imported>Kanguole: again reverting repetition – see Talk

2025-11-07T19:12:34Z

again reverting repetition – see Talk

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{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name = Chinese language
| above = '''[[Sinitic languages]]'''
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
| title = [[Chinese language]]
| listclass = hlist
| selected = {{{selected|{{{1|}}}}}}
| basestyle = background: #e0e0b0;


| section1 = [[Varieties of Chinese|Varieties]]
| abbr1 = Major linguistic groups
| state1 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list1 = {{Navbox|child

| basestyle = background:#e0e0b0;
| listclass = hlist
| group1 = [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| group1 = [[Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)|Beijing]]
| list1 ={{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
|group1=Lingua franca of modern Chinese
|list1=
{{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
|group1=Standard forms
|list1=
*[[Standard Chinese]]
**[[Comparison of national standards of Chinese|differences]]
*''[[Old National Pronunciation]]''
|group2=Regional accents and varieties
|list2=
*{{Interlanguage link|Guangdong Mandarin|lt=Guangdong|zh|广式普通话}}
*{{Interlanguage link|Majie Standard Chinese|lt=Majie|zh|马街普通话}}
*{{Interlanguage link|Liuzhou Standard Chinese|lt=Liuzhou|zh|柳州普通话}}
*[[Sichuanese Standard Chinese|Sichuan]]
*[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Taiwan]]
**{{Interlanguage link|Central Taiwanese Mandarin|lt=Central Taiwan|zh|台中腔}}
*{{Interlanguage link|Singapore-Malaysian Mandarin|lt=Singapore-Malaysia|zh|新马华语}}
**[[Singaporean Mandarin|Singapore]]
**[[Malaysian Mandarin|Malaysia]]
***{{Interlanguage link|Kluang Mandarin|lt=Kluang|zh|居銮华语}}
*{{Interlanguage link|Female style National Pronunciation|lt=Beijing females|zh|女国音}}
}}
|group2=Traditional dialects
|list2=
*[[Jingcheng dialect|Jingcheng]]
**[[Beijing dialect|Beijing]]
**[[Huaicheng dialect|Huaicheng]]
*[[Chaofeng dialect|Chaofeng]]
}}

| group2 = [[Northeastern Mandarin|Northeastern]]
| list2 =
*[[Changchun dialect|Changchun]]
*[[Harbin dialect|Harbin]]
*[[Shenyang Mandarin|Shenyang]]
*[[Taz dialect|Taz]]

| group3 = [[Jilu Mandarin|Jilu]]
| list3 =
*[[Tianjin dialect|Tianjin]]
*[[Jinan dialect|Jinan]]
| group4 = [[Jiaoliao Mandarin|Jiaoliao]]
| list4 =
*[[Dalian dialect|Dalian]]
*[[Qingdao dialect|Qingdao]]
*[[Weihai dialect|Weihai]]
| group5 = [[Central Plains Mandarin|Central Plains]]
| list5 =
*[[Dongping dialect|Dongping]]
*[[Gangou language|Gangou]]
*[[Guanzhong dialect|Guanzhong]]
**[[Xi'an dialect|Xi'an]]
*[[Luoyang dialect|Luoyang]]
*[[Xuzhou dialect|Xuzhou]]
*[[Dungan language|Dungan]]
| group7 = [[Southwestern Mandarin|Southwestern]]
| list7 =
*[[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]]
**[[Chengdu-Chongqing dialect|Chengdu–Chongqing]]
**(?) [[Minjiang dialect|Minjiang]]
***[[Leshan dialect|Leshan]]
**{{ill|Renshou–Fushun Mandarin|zh|江贡小片|lt=Renshou–Fushun}}
***[[Zigong dialect|Zigong]]
*[[Kunming dialect|Kunming]]
*[[Nanping dialect|Nanping]]
*[[Wuhan dialect|Wuhan]]
*[[Gui–Liu]]
**[[Wuming Mandarin|Wuming]]
| group8 = [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin|Jianghuai]]
| list8 =
*[[Nanjing dialect|Nanjing]]
*[[Nantong dialect|Nantong]]
*[[Nanping dialect|Nanping]]
| group9 = [[Lanyin Mandarin|Lanyin]]
| list9 =
*{{ill|Lanzhou dialect|zh|兰州话}}
*{{ill|Ürümqi dialect|zh|乌鲁木齐话}}

| group10 = Other
| list10 =
*[[Junjiahua]]
*[[Qinjiang Mandarin|Qinjiang]]
*[[Gyami language|Gyami]]
}}

