique collections; 1837) and ''Atlas von China nach der Aufnahme der Jesuitenmissionäre'' (Atlas of China after the arrival of the Jesuit missionaries; 1843) are finely executed, and deserve mention as specimens of his great liberality.<ref name=amcyc/><br />
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He wrote several works in conjunction with other scholars, and many of his minor writings are scattered among the periodicals of his time, especially in the ''Annalen des Wiener Museums''.<ref name=amcyc/><br />
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===Botany===<br />
The majority and the most valuable of his works are on botany. Foremost among them are his: ''Genera Plantarum'' (1831–1841), in which he lays down a new system of classification; ''Grundzüge einer neuen Theorie der Pflanzenerzeugung'' (Foundations of a new theory of plant breeding; 1838); and ''Die Medicinalpflanzen der österreichischen Pharmakopöe'' (Medicinal plants in the Austrian pharmacopoeia; 1842).<br />
<br />
His other principal botanical works are: ''Ceratotheca'' (1822), ''Flora Posoniensis'' (1830), ''Diesingia'' (1832), ''Atacta Botanica'' (1833), ''Iconographia Generum Plantarum'' (1838), ''Enchiridion Botanikum'' (1841) and ''Synopsis Coniferarum'' (1847).<ref name=amcyc/><br />
<br />
Endlicher established the botanical journal ''Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte'' (1835 and on). He began the work ''[[Flora Brasiliensis]]'' with [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius]]. He also published early works on the flora of Australia, including the plants collected by [[Carl von Hugel]] and [[Ferdinand Bauer]].<ref name="ANGB">{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/endlicher-stephan.html|title=Endlicher, Stephan L. (1804–1849)|date=13 November 2007|work=Collectors & Illustrators|publisher=Australian National Herbarium|access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref><br />
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Endlicher described many new plant [[genus|genera]], including the [[Sequoia (genus)|genus ''Sequoia'']], and also its only extant species [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Sequoia sempervirens'' (California coast redwood)]].<ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7531 Calflora Database: ''Sequoia sempervirens'' (Coast redwood)]; (D. Don) Endl.</ref> Although Endlicher never offered an explanation for the name, later writers speculated that he must have been inspired by the achievements of the American [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]] Indian linguist [[Sequoyah]]. John Davis credited Endlicher with naming the new species of Sierra redwood ''Sequoyah gigantea'' in 1847, the present day [[Sequoiadendron giganteum|''Sequoiadendron giganteum'' (California giant redwood)]], to honor Sequoyah's invention of the [[Cherokee syllabary]].<ref name="Davis">Davis, John B. ''Chronicles of Oklahoma''. Vol. 8, Number 2. "The Life and Work of Sequoyah." June 1930. Retrieved 4 April 2013.[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v008/v008p149.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7532 Calflora Database: ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'' (Giant redwood)]; (Lindley) J.Buchholz.</ref> Recent scholarship supports this hypothesis; Endlicher appears to have combined the Latin ''sequi'' (meaning ''to follow'') with his admiration of Sequoyah and coined "Sequoia" because the number of seeds per cone in the newly classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder. .<ref name="Lowe 2012">{{cite journal|last=Lowe|first=Gary D.|year=2012|title=Endlicher's sequence: the naming of the genus ''Sequoia''|journal=Fremontia|volume=40| issue = 1 & 2|pages=25–35|url=http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/FremontiaV40.1_40.2.pdf|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Endlicher System ====<br />
<br />
Endlicher's system for plant classification is laid out as follows in his ''Genera Plantarum'', with a hierarchy of ''Regio'', ''Sectio'', ''Cohors'', ''Classis'', ''Ordo'', with further subdivisions (and finally ''Genus''), using a sequential numbering system, as shown for some taxa;<br />
<br />
;Outline<br />
* Thallophyta<br />
** Protophyta<br />
** Hysterophyta<br />
* Cormophyta<br />
** Acrobrya<br />
** Amphibrya<br />
** Acramphibrya<br />
<br />
;Conspectus<br />
* Regio I. THALLOPHYTA<br />
** Sectio I. Protophyta<br />
*** Classis I. Algae<br />
**** Ordo I. Diatomaceae<br />
***** I. Diatomeae<br />
****** a. Frustulieae (Gen. 1–12)<br />
****** b. Hydrolineae (Gen. 13–18)<br />
***** II. Dermidieae <br />
****** a. Micrasterieae (Gen. 19–21)<br />
****** b. Echinelleae (Gen. 22–24)<br />
**** Ordo II. Nostochinae<br />
**** Ordo III. Confervaceae<br />
**** Ordo IV. Characeae<br />
**** Ordo V. Ulvaceae<br />
**** Ordo VI. Floridae<br />
**** Ordo VII. Fucaceae<br />
*** Classis II. Lichenes<br />
** Sectio II. Hysterophyta<br />
*** Classis III. Fungi <br />
* Regio II. CORMOPHYTA<br />
