HTMS Chakri Naruebet
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates
Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsHTMS Chakri Naruebet (911) (Template:Langx, meaning 'Sovereign of the Chakri Dynasty', the Thai monarchy's ruling family)<ref name="no-aircraft"/><ref name=Werth772/> is the flagship of the Royal Thai Navy (RTN), and Thailand's first and only aircraft carrier, although the RTN refers to her as an "Offshore Patrol Helicopter Carrier".<ref name="Pike ed., Chakri Naruebet">Pike (ed.), Chakri Naruebet</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Chakri Naruebet, Thailand, naval-technology.com</ref><ref name="Royal Thai Navy">Template:Cite web</ref> Based on the Spanish Navy's Template:Ship design and constructed by Spanish shipbuilder Bazán, Chakri Naruebet was ordered in 1992, laid down in 1994, launched in 1996, and commissioned into the RTN in 1997. The ship is the smallest functioning aircraft carrier in the world.<ref name="no-aircraft"/>
The aircraft carrier was designed to operate an air group of V/STOL fighter aircraft and helicopters, and is fitted with an aircraft ski-jump. Initial intentions were to operate a mixed air group of ex-Spanish AV-8S Matador Harrier V/STOL aircraft<ref name="costs">Template:Cite web</ref> and Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters. However, by 1999 it was reported that only one Matador was operational due to parts, training, and fiscal limitations,<ref name="costs"/><ref name=Goebel/><ref name=Carp302/> although three Matadors were spotted on the ship during a show of force after the 29 January 2003 Phnom Penh riots in Cambodia. Her entire Matador jet fleet was removed from service in 2006.<ref name="no-aircraft">Template:Cite web</ref> Although Chakri Naruebet was intended for patrols and force projection in Thai waters, a lack of funding brought on by the 1997 Asian financial crisis meant the carrier has spent most of her career docked at the Sattahip naval base.
Chakri Naruebet has been deployed on several disaster relief operations, including in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and in response to separate flooding incidents in late-2010 and early-2011.
Design
The original plan was to acquire a Template:Convert vessel from Bremer Vulcan, but the Thai government cancelled this contract on 22 July 1991.<ref name=Janes08.09/> A new contract for a larger warship to be constructed at Bazán's shipyard in Ferrol, Spain was signed by the Thai and Spanish governments on 27 March 1992.<ref name=Janes08.09/> The proposed vessel was based on the design of the Spanish Navy aircraft carrier Template:Ship, which in turn was based on the United States Navy's Sea Control Ship concept.<ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Ireland249/> The design is formally referred to by the RTN as an "Offshore Patrol Helicopter Carrier".<ref name="Pike ed., Chakri Naruebet"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Royal Thai Navy"/>
Chakri Naruebet while still operating with Matadors was the smallest aircraft carrier with a fixed wing air group in operation in the world. She displaces Template:Convert at full load.<ref name=Werth772/> The carrier is Template:Convert long between perpendiculars, and Template:Convert overall.<ref name=Werth772/> She is Template:Convert wide at the waterline, with a maximum beam of Template:Convert, and a draught of Template:Convert.<ref name=Werth772/> The warship has a ship's company of 62 officers, 393 sailors, and 146 aircrew.<ref name=Werth772/> Up to 675 additional personnel can be transported, usually from the Royal Thai Marine Corps.<ref name=Werth772/><ref name=Bischan89/>
Chakri Naruebet is propelled by a combined diesel or gas (CODOG) system.<ref name=Werth772/> Each of the two, five-bladed propellers is connected to a Bazán-MTU 16V1163 TB83 diesel engine (providing Template:Convert, used for cruising speed), and a General Electric LM2500 gas turbine (providing Template:Convert, used to reach top speed for short periods).<ref name=Werth772/> Chakri Naruebet has a maximum speed of Template:Convert, although she can only reach Template:Convert with the diesels alone.<ref name=Werth772/> She has a maximum range of Template:Convert with a constant speed of Template:Convert, and Template:Convert at Template:Convert.<ref name=Werth772>Werthem (ed.), Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, p. 772</ref>