| group2 = [[Jin Chinese|Jin]]
| list2 =
*[[Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect|Zhangjiakou–Hohhot]]
*[[Zhi-Yan dialect|Zhi–Yan]]

| group3 = [[Wu Chinese|Wu]]
| list3 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Taihu Wu|Taihu]]
| list1 =
*[[Shanghainese|Shanghai]]
*[[Suzhou dialect|Suzhou]]
*[[Wuxi dialect|Wuxi]]
*[[Changzhou dialect|Changzhou]]
*(?) [[Hangzhou dialect|Hangzhou]]
*[[Shaoxing dialect|Shaoxing]]
*[[Ningbo dialect|Ningbo]]
*[[Jinxiang dialect|Jinxiang]]
*[[Jiangyin dialect|Jiangyin]]
*[[Shadi dialect|Shadi]]
| group2 = [[Taizhou Wu]]
| list2 =
*[[Taizhou dialect|Taizhou]]
*[[Tiantai dialect|Tiantai]]
| group3 = Oujiang
| list3 =
*[[Wenzhounese|Wenzhou]]
*[[Rui'an dialect|Rui'an]]
*[[Wencheng dialect|Wencheng]]
| group4 = [[Wuzhou Wu|Wuzhou]]
| list4 =
*[[Jinhua dialect|Jinhua]]
| group5 = [[Chu–Qu Wu|Chu–Qu]]
| list5 =
*[[Quzhou dialect|Quzhou]]
*[[Jiangshan dialect|Jiangshan]]
*[[Qingtian dialect|Qingtian]]
| group6 = [[Xuanzhou Wu dialects|Xuanzhou]]
| list6 =
*[[Xuancheng dialect|Xuancheng]]
}}

| group4 = [[Huizhou Chinese|Huizhou]]
|list4 =
*{{ill|Ji-She|zh|绩歙片}}
*{{ill|Xiu-Yi|zh|休黟片}}
*{{ill|Qi-De|zh|祁婺片}}
*{{ill|Yanzhou dialect|zh|旌占片|lt=Yanzhou}}
*{{ill|Jing-Zhan|zh|严州片}}

| group5 = [[Gan Chinese|Gan]]
| list5 =
*[[Chang–Du Gan|Chang–Du]]
**[[Nanchang dialect|Nanchang]]
*[[Yi–Liu Gan|Yi–Liu]]
*[[Ying–Yi Gan|Ying–Yi]]
*[[Da–Tong Gan|Da–Tong]]

| group6 = [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]
| list6 =
*[[New Xiang|Changyi]]
**[[Changsha dialect|Changsha]]
*[[Old Xiang|Loushao]]
**[[Shuangfeng dialect|Shuangfeng]]
**[[Xiangxiang dialect|Xiangxiang]]
**[[Wugang dialect|Wugang]]
*[[Ji–Xu Xiang|Ji–Xu]]
*[[Yong–Quan Xiang|Yong–Quan]]
**[[Qiyang dialect|Qiyang]]

| group7 = [[Min Chinese|Min]]
| list7 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Eastern Min|Eastern]]
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = {{ill|Houguan Min|zh|侯官片|lt=Houguan}}
| list1 =
*[[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhou]]
*[[Fuqing dialect|Fuqing]]
*[[Changle dialect|Changle]]
*[[Gutian dialect|Gutian]]
*[[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]
| group2 = {{ill|Fu–Ning Min|zh|福宁片|lt=Fu–Ning}}
| list2 =
*[[Ningde dialect|Ningde]]
*[[Fu'an dialect|Fu'an]]
| group3 = Other
| list3 =
*[[Manjiang dialect|Manjiang]]
*[[Zhongshan Min|Zhongshan]]
**[[Longdu dialect|Longdu]]
**[[Nanlang dialect|Nanlang]]
}}
| group2 = [[Pu–Xian Min|Pu–Xian]]
| list2 =
* [[Putian dialect|Putian]]
* [[Xianyou dialect|Xianyou]]
| group3 = [[Southern Min|Southern]]
| list3 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Hokkien]]
| list1 =
*[[Quanzhou dialect|Quanzhou]]
*[[Zhangzhou dialect|Zhangzhou]]
*[[Amoy dialect|Amoy]]
*[[Chawan dialect|Chawan]]
*[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwan]]
*[[Philippine Hokkien|Philippines]]
*[[Penang Hokkien|Penang]]
*[[Medan Hokkien|Medan]]
*[[Singaporean Hokkien|Singapore]]
*[[Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien|Southern Malaysia]]
| group2 = [[Teochew Min|Teochew]]
| list2 =
*[[Swatow dialect|Swatow]]
*[[Haklau Min|Haklau]]
*[[Pontianak Teochew|Pontianak]]
| group3 = [[Zhongshan Min|Zhongshan]]
| list3 =
*[[Sanxiang dialect|Sanxiang]]
| group4 = Other
| list4 =
*[[Zhenan Min|Zhenan]]
*[[Longyan Min|Longyan]]
}}
| group4 = [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou]]
| list4 =
*[[Zhanjiang dialect|Zhanjiang]]
| group5 = [[Hainanese|Hainan]]
| list5 =
*[[Wenchang dialect|Wenchang]]
*[[Haikou dialect|Haikou]]
*[[Banqiao dialect|Banqiao]]
| group6 = Inland
| list6 =
*[[Northern Min|Northern]]
**[[Jian'ou dialect|Jian'ou]]
**[[Jianyang dialect|Jianyang]]
*[[Central Min|Central]]
*[[Shao–Jiang Min|Shao–Jiang]]
}}

