John Ambrose Fleming

Sir John Ambrose Fleming (29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945) was a British electrical engineer and physicist.<ref name="Eccles">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="MacGregor-Morris">Template:Cite ODNB</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is known for inventing the vacuum tube, designing the radio transmitter—with which the first transatlantic radio transmission was made—and establishing the right-hand rule used in physics.<ref name="Harr">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Biography

Early life

John Ambrose Fleming was born on 29 November 1849 in Lancaster, England, the eldest of seven children of James Fleming DD, a Congregational minister at High Street Congregational Chapel, and Mary Ann White.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/><ref name="Eccles"/><ref name="LANCAT">Template:Cite web</ref> He was baptised on 11 February 1850.<ref name="IEEE">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Through his mother, Fleming was the nephew of Ellen Ranyard (née White), founder of The London Bible and Domestic Female Mission, and Edward White, a Free Church minister.<ref name="Eccles"/>

Sometime between 1853–1854, the Fleming family moved to North London.<ref name="Eccles"/><ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> Initially tutored by his mother, Fleming enrolled at University College School in 1863, where he developed an interest in engineering.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> Unable to afford the fees to be apprenticed with a professional engineer, he decided to pursue a career in science teaching.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/><ref name="TRS">Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

In 1867, Fleming enrolled at University College London, where he studied under Augustus De Morgan, Alexander Williamson, and George Carey Foster.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> However in 1868, he temporarily suspended his studies due to financial difficulties. <ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> He subsequently spent four months at a shipbuilders drawing office in Dublin before finding employment at a City stockbroker's office.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> He continued his studies on a part time basis, and graduated with a B.Sc. in 1870.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Following graduation, Fleming took a position teaching science at the Rossall School upon the recommendation of Edward Frankland.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> In 1872, he enrolled at the Royal College of Science, where he studied chemistry under Frankland.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> There he first studied Alessandro Volta's battery, which became the subject of his first scientific paper. His paper was the first read at the inaugural meeting of the Physical Society of London in 1874.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/>

The same year, Fleming returned to teaching, and was appointed Science Master at Cheltenham College.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> In 1877, he enrolled at St. John's College, Cambridge, to study the Natural Science Tripos.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From January 1878 until May 1879, he was one of two students who attended the finial lectures of James Clerk Maxwell.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the summer of 1879, he obtained a D.Sc. from the University of London.<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> In early 1880, he graduated with First Class Honours from St. John's College,<ref name="MacGregor-Morris"/> where he became a Fellow in 1883.<ref>Template:Acad</ref>

Career

Template:More citations needed Fleming served for one year at Cambridge University as a demonstrator of mechanical engineering, before being appointed the first Professor of Physics and Mathematics at University College Nottingham, but he left after less than a year. In 1882, he became an electrician at the Edison Electric Light Company, advising on lighting systems and the new Ferranti alternating current systems.

In 1885, Fleming became head of the newly established Department of Electrical Technology at University College London. Although this offered great opportunities, he recalls in his autobiography that the only equipment provided to him was a blackboard and piece of chalk. In 1897, the Pender Memorial Committee donated £5,000 to the department, which was used to found the Pender Laboratory, along with the Pender Chair, which Fleming took up.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1926, Fleming retired from University College London. He remained active, becoming a committed advocate of the new technology of television which included serving as the second President of the Television Society. His contributions to electronic communications and radar were of vital importance in winning World War II.

Inventions

Radio transmitter

In 1899, Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of radiotelegraphy, decided to attempt transatlantic radio communication. This would require a scale-up in power from the small 200–400 watt transmitters he had used up to then. Marconi contracted Fleming, an expert in power engineering, to design a radio transmitter. He designed the world's first large radio transmitter, a complicated spark transmitter powered by a 25 kW alternator driven by a combustion engine, built at Poldhu, Cornwall, which transmitted the first radio transmission across the Atlantic on 12 December 1901.

Although Fleming was responsible for the design, the director of the Marconi Company had made him agree that: "If we get across the Atlantic, the main credit will be and must forever be Mr. Marconi's". Accordingly, the worldwide acclaim that greeted this landmark accomplishment went to Marconi, who only credited Fleming along with several other Marconi employees, saying he did some work on the "power plant".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Marconi also forgot a promise to give him 500 shares of Marconi stock if the project was successful; he was bitter about this treatment. He honoured his agreement and did not speak about it throughout Marconi's life, but after his death in 1937 said Marconi had been "very ungenerous".

Fleming valve

In 1904, while working for the Marconi Company to improve transatlantic radio reception, Fleming built the first vacuum tube, the two-electrode diode, which he called the "oscillation valve", for which he received a patent on 16 November.<ref>Fleming Valve patent Template:US patent</ref> It became known as the Fleming valve. The Supreme Court of the United States later invalidated the patent because of an improper disclaimer and, additionally, maintained the technology in the patent was known art when filed.<ref>"Misreading the Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio" Template:Webarchive. November 1998, Mercurians.org.</ref>

This invention of the vacuum tube is often considered to have been the beginning of electronics.<ref>J.Summerscale (ed.) (1965). "The Penguin Encyclopedia", Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fleming's diode was used in radio receivers and radar for many decades afterwards, until it was superseded by solid-state electronic technology more than 50 years later.

