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{{Redirect|DOS-8|other uses|DOS 8 (disambiguation){{!}}DOS 8}}
{{Short description|Russian International Space Station module}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox space station module
| spelling = gb
| module = ''Zvezda''
| module_image = Zvezda (tight crop).jpg
| module_image_caption = ''Zvezda'' as seen by {{OV|104}} during [[STS-106]]
| station = [[International Space Station]]
| launch = 12 July 2000, 04:56{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_vehicle = [[Proton-K]]
| docked = 26 July 2000, 01:45{{nbsp}}UTC ([[Zarya (ISS module)|''Zarya'']] aft)
| mass = {{cvt|20320|kg}} 
| length = {{cvt|13.1|m}}
| width = {{cvt|29.7|m}}
| height =
| diameter = {{cvt|4.35|m}}
| volume = {{plainlist|
* {{cvt|75|m3}}
* Habitable: {{cvt|46.7|m3}}
}}
| stats_ref = <ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |date=22 February 2007 |title=The ISS to Date |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/isstodate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603174252/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/isstodate.html |archive-date=3 June 2002 |access-date=24 June 2007 |publisher=NASA}} }}</ref><ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title=International Space Station Status Report #06-7 |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/issreports/2006/iss06-7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615191754/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/issreports/2006/iss06-7.html |archive-date=15 June 2006 |access-date=24 June 2007 |publisher=NASA}} }}</ref><ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |date=14 October 2006 |title=NASA – Zvezda Service Module |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html |access-date=10 July 2007 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=23 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323030726/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html |url-status=dead }} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Служебный модуль 'Звезда' |trans-title="Zvezda" service module |url=http://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=324 |access-date=11 June 2017 |publisher=Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="khrunichev">{{Cite web |title=Zvezda Service Module |url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=54 |access-date=11 June 2017 |publisher=Khrunichev}}</ref><ref name="spaceref">{{Cite web |title=ISS Elements Service Module Zvezda |url=http://www.spaceref.com/iss/elements/sm.html |access-date=19 June 2020 |publisher=Spaceref }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| configuration_image = Zvezda Diagram.jpg
| configuration_caption = On-orbit configuration of the ''Zvezda'' service module
| configuration_size =
}}

[[File:Proton rocket launch.jpg|thumb|''Zvezda'' heads into orbit aboard a [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] launch vehicle on 12 July 2000.]]
[[File:ISS-43 Birthday of astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti.jpg|thumb|[[Expedition 43]] crew celebrate a birthday in ''Zvezda'' module, 2015.]]

'''''Zvezda''''', also known as the '''''Zvezda'' Service Module''', is a module of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). It was the third module launched to the station, and provided all of the station's [[life support system]]s, some of which are supplemented in the [[US Orbital Segment]] (USOS), as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS), which is the [[Russia]]n part of the ISS. Crew assemble here to deal with emergencies on the station.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k |title=Departing Space Station Commander Provides Tour of Orbital Laboratory |date=3 July 2015 |type=video |publisher=NASA |time=17.46-18.26 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/doN4t5NKW-k |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live |people=Williams, Sunita (presenter)}}{{cbignore}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roylance |first=Frank D. |date=11 November 2000 |title=Space station astronauts take shelter from solar radiation |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-11-11-0011110386-story.html |access-date=1 September 2019 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |last=Stofer |first=Kathryn |date=29 October 2013 |title=Tuesday/Wednesday Solar Punch |url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/10.28Flare.html |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202225119/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/10.28Flare.html |url-status=dead }} }}</ref>

The module was manufactured in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] by [[Energia (corporation)|Energia]], with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev.<ref name="ruspace">{{Cite web |title=Service Module {{!}} RuSpace |url=http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921234759/http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=suzymchale.com}}</ref> ''Zvezda'' was launched on a [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] launch vehicle on 12 July 2000, and docked with the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module on 26 July 2000 at 01:45 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. It is a descendant of the [[Salyut programme|''Salyut'' programme's]].