| group8 = [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]
| list8 =
*{{ill|Huiyang dialect|zh|惠阳话|lt=Huiyang}}
** [[Changting dialect|Changting]]
*[[Meixian dialect|Meixian]]
*[[Pontianak Hakka|Pontianak]]
*[[Singkawang Hakka|Singkawang]]
*[[Taiwanese Hakka|Taiwan]]
** [[Sixian dialect|Sixian]]
** [[Hailu dialect|Hailu]]
** [[Raoping Hakka|Raoping]]
*[[Tingzhou dialect|Tingzhou]]
*[[Wuhua dialect|Wuhua]]
| group9 = [[Yue Chinese|Yue]]
| list9 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Yuehai Yue|Yuehai]]
| list1 =
*[[Cantonese|Guangzhou]]
**[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Hong Kong]]
**[[Malaysian Cantonese|Malaysia]]
*[[Xiguan dialect|Xiguan]]
*[[Jiujiang dialect|Jiujiang]]
*[[Shiqi dialect|Shiqi]]
*[[Weitou dialect|Weitou]]
*[[Dapeng dialect|Dapeng]]
*[[Yunfu Cantonese|Yunfu]]
| group2 = [[Siyi Yue|Siyi]]
| list2 =
*[[Taishanese|Taishan]]
*{{ill|Xinhui dialect|zh|新会话|lt=Xinhui}}
| group3 = Other
| list3 =
*[[Gao–Yang Yue|Gao–Yang]]
*[[Goulou Yue|Goulou]]
*[[Wu–Hua Yue|Wu–Hua]]
*[[Yong–Xun Yue|Yong–Xun]]
*[[Luo–Guang Yue|Luo–Guang]]
*[[Qin–Lian Yue|Qin–Lian]]

}}

| group10 = [[Pinghua]]
| list10 =
*[[Pinghua#Dialects|Northern Pinghua]]
**[[Tongdao Pinghua|Tongdao]]
**[[Younian dialect|Younian]]
*[[Pinghua#Dialects|Southern Pinghua]]
**[[Yongjiang dialect|Yongjiang]]
**[[Guandao dialect|Guandao]]
**[[Rongjiang dialect|Rongjiang]]

| group11 = Unclassified
| list11 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 =
| list1 =
*[[Shaozhou Tuhua]]
*[[Xiangnan Tuhua]]
*[[Danzhou dialect|Danzhou]]
*[[Badong Yao language|Badong Yao]]
*[[She Chinese|Shehua]]
*[[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]]
*[[Yeheni language|Yeheni]]
*[[Huizhou dialect|Huizhou (Guangdong)]]
*[[Mai Chinese|Mai]]
*[[Chuanqing_people#Language|Laobeizi]]
|group2 = (?) [[Macro-Bai languages|Macro-Bai]]
|list2 =
*[[Bai language|Bai]]
*[[Cai–Long languages|Cai-Long]]
**[[Caijia language|Caijia]]
**[[Longjia language|Longjia]]
**[[Luren language|Luren]]
}}
}}


| section3 = History, phonology, and grammar
| abbr3 = History, phonology, and grammar
| state3 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list3 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background: #e0e0b0;