Patent dispute

Fleming in 1906

In 1906, American inventor Lee De Forest added a control grid to the valve to create an amplifying vacuum tube RF detector called the Audion, leading Fleming to accuse him of infringing on his patents. De Forest's tube developed into the triode, the first electronic amplifier. The triode was vital in the creation of long-distance telephone and radio communications, radars, and early electronic digital computers (mechanical and electromechanical digital computers already existed using different technology). The court battle over these patents lasted for many years with victories at different stages for both sides.

Personal life

Fleming was born with congenital hearing loss.<ref name="TRS"/> He attended scientific meetings and debates with an assistant who would make notes.<ref name="TRS"/>

On 11 June 1887, Fleming married<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Clara Ripley (1856/7–1917). On 27 July 1928, he married the popular young singer Olive May Franks (b. 1898/9) of Bristol.

Fleming was a noted photographer, painted watercolours, and enjoyed climbing the Alps.<ref name=":0" />

Fleming retired to Sidmouth around 1926, where he died on 18 April 1945 at the age of 95.<ref name="Eccles"/>

Creationism

Fleming was a Christian creationist who argued against evolution.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He was President of the Victoria Institute from 1927 to 1942.<ref name="frs">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1932, he and Douglas Dewar and Bernard Acworth helped establish the Evolution Protest Movement. Fleming bequeathed much of his estate to Christian charities, especially those for the poor.

Recognition

Memberships

Country	Year	Institute	Type	Template:Reference column heading
Template:Flagdeco United Kingdom	1892	Royal Society	Fellow	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards

Country	Year	Institute	Award	Citation	Template:Reference column heading
Template:Flagdeco United Kingdom	1910	Royal Society	Hughes Medal	"For his researches in electricity and electrical measurements"	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagdeco United Kingdom	1921	Royal Society of Arts	RSA Albert Medal		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	1928	Institution of Electrical Engineers	IEE Faraday Medal		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	1930	Institute of Physics	Duddell Medal and Prize		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	1933	Institute of Radio Engineers	IRE Medal of Honor	"For the conspicuous part he played in introducing physical and engineering principles into the radio art"	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	1935	Franklin Institute	Franklin Medal	"The invention of the thermionic valve"	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Chivalric titles

Country	Year	Monarch	Title	Template:Reference column heading
Template:Flag	1929	George V	Knight Bachelor	<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Commemorations

In 1941, the London Power Company commemorated Fleming by naming a new 1,555 GRT coastal collier SS Ambrose Fleming.<ref name=Burntisland>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1971, the Greater London Council erected a blue plaque for Fleming at 9 Clifton Gardens in Maida Vale, London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Collections

In 1945, Fleming's widow donated Fleming's library and papers to University College London. Fleming's library, which totals around 950 items, includes first editions of works by prominent scientists and engineers such as James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Lodge, James Dewar and Shelford Bidwell.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fleming's archive spans 521 volumes and 12 boxes; it contains his laboratory notebooks, lecture notes, patent specifications, and correspondence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Publications

• Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting: A course of four lectures on electric illumination delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (1894) 228 pages, Template:OCLC.
• The Alternate Current Transformer in Theory and Practice "The Electrician" Printing and Publishing Company (1896)
• Magnets and Electric Currents E. & F. N. Spon. (1898)
• A Handbook for the Electrical Laboratory and Testing Room "The Electrician" Printing and Publishing Company (1901)
• Waves and Ripples in Water, Air, and Aether MacMillan (1902).
• The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy (1906), Longmans Green, London, 671 pages.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• The Propagation of Electric Currents in Telephone and Telegraph Conductors (1908) Constable, 316 pages.
• An Elementary Manual of Radiotelegraphy and Radiotelephony (1911) Longmans Green, London, 340 pages.
• On the power factor and conductivity of dielectrics when tested with alternating electric currents of telephonic frequency at various temperatures (1912) Gresham, 82 pages, ASIN: B0008CJBIC
• The Wonders of Wireless Telegraphy : Explained in simple terms for the non-technical reader Society for promoting Christian Knowledge (1913)
• The Wireless Telegraphist's Pocket Book of Notes, Formulae and Calculations The Wireless Press (1915)
• The Thermionic Valve and its Development in Radio Telegraphy and Telephony (1919).
• Fifty Years of Electricity The Wireless Press (1921)
• Electrons, Electric Waves and Wireless telephony The Wireless Press (1923)
• Introduction to Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. (1924)
• Mercury-arc Rectifiers and Mercury-vapour Lamps London. Pitman (1925)
• The Electrical Educator (3 volumes), The New Era Publishing Co Ltd (1927)
• Television Television Press London. (1928)
• Memories of a Scientific life Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1934)
• Mathematics for Engineers George Newnes Ltd (1938)
• Physics for Engineers George Newnes Ltd (1941)

Creationism

• The Evidence of Things Not Seen Christian Knowledge Society: London (1904)
• Evolution or Creation? (1938) Marshall Morgan and Scott, 114 pages, ASIN: B00089BL7Y – outlines objections to Darwin.

External links

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• Template:Gutenberg author
• Template:Internet Archive author
• Template:Cite book
• IEEE History Center biography
• Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, UCL – home of the original Fleming valve
• 100 Years of Electronics 2004 – The Centenary of the Fleming Valve
• Life and Times of Ambrose Fleming
• Fleming Book Collection at University College London
• Fleming Papers at University College London