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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|English writer and dramatist (1557–1625)}}<br />
{{Other people}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=October 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{infobox noble<br />
| name = Thomas Lodge<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| father = [[Thomas Lodge (Lord Mayor of London)|Sir Thomas Lodge]]<br />
| mother = Anne Luddington<br />
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Joan|1583}}|Jane Aldred}}<br />
| issue = Mary<br />
| birth_date = c. 1557<br />
| birth_place = [[West Ham]], [[East London]], England<br />
| death_date = September {{death year and age|1625|1558}}<br />
| death_place =[[St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street|Old Fish Street]], [[City of London]], England<br />
| burial_place = <br />
}}<br />
'''Thomas Lodge''' ({{Circa|1557}}{{snd}}September 1625) was an English writer and medical practitioner whose life spanned the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] and [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] periods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Lodge {{!}} English Poet, Playwright & Novelist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Lodge |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
=== Early life ===<br />
Thomas Lodge was born about 1557 in [[West Ham]], the second son of [[Thomas Lodge (Lord Mayor of London)|Sir Thomas Lodge]], [[List of Lord Mayors of London|Lord Mayor of London]],{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}{{sfn|Halasz|2004}} by his third wife Anne (1528–1579), daughter of Henry Luddington (died 1531), a London [[Worshipful Company of Grocers|grocer]].{{efn|Anne Luddington (1528–1579), widow of the London grocer, William Lane (by whom she had four children, Luke, Gabriel, Anne and Elizabeth),{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=60, 70-2}} and daughter of the London grocer, Henry Luddington (died 1531), by Joan Kirkeby (died 1576), daughter and heir of William Kirkeby (died 1531) of London. After the death of Henry Luddington in 1531, his widow, Joan, married [[William Laxton (Lord Mayor of London)|Sir William Laxton]], [[List of Lord Mayors of London|Lord Mayor of London]] and one of the wealthiest merchants of his day. There were no issue of Laxton's marriage, and his will stipulated that after the death of his widow, Joan,{{efn|Joan Laxton was buried 15 August 1576.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|p=63}}<!--edn of efn-->}} his estate would go to his niece Joan Wanton, who was his right heir, and to his three step-children by Joan's first marriage, Nicholas Luddington, Joan Luddington, and Sir Thomas Lodge's third wife, Anne Luddington.{{sfn|Alsop|2004}}{{sfn|Halasz|2004}}<!--edn of efn-->}}{{efn|Lodge had five brothers and two sisters of the whole blood:{{sfn|Sisson|1931|p=60}}{{sfn|Collier|1843|p=xvi}}<br />
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*William Lodge, eldest son and heir, aged 30 on 8 July 1584, who on 14 October 1577 married Mary Blagrave, the daughter of [[Thomas Blagrave]], [[Master of the Revels]].{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=60, 63, 72-3}}<br />
*Thomas Lodge (baptized 23 May 1556, buried 4 June 1556), second son.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|p=61}}<br />
*Nicholas Lodge (born before 1562), who became a ward of his brother-in-law, Gamaliel Woodford.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=61, 76}}<br />
*Benedict Lodge (baptized 18 April 1563), who became a ward of Richard Culverwell.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=61, 76}}<br />
*Henry Lodge baptized 14 April 1566 at [[St Peter upon Cornhill|St Peter's Cornhill]], who became a ward of Thomas Waterhouse.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=61, 76}}<br />
*Joan Lodge (born 1555), who was the god-daughter of Anthony Hussey, and married, on 30 March 1573, Gamaliel Woodford, [[Worshipful Company of Grocers|grocer]] and [[Merchants of the Staple|Merchant of the Staple]], by whom she had a son, [[Thomas Woodford]] (born 13 January 1578), who held the lease of the [[Whitefriars Theatre]] with [[Michael Drayton]].{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=48, 60-3, 73}}<br />
*Anne Lodge (born 1558-1562, buried 19 December 1573).{{sfn|Sisson|1931|pp=61, 63}}<br />
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Lodge's half-sister, Sara, married the printer [[Edward White (printer)|Edward White]].{{sfn|Halasz|2004}}{{sfn|Bishai|2012|p=11}}<!--end of efn-->}} <br />
[[Image:East front of Soulton Hall.jpg|thumb| View of [[Soulton Hall]], a manor on the edge of the [[Forest of Arden]] the Lodge family were associated with and lived at before transferring the freehold to 'Old' Sir Rowland Hill ]]<br />
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The year before he was born his father had transferred the ownership the manors of [[Hawkstone Park|Hawkstone]] and [[Soulton Hall|Soulton]] to [[Rowland Hill (MP)|Sir Rowland Hill]], publisher of the [[Geneva Bible]] and a fellow Lord Mayor. The Lodge family continued some form of association with those manors, and it has been suggested that this was part of the inspiration of Lodge junior's literary output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Sue |date=2023-04-21 |title=Revealed: Links between Shropshire country hall and the King's Coronation |url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/attractions/2023/04/21/revealed-links-between-shropshire-country-hall-and-the-kings-coronation/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.shropshirestar.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]; taking his BA in 1577 and MA in 1581. In 1578 he entered [[Lincoln's Inn]], where, as in the other [[Inns of Court]], a love of letters and a crop of debts were common.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}<br />