| group1 = [[History of the Chinese language|History]]
| list1 =
*''[[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]''
*[[Old Chinese]]
*[[Eastern Han Chinese|Eastern Han]]
*[[Middle Chinese]]
*[[Old Mandarin]]
*[[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Middle Mandarin]]
*[[Proto-Min]]
*[[Proto-Hakka]]
*[[Ba–Shu Chinese|Ba–Shu]]
*[[History of Gan Chinese|Gan]]

| group2 = Phonology
| list2 =
*[[Historical Chinese phonology|Historical]]
**[[Old Chinese phonology|Old]]
*[[Old National Pronunciation|Old National]]
*[[Cantonese phonology|Cantonese]]
*[[Hokkien phonology|Hokkien]]
*[[Northern Wu phonology|Northern Wu]]
*[[Standard Chinese phonology|Mandarin]]
*[[Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|Literary and colloquial readings]]

| group3 = [[Chinese grammar|Grammar]]
| list3 =
* [[Chinese numerals|Numerals]]
* [[Chinese classifier|Classifiers]]
* [[Chinese honorifics|Honorifics]]
* [[Cantonese grammar]]
* [[Classical Chinese grammar|Classical grammar]]

| group4 = Idioms
| list4 =
* ''[[Chengyu]]''
* ''[[Xiehouyu]]''
}}


| section4 = Written Chinese and input methods
| abbr4 = Written Chinese and input methods
| state4 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list4 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background: #e0e0b0;

| group1 = Literary forms
| list1 = {{Navbox|child|
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| group1 = Official
| list1 =
*[[Classical Chinese|Classical]]
**[[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Adoption]]
**[[Kanbun|in Japan]]
**[[Literary Chinese in Vietnam|in Vietnam]]
*[[Written vernacular Chinese|Vernacular]]
}}
*[[Written Cantonese]]
*[[Dungan alphabets|Written Dungan]]
*[[Written Hokkien]]
*[[Sichuanese characters|Written Sichuanese]]

| group2 = [[Written Chinese|Scripts]]
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| group1 = [[Logographic]]
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Chinese script styles|Script styles]]
| list1 =
*[[Oracle bone script|Oracle bone]]
*[[Chinese bronze inscriptions|Bronze]]
*[[Seal script|Seal]]
*[[Clerical script|Clerical]]
*[[Semi-cursive script|Semi-cursive]]
*[[Cursive script (East Asia)|Cursive]]
}}
*[[Chinese characters]]
**[[Simplified characters|Simplified]]
**[[Traditional characters|Traditional]]
*[[Chinese punctuation|Punctuation]]
| group2 = [[Braille]]
| list2 =
*[[Cantonese Braille|Cantonese]]
*[[Mainland Chinese Braille|Mainland Chinese]]
*[[Taiwanese Braille|Taiwanese]]
*[[Two-cell Chinese Braille|Two-cell]]
| group3 = Phonetic
| list3 =
*[[Romanization of Chinese|Romanization]]
**[[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]]
**[[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]
**[[Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II|MPS II]]
**[[Chinese postal romanization|Postal]]
**[[Tongyong Pinyin]]
**[[Wade–Giles]]
**[[EFEO Chinese transcription|EFEO]]
**[[Lessing-Othmer]]
**[[Yale romanization of Mandarin|Yale]]
*[[Cyrillization of Chinese|Cyrillization]]
**[[Dungan language#Writing system|Dungan Cyrillic]]
*[[Bopomofo]]
**[[Cantonese Bopomofo]]
**[[Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols]]
*[[Taiwanese kana]]
*[[Taiwanese Hangul]]
*[[Xiao'erjing]]
*[[Nüshu]]
}}

| group3 = [[Chinese input method|Input methods]]
| list3 = {{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;
| basestyle = background:#f0eaea;
| group1 = Logographic
| list1 =
*[[Biaoxingma method|Biaoxingma]]
*{{ill|Boshiamy method|zh|嘸蝦米輸入法|lt=Boshiamy}}
*[[Cangjie input method|Cangjie]]
**[[Simplified Cangjie|Simplified]]
*[[CKC Chinese Input System|CKC]]
*[[Dayi method|Dayi]]
*[[Stroke count method|Stroke count]]
*[[Wubi method|Wubi (Wang Ma)]]
*[[Zhengma method|ZhengMa]]
*[[Q9 input method|Q9]]
| group2 = [[Pinyin method|Pinyin]]
| list2 =
*[[Google Pinyin|Google]]
*Microsoft
*[[Sogou Pinyin|Sogou]]
}}
}}

| below = {{icon|list}} [[List of varieties of Chinese]]

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Chinese language - Revision history

imported>Kanguole: again reverting repetition – see Talk