== Origins ==
{{Main|Mir-2}}

The basic structural frame of ''Zvezda'', known as "DOS-8", was initially built in the mid-1980s to be the core of the ''[[Mir-2]]'' space station. This means that ''Zvezda'' is similar in layout to the [[Mir Core Module|core module (DOS-7)]] of the ''[[Mir]]'' space station. It was in fact labeled as ''Mir-2'' for quite some time in the factory. Its design lineage thus extends back to the original ''[[Salyut]]'' stations. The space frame was completed in February 1985 and major internal equipment was installed by October 1986.

The ''Mir-2'' space station was redesigned after the failure of the [[Polyus (spacecraft)|''Polyus'']] [[orbital weapons platform]] core module to reach orbit. ''Zvezda'' is around {{frac|1|4}} the size of ''Polyus'', and has no armaments.

== Design ==
''Zvezda'' consists of three pressurized compartments and one unpressurized compartment. From forward to aft, the pressurized compartments are: a spherical transfer compartment, a long cylindrical main working compartment, and a short cylindrical transfer tunnel. The unpressurized assembly compartment wraps around the exterior of the transfer tunnel.<ref name="ruspace" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zvezda service module (SM) |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_sm.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> ''Zvezda'' weighs about {{cvt|19050|kg}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Uri |first1=John |title=Space Station 20th: Zvezda Service Module Reaches ISS |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-zvezda-service-module-reaches-iss/ |website=NASA |access-date=21 December 2024 |date=27 July 2020}}</ref> and has a length of {{cvt|13.1|m}}. The solar panels extend {{cvt|29.7|m}}.

The transfer compartment ({{Langx|ru|Переходный Отсек, ПхО|Perekhodniy Otsek, PKhO|links=no}}) has three docking ports, along with an internal hatch that can seal it off from the rest of the module, allowing it to serve as an airlock. When ''Zvezda'' was launched, its forward port docked to the aft port of the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module already in orbit. The nadir (Earth-facing) port was initially intended to be used by the [[Universal Docking Module]], it would instead be used by the [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']] module from 2001 to 2021 and the ''[[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]]'' module since 2021. The zenith (space-facing) port was initially intended to be used by the [[Science Power Platform]], it would instead be used by the [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']] module since 2009. The transfer compartment's airlock functionality was only used once during [[Expedition 2]], when [[Yury Usachov]] and [[James S. Voss|James Voss]] put a docking cone on the nadir port to prepare for the arrival of the ''Pirs'' module.

The working compartment ({{Langx|ru|Рабочий Отсек, РО|Rabochii Otsek, RO|links=no}}) is where the crews work and live and makes up the bulk of the module's volume. It comprises two cylinders joined together by a conical adapter. The forward, small-diameter instrument compartment ({{Langx|ru|Приборой Отсек, ПО|Priboroi Otsek, PO|links=no}}) contains the station command post (central computer) and related equipment, The aft large-diameter habitable compartment ({{Langx|ru|Жилой Отсек, ЖО|Zhloi Otsek, ZhO|links=no}}) contains two sleeping quarters, a [[NASA]]-provided [[Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization]], a kitchen equipped with a refrigerator/freezer and a table, a bicycle for exercise, a toilet and other hygiene facilities, this section also contained the [[ISS ECLSS#Elektron|Elektron]] system that electrolyzes condensed humidity and waste water to provide up to {{Convert|5.13|kg}} per day of [[oxygen]] for breathing, while hydrogen is expelled into space. The system also creates condensed [[water]] that could be used for drinking in an emergency, but ordinarily fresh water from Earth was used.

[[File:ROS Windows 0114 complete.jpg|thumb|Russian Orbital Segment windows]]
''Zvezda'' has 13 windows.<ref name="ruspace" /> There are two {{cvt|22.5|cm}} diameter windows, one in each of the two crew sleep compartments (windows No. 1 and 2), six {{cvt|22.5|cm}} diameter windows (No. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) on the forward Transfer Compartment earth-facing floor, a {{cvt|40|cm}} diameter window in the main Working Compartment (No. 9), and one {{cvt|7.5|cm}} diameter window in the aft transfer compartment (No. 10). There are a further three {{cvt|22.5|cm}} diameter windows in the forward end of the forward transfer compartment (No. 12, 13 and 14), for observing approaching craft. Designers did not include installation of Window No. 11.