Armament and aircraft
Chakri Naruebet is fitted with two .50-caliber machine guns, four 20 mm autocannons and three Matra Sadral sextuple surface-to-air missile launchers firing Mistral missiles.<ref name=Janes08.09/><ref name=Bischan89>Bishop & Chant, Aircraft Carriers, p. 89</ref> The missile launchers were installed in 2001.<ref name=Janes08.09/> The vessel is also fitted for but not with an 8-cell Mark 41 vertical launch system for Sea Sparrow missiles, and four Phalanx close-in weapon systems.<ref name=Bischan88/> The carrier reportedly does not have a functioning anti-aircraft defense system installed.<ref name="no-aircraft"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The carrier was designed to operate an air group of up to six AV-8S Matador V/STOL aircraft, plus four to six S-70B Seahawk helicopters.<ref name=Werth772/><ref name=Bischan89/> Chakri Naruebet is also capable of carrying up to fourteen additional helicopters; a mix of Sikorsky Sea King, Sikorsky S-76, and CH-47 Chinook.<ref name=Werth772/> There is only enough hangar space for ten aircraft.<ref name=Janes08.09/><ref name=Bischan89/>
The Matador was a first-generation export version of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, acquired secondhand from the Spanish Navy in 1997.<ref name=Ireland249>Ireland, The Illustrated Guide to Aircraft Carriers of the World, p. 249</ref><ref name=Goebel>Goebel, Harriers in Service and the Falklands War</ref><ref name="costs"/> The nine Spanish aircraft (seven standard versions plus two TAV-8S trainer aircraft) were refurbished by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA firm before delivery.<ref name=Goebel/> By 1999, only one aircraft was operational, and the RTN was looking for other first-generation Harriers to cannibalize for spares.<ref name=Goebel/><ref name=Carp302/> In 2003, the RTN attempted to acquire several second-generation, ex-Royal Navy Sea Harrier FA2 aircraft from British Aerospace, but the deal did not go ahead.<ref>Dunn, The Harrier: Overseas Service</ref> The inoperative Matadors were finally eliminated from service lists in 2006.<ref>Cooper, End of a Legend</ref>
The flight deck measures Template:Convert.<ref name=Janes08.09/> A 12° ski-jump assists V/STOL aircraft to take off.<ref name=Janes08.09/> There are two aircraft lifts, each capable of lifting 20 tons.<ref name=Janes08.09/>
Sensors and countermeasures
The sensor suite of Chakri Naruebet consists of a Hughes SPS-52C air search radar operating on the E/F band, and two Kelvin-Hughes 1007 navigational radars.<ref name=Janes08.09>Saunders (ed.) Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009, p. 786</ref> There are provisions to install an SPS-64 surface search radar and a hull-mounted sonar, but neither has been fitted as of 2008.<ref name=Janes08.09/><ref name=Bischan89/> Fire control facilities are also yet to be fitted.<ref name=Janes08.09/>
The carrier is equipped with four SRBOC decoy launchers,<ref name=Bischan89/> and an SLQ-25 towed decoy.Template:Citation needed
In April 2012 Saab won a contract to upgrade Chakri NaruebetTemplate:'s command and control systems. This will include fitting a 9LV Mk4 command and control system to the ship as well as a Sea Giraffe AMB radar and improved datalinks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During a network-centric exercise of the Royal Thai Navy in March 2021 networked data links were established between Gripen fighters and HTMS Chakri Naruebet, Template:HTMS and Template:HTMS for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Construction
Work on the Thai carrier commenced in October 1993, although it was not until 12 July 1994 that the hull was laid down.<ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Janes08.09/> Chakri Naruebet was launched on 20 January 1996<ref name=Bischan88/> by Queen Sirikit. Chakri Naruebet cost US$336 million to build.<ref name=Carp302>Carpenter & Wiencek, Asian Security Handbook 2000, p. 302</ref>