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=== Early literary work ===<br />
Lodge, disregarding the wishes of his family, took up literature. When the penitent [[Stephen Gosson]] had published his ''Schoole of Abuse'' in 1579, Lodge responded with ''Defence of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays'' (1579 or 1580),<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|1911|p=860}} notes ''Defence of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays'' was reprinted for the Shakespeare Society in 1853.</ref> which shows a certain restraint, though both forceful and learned. The pamphlet was banned, but appears to have been circulated privately. It was answered by Gosson in his ''Playes Confuted in Five Actions''; and Lodge retorted with his ''Alarum Against Usurers'' (1584)—a "tract for the times" which may have resulted from personal experience.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|1911|p=860}} notes ''Alarum Against Usurers'' was reprinted for the Shakespeare Society in 1853.</ref> In the same year he produced the first tale written by him on his own account in prose and verse, ''The Delectable History of Forbonius and Prisceria'', both published and reprinted with the ''Alarum''.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}<br />
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From 1587 onwards he seems to have made a series of attempts at play writing, though most of those attributed to him are mainly conjectural. He probably never became an actor, and [[John Payne Collier]]'s conclusion to that effect rested on the two assumptions that the "Lodge" of [[Philip Henslowe]]'s manuscript was a player and that his name was Thomas, neither of which is supported by the text.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|1911|p=860}} cites CM Ingleby, ''Was Thomas Lodge an Actor?'' 1868.</ref><br />
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Having been to sea with Captain Clarke in his expedition to [[Terceira]] and the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]], Lodge in 1591 made a voyage with [[Thomas Cavendish]] to [[Brazil]] and the [[Straits of Magellan]], returning home by 1593. <br />
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=== Writing Shakespeare source material ===<br />
[[File:Shakespeare Droeshout 1623.jpg|alt=first folio Shakespeare image |thumb|Shakespeare was inspired to write ''As You Like It'' by Lodge's work ''Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacy, Found After His Death In His Cell At Silexedra''.]]<br />
During the Canaries expedition (circa 1586),{{sfn|Tenney|1969|p=104}} to beguile the tedium of his voyage, he composed his prose tale of ''[[Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacy, Found After His Death In His Cell At Silexedra]]'', (1590). This subsequently furnished the story of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[As You Like It]]''. <br />
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The novel, which in its turn owes some, though no very considerable, debt to the medieval ''[[Tale of Gamelyn]]'' (unwarrantably appended to the fragmentary Cookes Tale in certain manuscripts of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s works), is written in the [[euphuism|euphuistic]] manner, but decidedly attractive both by its plot and by the situations arising from it. It has been frequently reprinted. <br />
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The name [[Euphues]] is taken from a work by [[John Lyly]], itself taken from [[Roger Ascham]]'s ''[[The Scholemaster]]'', which describes Euphues as a type of student who is: <blockquote>apte by goodnes of witte, and appliable by readines of will, to learning, hauving all other qualities of the mind and partes of the bodie, that must an other day serue learning, not trobled, mangled, and halfed, but sounde, whole, full & hable to do their office<ref>Fowler, Alastair. ''The History of English Literature'', [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge, MA]] (1989) pp. 45–46 {{ISBN|0-674-39664-2}}</ref> </blockquote><br />
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==== Later works and later life ====<br />
Before starting on his second expedition he had published a historical romance, ''The History of Robert, Second Duke of Normandy, surnamed [[Robert the Devil]]''; and he left behind him for publication ''Catharos Diogenes in his Singularity'', a discourse on the immorality of [[Athens]] (London). Both appeared in 1591. Another romance in the manner of [[John Lyly|Lyly]], ''Euphues Shadow, the Battaile of the Sences'' (1592), appeared while Lodge was still on his travels.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}<br />