[[File:ISS-06 Sprouts on the Russian plant growth experiment.jpg|thumb|Sprouts in the BIO-5 Rasteniya-2/Lada-2 (Plants-2) experiment aboard ''Zvezda''<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2003 |title=Photo-iss006e45076 |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-6/html/iss006e45076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622041849/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-6/html/iss006e45076.html |archive-date=22 June 2003 |website=Spaceflight Insider}}</ref>]]''Zvezda'' is also the home of the Lada Greenhouse, which is a test for growing plants in space.<ref>{{citation-attribution|{{Cite web |date=20 October 2005 |title=Orbiting Agriculture |url=http://www.nasa.gov/missions/science/f_lada.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820230034/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/science/f_lada.html |url-status=dead }}}}</ref>

The "Assembly Compartment" holds external equipment such as thrusters, thermometers, antennas, and propellant tanks. The large movable "[[Lira (ISS)|Lira satellite communications antenna]]" is located on the Zvezda service module near the aft or rear of the International Space Station on this Assembly Compartment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=COSMONAUTS PERFORM LONGEST RUSSIAN SPACEWALK TO UPGRADE HIGH-GAIN ANTENNA |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/iss/cosmonauts-perform-longest-russian-spacewalk-upgrade-high-gain-antenna/}}</ref> The "Transfer Chamber" is equipped with automatic docking equipment and is used to service [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress spacecraft]].

The Service Module has 16 small thrusters as well as two large {{convert|3070|N|adj=on}} [[S5.80|S5.79]] thrusters that are 2-axis mounted and can be gimballed 5°. The thrusters are pressure-fed from four tanks with a total capacity of 860 kg.<ref name="spaceref" /> The oxidizer used for the propulsion system is [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] and the fuel is [[UDMH]], the supply tanks being pressurised with nitrogen.<ref name="russianspaceweb">{{Cite web |last=Anatoly Zak |date=18 June 2013 |title=Zvezda service module (SM) |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_sm.html |access-date=8 April 2016 |publisher=Russian Space Web}}</ref> The two main engines on ''Zvezda'' can be used to raise the station's altitude. This was done on 25 April 2007. This was the first time the engines had been fired since ''Zvezda'' arrived in 2000.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |title=International Space Station Status Report: SS07-23 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_SS0723_station_status.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 April 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309153333/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_SS0723_station_status.html |url-status=dead }} }}</ref>

Elektron proved to be rather noisy for the crew and significant maintenance work, having failed several times and requiring the crew to use the [[Vika oxygen generator|Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator]] canisters (also called "[[chemical oxygen generator#Oxygen candle|oxygen candles]]", which were the cause of a fire on ''Mir'') when it has been broken for extended amounts of time. It also contains the Vozdukh, a system which removes [[carbon dioxide]] from the air based on the use of regenerable absorbers of carbon dioxide gas.

The Zvezda module inherited a limitation from its predecessor Mir and Salyut stations rooted in a Soviet spacecraft design philosophy favoring the permanent installation of critical hardware. This approach, while providing more internal living space by concealing systems behind closed panels, contrasts with the US Orbital Segment's (USOS) strategy of using easily replaceable {{Convert|41.3|in|cm|-wide|adj=mid}} [[International Standard Payload Rack]]s. USOS modules, connected via the [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] (CBM), have {{Convert|51|in|cm|-wide|adj=mid}} hatches that accommodate the movement of these racks between modules and spacecraft. Consequently, broken or unfixable hardware on Zvezda remains permanently in place. A notable example is the pre-installed [[ISS ECLSS#Elektron|Elektron]] oxygen-generating system, which required frequent repairs by cosmonauts due to the inability to replace it. Zvezda's {{Convert|78.74|cm|in|-wide|adj=mid}} hatch and the lack of available replacement Elektron units hindered the replacement process. The discontinuation of Elektron production further exacerbated this issue. In October 2020, the Elektron system malfunctioned again, leading to its deactivation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Grand tour of the International Space Station with Drew and Luca {{!}} Single take |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Snn1k_qEx20 |access-date=30 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Space station benefits from a wide opening |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13755857 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302054415/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13755857 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxygen supply system deactivated in Russian ISS section due to malfunction |url=https://tass.com/science/1214871 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=A Rare Look at the Russian Side of the Space Station |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/space/rare-look-russian-side-space-station-180956244/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Air & Space Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxygen problems plague space station |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5953450 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121031437/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5953450 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