Sea trials were conducted from October 1996 to January 1997, the latter part of which was in coordination with the Spanish Navy.<ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Janes08.09/> This was followed by aviation trials at Rota, Spain.<ref name=Janes08.09/> The carrier was handed over on 27 March 1997, when she was commissioned into the RTN.<ref name=Werth772/><ref name=Janes08.09/> She arrived at Phuket on 4 August 1997 following a 42-day voyage from Spain, and formally entered service on 10 August.<ref name=Bischan88/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Role and operational history
Chakri Naruebet is the first aircraft carrier to be operated by a Southeast Asian nation.<ref name=Bischan88>Bishop & Chant, Aircraft Carriers, p. 88</ref> She is assigned to the Third Naval Area Command, and her intended duties include operational support of the RTN's amphibious warfare forces, patrols and force projection around Thailand's coastline and economic exclusion zone, disaster relief and humanitarian missions and search-and-rescue (SAR) operations.<ref name=Werth772/><ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Janes08.09/><ref name=Ireland249/><ref name=Carp302/> However, at the time the carrier entered service, the 1997 Asian financial crisis prevented the necessary funding to operate the ship from being available.<ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Carp302/> Consequently, Chakri Naruebet was usually only operational for a single day per month for training, with the rest of the time spent alongside as a "part-time tourist attraction".<ref name=Werth772/><ref name=Bischan88/><ref name=Carp302/> The struggles continued for years, but it is increasingly common for her to participate in a maritime exercise or joint forces exercise; these have included PASSEX, CARAT, Guardian Sea and Cobra Gold. She was also sent for a fleet review such as the 2017 International Maritime Review in Singapore.
Between 4 and 7 November 1997, Chakri Naruebet participated in disaster relief operations following the passage of Tropical Storm Linda across the Gulf of Thailand and the Kra Isthmus.<ref name=RTNdisaster>Chakri Nauebet disaster relief missions, Royal Thai Navy</ref> The carrier's main task was to search for and assist any fishing vessels affected by the storm.<ref name=RTNdisaster/>
Flooding in the Songkhla Province resulted in the carrier's mobilisation in late November 2000.<ref name=RTNdisaster/> Chakri Naruebet was anchored at an island marina off Songkhla, and used as a base for helicopters and small boats transporting food, supplies and the wounded.<ref name=RTNdisaster/>
In January 2003 after the burning of the Royal Thai Embassy in Cambodia, she was sent for her only "show of force" type mission to date; as an "insurance" policy for the Pochentong-1 evacuation plan.
Following an undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean, tsunamis struck multiple regions around the Indian Ocean, including the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. The personnel of Chakri Naruebet were part of a 760-strong response by the Thai military to the disaster.<ref name=RTNdisaster/> This task force was involved in search-and-rescue around Phuket and the Phi Phi Islands, treatment of wounded and handling of dead and repair work to schools and government facilities.<ref name=RTNdisaster/>
In November 2010, the ship was involved in flood relief operations following the 2010 Thai floods; anchored off Songkhla Province, relief supplies and food were airlifted to people in the region, while hospital patients were evacuated by the ship's helicopters.<ref>Earth Times, Thai aircraft carrier used as floating kitchen</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Chakri Naruebet was sent to Ko Tao in late-March during the 2011 Southern Thailand floods, as the heavy storms causing the flooding had isolated the island, requiring the evacuation of tourists and local citizens.<ref name=BP2011>Bangkok Post, "Navy races South to aid victims"</ref>
In 2021 it was reported that Chakri Naruebet usually spends only a day each month at sea, though it had recently sailed through the Singapore Strait. The ship is open to tourists when it is docked at its home port.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>