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In the latter part of his life—possibly about 1596, when he published his ''Wits Miserie and the World's Madnesse'', which is dated from [[Low Leyton]] in Essex, and the religious tract ''Prosopopeia'' (if, as seems probable, it was his), in which he repents him of his "lewd lines" of other days—he became a [[Catholic]] and engaged in the practice of medicine, for which [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Wood]] says he qualified himself by a degree at Avignon in 1600. Two years afterwards he received the degree of M.D. from Oxford University.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=861}}<br />
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Early in 1606 he seems to have left England, to escape the persecution then directed against the Catholics; and a letter from him dated 1610 thanks the English ambassador in [[Paris]] for enabling him to return in safety. He was abroad on urgent private affairs of one kind and another in 1616. From this time to his death nothing further concerning him remains to be noted.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=861}}<br />
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Lodge while practising medicine in London lived first in Warwick Lane, afterwards in Lambert Hill, and finally in Old Fish Street in the parish of St Mary Magdalen. He died in Old Fish Street in 1625, apparently in the Roman Catholic communion (see [[#Family|below]]).{{sfn|Lee|1893|p=65}} He may have been buried in [[St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street]], demolished in 1893, but documentary evidence is lacking.<br />
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==Dramatic works==<br />
[[File:Greene Looking Glass 1598.jpg|thumb|1598 edition of ''A Looking Glasse, for London and Englande'']]<br />
Lodge's known dramatic work is small in quantity. In conjunction with [[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]] he, probably in 1590, produced in a popular vein the odd but far from feeble play, ''[[A Looking Glass for London and England]]'' (published 1594).{{sfn|Ward|1911|pp=860–861}} He had already written ''[[The Wounds of Civil War]]'' (produced perhaps as early as 1587, and published in 1594), a good second-rate piece in the half-chronicle fashion of its age.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=861}} Darren Freebury-Jones has advanced arguments that Lodge co-wrote ''[[Selimus (play)|Selimus]]'' with Greene.<ref>{{Cite book |first=DARREN |last=FREEBURY-JONES |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1287921534 |title=READING ROBERT GREENE : recovering shakespeare's rival. |date=2022 |publisher=ROUTLEDGE |isbn=1-032-15406-3 |oclc=1287921534}}</ref><br />
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Fleay saw grounds for assigning to Lodge ''[[Mucedorus|Mucedorus and Amadine]]'', played by the [[Queen's Men]] about 1588, a share with Robert Greene in ''George a Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield'', and in Shakespeare's 2nd part of ''Henry VI''; he also regards him as at least part-author of ''The True Chronicle of [[King Leir]] and his three Daughters'' (1594); and ''The Troublesome Raigne of John, King of England'' (c.&nbsp;1588); in the case of two other plays he allowed the assignation to Lodge to be purely conjectural.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}<br />
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That Lodge is the "Young Juvenal" of Greene's ''[[Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit|Groats-Worth of Wit]]'' is no longer a generally accepted hypothesis.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=861}}<br />
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==Poetry and prose==<br />
His second historical romance, the ''Life and Death of William Longbeard'' (1593), was more successful than the first. Lodge also brought back with him from the new world ''A Margarite of America'' (published 1596), a romance of the same description interspersed with many lyrics. Already in 1589 Lodge had given to the world a volume of poems bearing the title of the chief among them, ''Scillaes Metamorphosis, Enterlaced with the Unfortunate Love of Glaucus'', more briefly known as ''Glaucus and Scilla''. To this tale Shakespeare was possibly indebted for the idea of [[Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)|''Venus and Adonis'']]. In a lost work, the ''Sailor's Kalendar'', he must in one way or another have recounted his sea adventures.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}<br />
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If Lodge, as has been supposed, was the Alcon in ''Colin Clout's Come Home Again'', it may have been the influence of [[Edmund Spenser]] which led to the composition of ''Phillis'', a volume of [[sonnet]]s, in which the voice of nature seems only now and then to become audible, published with the narrative poem ''The Complaynte of Elsired'' in 1593. ''A Fig for Momus'', on the strength of which he has been called the earliest English satirist, and which contains eclogues addressed to [[Samuel Daniel]] and others, an epistle addressed to [[Michael Drayton]], and other pieces, appeared in 1595.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=860}}{{efn|Thomas Woodford, Drayton's partner in the development of the [[Whitefriars Theatre]], was the nephew of Thomas Lodge the dramatist by the 1573 marriage of his sister Joan Lodge to the prominent London Grocer Gamaliel Woodford.{{sfn|Sisson|1931|p=62}}}}<br />
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==Academic works==<br />