== Connection to the ISS ==
[[File:Zvezda rear.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Progress docked to ''Zvezda'' (aft view)]]

The rocket used for launch to the ISS carried [[Space advertising|advertising]]; it was emblazoned with the [[logo]] of [[Pizza Hut]] restaurants,<ref name="pizza-hut">{{Cite web |date=30 September 1999 |title=Pizza Hut Puts Pie in the Sky with Rocket Logo |url=http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/business/pizza_hut_990930_wg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114231357/http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/business/pizza_hut_990930_wg.html |archive-date=14 January 2006 |access-date=27 June 2006 |publisher=Space.com}}</ref><ref name="pizza-hut2">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2000 |title=Proton Set to Make Pizza Delivery to ISS |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/pizzahut-00b.html |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=SpaceDaily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Geere |first=Duncan |date=2 November 2010 |title=The International Space Station is 10 today! |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-11/02/iss-is-10 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=wired.co.uk |publisher=Wired}}</ref> for which they are reported to have paid more than US$1 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 1999 |title=THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Rocket to Carry Pizza Hut Logo |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1DB123EF932A35753C1A96F958260 |access-date=21 January 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The money helped support [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] and the Russian advertising agencies that orchestrated the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2000 |title=Proton Set to Make Pizza Delivery to ISS |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/pizzahut-00b.html |publisher=SpaceDaily |agency=AFP}}</ref>

Management and integration of the Service Module into the International Space Station began in 1991. Structural construction was performed by [[Energia (corporation)|RKK Energia]], then handed over to the Khrunichev Design Bureau for final outfitting. Joint reviews between the [[Roscosmos|Russian Space Agency]] (Roscosmos) and the NASA ISS Program Office monitored construction, solved language and security concerns and ensured flight readiness and crew training. Several years of delay were encountered due to funding constraints between Roscosmos and RKK Energia requiring repeated delays in First Element Launch.

On 26 July 2000, ''Zvezda'' became the third component of the ISS when it docked at the aft port of ''Zarya''. (The U.S. [[Unity Module|''Unity'' module]] had already been attached to ''Zarya''). Later in July, the computers aboard ''Zarya'' handed over ISS commanding functions to computers on ''Zvezda''.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |title=STS-106 |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/mission-sts-106.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-date=13 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813150126/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/mission-sts-106.html |url-status=dead }} }}</ref>

On 11 September 2000, two members of the [[STS-106]] [[Space Shuttle]] crew completed final connections between ''Zvezda'' and ''Zarya''; during a 6-hour, 14 minute [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]], astronaut [[Ed Lu]] and cosmonaut [[Yuri Malenchenko]] connected nine cables between ''Zvezda'' and ''Zarya'', including four power cables, four video and data cables and a fiber-optic telemetry cable.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |title=STS-106 Report # 07 |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/news/sts-106-mcc-07.txt |publisher=NASA |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601134046/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/news/sts-106-mcc-07.txt |url-status=dead }} }}</ref> The next day, STS-106 crew members floated into ''Zvezda'' for the first time, at 05:20 UTC on 12 September 2000.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |title=STS-106 Report # 10 |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/news/sts-106-mcc-09.txt |publisher=NASA |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170942/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-106/news/sts-106-mcc-09.txt |url-status=dead }} }}</ref>

''Zvezda'' provided early living quarters, a life support system, a communication system (''Zvezda'' introduced a 10 Mbit/s Ethernet network to the ISS <ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite report |url=http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2002/TM-2002-211310.pdf |title=ISS and STS Commercial Off-The-Shelf Router Testing |last1=William Ivancic |last2=Terry Bell |date=April 2002 |publisher=NASA Technical Memo TM-2002-211310 |last3=Dan Shell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226222727/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2002/TM-2002-211310.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}}}</ref>), electrical power distribution, a data processing system, a flight control system, and a propulsion system. These quarters and some, but not all, systems have since been supplemented by additional ISS components.