** Sectio III. Acrobrya<br />
*** Cohors I. Anophyta<br />
**** Classis IV. Hepitacea<br />
**** Classis V. Musci<br />
*** Cohors II. Protophyta<br />
**** Classis VI. Equiseta<br />
**** Classis VII. Filices<br />
**** Classis VIII. Hydropterides<br />
**** Classis IX. Selagines<br />
**** Classis X. Zamiae<br />
*** Cohors II. Hysterophyta<br />
**** Classis XI. Rhizanthaea<br />
** Sectio IV. Amphibrya<br />
*** Classis 12. Glumaceae<br />
*** Classis 13. Enantioblastae<br />
*** Classis 14. Helobiae<br />
*** Classis 15. Coronariae<br />
**** Ordo 51. Juncaceae<br />
**** Ordo 52. Philydreae<br />
**** Ordo 53. Melanthaceae<br />
**** Ordo 54. Pontederaceae<br />
**** Ordo 55. Liliaceae<br />
**** Ordo 56. Smilaceae<br />
**** Ordo 57. Dioscoreae<br />
**** Ordo 58. Taccaceae<br />
*** Classis 16. Artorhizae<br />
*** Classis 17. Ensatae<br />
*** Classis 18. Gynandrae<br />
*** Classis 19. Scitamineae<br />
*** Classis 20. Fluviales<br />
*** Classis 21. Spadiciflorae<br />
*** Classis 22. Principes.<br />
** Sectio IV. Acramphibrya<br />
*** Cohors I. Gymnosperma<br />
**** Classis 23. Coniferae<br />
*** Cohors II. Apetalae<br />
****Classis 24. Piperitae<br />
****Aquaticae<br />
****Juliflorae<br />
****Oleraceae<br />
****Thymeleae<br />
**** Classis 29. Serpentariae<br />
*** Cohors III. Gamopetala<br />
****Plumbagines<br />
**** Classis 32. Campanulinae<br />
****Contortae<br />
****Tubiflorae<br />
**** Classis 31. Aggregatae<br />
****Caprifolia<br />
****Kuculiferae<br />
****Personatae<br />
****Petalantheae<br />
**** Classis 39. Bicornes<br />
*** Cohors IV. Dialypetala<br />
**** Classis 40. Discanthae<br />
**** Classis 41. Corniculatae<br />
****Polycarpicae<br />
****Rhoeades<br />
****Nelumbea<br />
****Parietales<br />
****Peponiferae<br />
****Opuntiae<br />
****Caryophyllinae<br />
**** Classis 49. Columniferae<br />
****Guttiferae<br />
****Hesperides<br />
****Acera<br />
**** Classis 54. Polygalinae<br />
****Frangulaceae<br />
****Tricoccae<br />
****Terebinthinae<br />
****Gruinales<br />
**** Classis 59. Calycifiorae<br />
****Myrtiflorae<br />
****Rosiflorae<br />
**** Classis 62. Leguminosae<br />
<br />
== Important works ==<br />
* ''Flora Brasiliensis''<br />
* ''Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales Disposita'' (1836–50)<ref>{{Citation | author1=Endlicher, Stephanus | title=Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita | date=1836 | publisher=Apud Fr.Beck | location=[[Vindobonae]]|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/728#/summary }}</ref><br />
* ''Synopsis Coniferarum'' (1847);<ref>{{Citation | author = Endlicher, Stephano | title = Synopsis Coniferarum | lang = la | date = 1847 | location = Sangalli | publisher = Apud Scheitlin & Zollikofer | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15336 }}</ref> often shortened as "Syn. Conif."<br />
* ''Die Medicinal-Pflanzen der österreichischen Pharmakopöe: ein Handbuch für Ärzte und Apotheker''. Gerold, Wien 1842<ref>[http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-8105 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]]</ref><br />
* ''[[Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel]]''<br />
* ''Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae''<ref>{{Citation | author1=Endlicher, Stephanus | title=Prodromus florae norfolkicae, sive catalogus stirpium quae in Insula Norfolk annis 1804 et 1805 a Ferdinando Bauer collectae et depictae | date=1833 | publisher=Universitats verlag (Friderich Beck) | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12446421 | access-date=31 March 2019 }}</ref> (Flora of [[Norfolk Island]]), available online at [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41255 Project Gutenberg ebooks]<br />
* ''Stirplum Australisicum''<ref>{{Citation | author1=Endlicher, Stephanus | title=Prodromus florae norfolkicae, sive catalogus stirpium quae in Insula Norfolk annis 1804 et 1805 a Ferdinando Bauer collectae et depictae | date=1833 | publisher=Universitats verlag (Friderich Beck) | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12446421 | access-date=31 March 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tribute==<br />
The genus ''[[Endlicheria]]'' of the family [[Lauraceae]] and the genus ''Endlichera'' of the family [[Rubiaceae]] (now synonym of ''[[Emmeorhiza]]'') were named in his honour. Both plant genera occur in Tropical America.<br />
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The African fish ''[[Polypterus endlicherii]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1847</small> was named in honor of Endlicher, who apparently discovered the species in the fish collection at the Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna).<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/polypteriformes/ | title = Order POLYPTERIFORMES (Bichirs) | access-date = 28 February 2021 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018 | archive-date = 11 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211011080608/https://etyfish.org/polypteriformes/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher}}<br />
*{{Cite CE1913 |last=Rompel |first=Joseph |wstitle=Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|short=x}}<br />
*[http://www.botanicus.org/creator/835 View digitized titles by Endlicher in ''Botanicus.org'']<br />
*[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=Stephan+Endlicher&qt=results_page Comprehensive bibliography on WorldCat]<br />
*{{Gutenberg author | id=41074}}<br />
*{{Internet Archive author |search=("Endlicher")}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus}}<br />
[[Category:19th-century Austrian botanists]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian mycologists]]<br />
[[Category:1804 births]]<br />
[[Category:1849 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Bryologists]]<br />
[[Category:Pteridologists]]<br />
[[Category:Phycologists]]<br />
[[Category:Paleobotanists]]<br />
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian numismatists]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian orientalists]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian sinologists]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Hungarian botanists]]<br />
[[Category:Hungarian mycologists]]<br />
[[Category:Hungarian orientalists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Bratislava]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Frankfurt Parliament]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Austrian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Botanists from the Austrian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from the Austrian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]</div>imported>Suite1408