[[File:WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg|thumb|1640 edition of the translation of the works of [[Josephus]]]]<br />
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After Lodge received his M.D. from Oxford University, his works from then on take on a more serious note, comprising translations of [[Josephus]] (1602), of [[Seneca the Young|Seneca]] (1614), a ''Learned Summary of [[Du Bartas]]'s Divine Sepmaine'' (1625 and 1637). He also wrote medical literature including the ''Treatise of the [[pandemic|Plague]]'' (1603), ''The poore Mans Talentt'' (c.&nbsp;1623)'',''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lodge|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfIKAAAAYAAJ&q=the+cough+hott+cause&pg=PA315|title=The Complete Works of Thomas Lodge 1580-1623? Now First Collected...: Wits, miserie, and the worlds madnesse, 1596. A looking glasse, for London and Englande, 1598. A treatise of the plague, 1603. The poore mans talentt 1623? Miscellaneous pieces. Glossary|date=1883|publisher=Hunterian club|language=en}}</ref> and a popular manual, which remained unpublished, on ''Domestic Medicine''.{{sfn|Ward|1911|p=861}}<br />
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==Family==<br />
Lodge seems to have married his first wife Joan in or before 1583,{{sfn|Lee|1893|p=65}} when, "impressed with the uncertainty of human life", he made a will.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|1893|p=60}} cites cf. Gent. Mag. 1834, pt. ii. p. 157.</ref> That his family viewed his conduct at the time with disfavour may be inferred from the absence of his name from his father's will in 1583.{{sfn|Lee|1893|p=60}} Lodge and Joan had a daughter Mary.{{sfn|Lee|1893|p=65}} He married secondly Jane, widow of Solomon Aldred, at one time a Roman Catholic agent of [[Francis Walsingham]] in Rome.{{sfn|Lee|1893|p=65}}<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite ODNB |last=Alsop |first=J.D. |year=2004 |title=Laxton, Sir William (d. 1556) |id=16214 }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last = Bishai |first = Nadia |year = 2012 |chapter = At the Signe of the Gunne: Titus Andronicus, the London Book Trade, and the Literature of Crime, 1590–1615 |pages = 7–48 |editor-first = Liberty |editor-last = Stanavage |editor2-first = Paxton |editor2-last = Hehmeyer |title = Titus out of Joint: Reading the Fragmented Titus Andronicus |location = Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn = 978-1-4438-3762-0 <br />
}}<br />
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Collier |editor-first=John Payne |year=1843 |title=A Defence of Poetry, Music, and Stage-Plays, by Thomas Lodge of Lincoln's Inn |location=London |publisher=Shakespeare Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PR16 |access-date=22 November 2013 }}<br />
*{{Cite ODNB |last=Halasz |first=Alexandra |year=2004 |title=Lodge, Thomas (1558–1625) |id=16923 }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Sisson |first=Charles J. |year=1931 |title=Thomas Lodge and Other Elizabethans |location=New York |publisher=Octagon Books Inc. |pages=1–164 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Tenney |first=Edward Andrews |year=1969 |title=Thomas Lodge |location=Ithaca, NY |orig-year=1935 |series=Cornell Studies in English |volume=26 |edition=reprinted |publisher=Russell & Russell }}<br />
<br />
'''Attribution'''<br />
*{{EB1911|last=Ward |first=Adolphus William |wstitle=Lodge, Thomas |volume=16 |pages=860–861}}<br />
*{{DNB |last=Lee |first=Sidney |wstitle=Lodge, Thomas (1558?-1625) |display=Lodge, Thomas (1558?–1625)|volume=34 |pages=60–66}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
* {{Cite ODNB |last=McConnell |first=Anita |year=2004 |title=Lodge, Sir Thomas (1509/10–1585) |id=16922 }}<br />
* {{cite SBDEL|wstitle=Lodge, Thomas |short=x}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Alice Walker|title=The Life of Thomas Lodge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUPsugEACAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Folcroft Press|isbn=978-0-8482-2910-8}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Gutenberg author |id=7199| name=Thomas Lodge}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Lodge}}<br />
* {{Librivox author |id=3359}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodge, Thomas}}<br />
[[Category:1550s births]]<br />
[[Category:1625 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century deaths from plague (disease)]]<br />
[[Category:People from West Ham]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century English poets]]<br />
[[Category:English Renaissance dramatists]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century English writers]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century English male writers]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century English dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century English novelists]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century English male writers]]<br />
[[Category:University Wits]]<br />
[[Category:English medical writers]]<br />
[[Category:English male poets]]<br />
[[Category:English male dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:English male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Lyttelton family|Thomas]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from the London Borough of Newham]]</div>imported>Sowedboer