== Launch risks ==
Due to Russian financial problems, ''Zvezda'' was launched with no backup and no insurance. Due to this risk, NASA had constructed an [[Interim Control Module]] (ICM) in case it was delayed significantly or destroyed on launch.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Air leaks ==
Since September 2019, the ''Zvezda'' module has been experiencing a worsening air leak. The source appears to be microscopic structural cracks within the small transfer tunnel, known by the Russian acronym PrK, which connects ''Zvezda'' to the aft docking port typically used by Progress cargo spacecraft. Initially, the leak rate was minimal, less than {{Convert|1|lb}} per day, but it has steadily increased, reaching {{Convert|3.7|lb}} per day as of April 2024. While both NASA and Roscosmos suspect issues with welds, the exact cause of the leak remains unknown. NASA has classified the leaks as a high-risk threat to spaceflight activities, potentially leading to "catastrophic failure." However, Roscosmos says that it does not believe a catastrophic disintegration of the PrK is realistic, and has expressed confidence in their ability to monitor and manage the leak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=27 September 2024 |title=NASA confirms space station cracking a "highest" risk and consequence problem |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/09/nasa-confirms-space-station-cracking-a-highest-risk-and-consequence-problem/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=7 June 2024 |title=As leaks on the space station worsen, there's no clear plan to deal with them |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/06/on-the-space-station-band-aid-fixes-for-systemic-problems/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2024">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=18 November 2024 |title=The ISS has been leaking air for 5 years, and engineers still don't know why |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/11/nasa-roscosmos-disagree-on-risk-of-catastrophic-failure-from-iss-air-leak/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{As of|2024|11}}, to mitigate the leak and the risk of a catastrophic failure the normal operating procedure is to keep the hatch leading to the PrK from Zvezda closed except when a spacecraft is being actively accessed. When the hatch leading to the PrK is opened, a hatch leading to the [[US Orbital Segment]] of the ISS is closed, which would contain a catastrophic failure and decompression to just the [[Russian Orbital Segment]].<ref name="Clark 2024" />

== Interior ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Zvezda toilet.jpg|''Zvezda''{{'}}s [[space toilet]]
File:Forward view of interior of Zvezda.jpg|Forward view of interior of ''Zvezda''
File:ISS-01 Part of the galley area on the Zvezda Service Module.jpg|Part of the galley
</gallery>

[[File:Iss017e015059.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Zvezda'' aft. Items in the image include a [[crucifix]], two [[icon]]s, a telephoto camera lens, a camera flash, a zoom camera lens, other [[camera lens]]es, [[laptop]] computers with music playback software, a picture of [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], external speakers for a laptop computer, a picture of [[Yuri Gagarin]], a [[Russian flag]], a spaceplane model, a picture of [[Saint Petersburg]], a fluorescent light fitting, several crew patches, and an oscillimeter (combined [[oscilloscope]] and [[multimeter]]).]]

== Crew ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:ISS christmas 2009.jpg|Crewmembers celebrating Christmas in ''Zvezda''
File:Yury Usachev in Russian crew quarters.jpg|View of one of the ''Zvezda'' crew quarters
File:NASA-Krikalev-inside-ISS.jpg|Cosmonaut in ''Zvezda'', November 2000.

File:Expedition 37 crew in the Zvezda service module.jpg|Expedition 37 crew in ''Zvezda''
File:ISS-20 Roman Romanenko at a window in the Zvezda Service Module.jpg|Roman Romanenko at a window in ''Zvezda''
</gallery>

== Exterior ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Zvezda Service Module under construction.jpg|''Zvezda'' Service Module being manufactured at the [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]] factory
File:Unity-Zarya-Zvezda STS-106.jpg|[[Pressurized mating adapter|PMA-2]], ''Unity'' Node 1, PMA-1, ''Zarya'' FGB, ''Zvezda'' Service Module, and [[Progress M1-3]].
File:Russian Orbital Segment.png|The location of ''Zvezda'' in the [[Russian Orbital Segment]]
File:STS-129 Zvezda sunrise.jpg|Sunrise in orbit overlooking ''Zvezda'' and its [[solar array]]
File:ROS Windows 0114 complete.jpg|Russian Orbital Segment windows
File:Passive hybrid docking system - from another angle.jpg|''Zvezda'' nadir docking port where ''Pirs'' and ''Nauka'' were docked
File:Passive hybrid docking system on Zvezda.jpg|Zenith docking port on ''Zvezda'' where ''Poisk'' had docked
</gallery>

== Dockings ==
[[File:ATV-3 approaches the International Space Station 7.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|ATV-3 ''Edoardo Amaldi'' firing thrusters while approaching]]
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 approach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Soyuz TMA-7 arrives at ISS. It was docked with ''Zvezda'' in 2006, but also spent time docked with ''Pirs'' and ''Zarya''.]]
[[File:ISS Zvezda module.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Zvezda'' docked with [[Progress M1-3]]]]


'''Aft port'''
* [[Progress MS-02]] 63P, 2016
* [[Progress M-29M]] 61P, 2015–2016
* [[Soyuz TMA-16M]], 2015 <ref name="SOYUZRELOC">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |title=Soyuz Relocation |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2015/08/28/completed-soyuz-relocation-sets-stage-for-new-crew |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=NASA}} }}</ref>
* [[Georges Lemaître ATV]]-5, 2014–2015
* [[Progress M-21M]], 2013–2014
* [[Soyuz TMA-09M]], 2013<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Jerry |date=13 April 2015 |title=Soyuz Move Sets Stage for Arrival of New Crew |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/soyuz-move-sets-stage-for-arrival-of-new-crew-0 |website=NASA |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203085111/https://www.nasa.gov/content/soyuz-move-sets-stage-for-arrival-of-new-crew-0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Albert Einstein ATV]]-4, 2013
* [[Progress M-17M]] 49P, 2012–2013
* [[Edoardo Amaldi ATV]]-3 2012
* [[Progress M-11M]] 43P, 2011
* [[Johannes Kepler ATV]]-2 2011
* [[Progress M-07M]] 39P, 2010
* [[Progress M-06M]] 38P, 2010
* [[Soyuz TMA-19]], 2010<ref name=nasa />
* [[Soyuz TMA-17]], 2010
* [[Progress M-04M]] 36P, 2010
* [[Soyuz TMA-16]], 2009–2010
* [[Progress M-67]] 34P, 2009
* [[Jules Verne ATV]]-1 2008
* [[Progress M-65]] 30P, 2008
* [[Progress M-60]] 25P, 2007
* [[Progress M-58]] 23P, 2006–2007
* [[Soyuz TMA-9]] 2006
* [[Soyuz TMA-7]] 2006
* [[Progress M-56]] 21P, 2006
* [[Progress M-54]] 19P, 2005–2006
* [[Progress M-53]] 18P, 2005
* [[Progress M-52]] 17P, 2005
* [[Progress M-51]] 16P, 2004–2005
* [[Progress M-50]] 15P, 2004
* [[Progress M-49]] 14P, 2004
* [[Progress M1-11]] 13P, 2004
* [[Progress M-48]] 12P, 2003–2004
* [[Progress M-47]] 10P, 2003
* [[Progress M1-9]] 9P, 2002–2003
* [[Progress M-46]] 8P, 2002
* [[Progress M1-8]] 7P, 2002
* [[Progress M1-7]] 6P, 2001–2002
* [[Progress M-45]] 5P, 2001
* [[Progress M1-6]] 4P, 2001
* [[Progress M-44]] 3P, 2001
* [[Progress M1-3]] 1P, 2000 (1st)

'''Nadir'''
* ''[[Pirs (ISS module)|Pirs]]'', 2001–2021
* ''[[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]]'', 2021–present

'''Zenith'''
* ''[[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]]'', 2009–present

'''Forward'''
* ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'', 2000–present

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html ''Zvezda'' @ RuSpace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921234759/http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html |date=21 September 2020 }} (includes diagrams)

{{ISS modules}}
{{Salyut Program}}
{{Uncrewed ISS flights}}
{{Orbital launches in 2000}}

[[Category:Russian components of the International Space Station]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 in Russia]]

Zvezda (ISS module) - Revision history

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