Hussein Onn

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Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Malay name Template:Infobox officeholder Hussein bin Onn (Template:Langx; 12 February 1922 – 29 May 1990) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the third prime minister of Malaysia from 1976 to 1981.

Early life, family and education

Hussein Onn was born on 12 February 1922 in Johor Bahru to an aristocratic family.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> His father, Onn Jaafar (1895–1962) was a pioneer of early Malay nationalism and helped found the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), serving as its inaugural president. His mother was Halimah Hussein (1900–1988). Hussein's grandfather, Jaafar Haji Muhammad, was the first Menteri Besar of Johor, or Chief Minister, while his grandmother, Rogayah Hanim, is generally understood to have come from the Caucasus region of the Ottoman Empire. She was likely presented as a concubine (see Circassian beauties) by the Ottoman court to the Sultan of Johor, but her exact origins are unclear.<ref name="Rogayah">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn Through Rogayah, Hussein is also cousin to academics Ungku Abdul Aziz, Syed Hussein Alatas, and Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hussein married Suhailah Noah, a daughter of first Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Mohamed Noah Omar, in 1948. Abdul Razak Hussein was his brother-in-law by virtue of his marriage to another of Mohamed Noah's daughters, Rahah Noah.<ref name="malayinsider2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Hussein received his early education at Telok Kurau Primary School, Singapore,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and at English College Johore Bahru. Hussein's Grade 2 result in his Senior Cambridge exams rendered him ineligible for either Raffles College or the King Edward VII College of Medicine, which combined with the outbreak of World War II, led him to join the Johor Military Forces as a cadet in 1940. A year later, he was sent to the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun, India. By the completion of his training, what was meant to be a two-year ordeal condensed into eight months, Malaya had been occupied by Japan and Hussein was commissioned into the 19th Hyderabad Regiment of the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant. Initially assigned to train new recruits in Agra, Hussein was later sent to the Middle Eastern theatre.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>

In early 1943, Hussein was called to New Delhi to serve as part of the military intelligence department of the British Military Headquarters in preparation for the British invasion of Malaya. He was later posted to Rawalpindi as an instructor at the Malayan Police Recruiting and Training Centre, where he instructed a police force that would enforce order upon British re-occupation. Hussein was part of the second wave of an invasion force heading towards Malaya when the Japanesese surrendered, whereupon he was diverted to Yangon before arriving in Singapore in 1945.<ref name=":5" />

Following his return, Hussein was appointed the Commandant of the Johor Bahru Police Depot under the British Military Administration, where he was responsible for re-establishing a police force. When the military administration was replaced by civilian rule the following year, Hussein opted to leave the army when it refused to grant Malay officers equal status to their British counterparts. He instead joined the Malay Administrative Service, becoming the assistant district officer for Kuala Selangor and later Klang.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He left the service in 1949, opting to commit to politics.<ref name=":5" />

Hussein went to London to study law at Lincoln's Inn in 1952. He passed his exams in 1960 and was called to the Bar in 1961.<ref name=":5" /> Template:Conservatism in Malaysia

When Hussein's father Onn founded UMNO in 1946, he joined it as the head of its youth committee. He was later elected the party's first youth chief in 1949. In 1950, he was elected UMNO secretary general. The same year, he was appointed to the Federal Legislative Council, serving on its Integrity Services Commission responsible for investigation allegations of corruption against British officials. He was concurrently a member of Johor's legislature and executive council.<ref name=":5" />

Hussein, however, left UMNO in 1951 to join his father in forming the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP), which strived for multiracial politics. The new party did not fare well and Hussein chose to pursue a legal career instead.<ref name=":5" />

Upon his return from London as a qualified lawyer, Hussein joined Bannon & Bailey as a legal assistant until 1963. He then joined Skrine & Co., where he was later made a partner.<ref name=":5" />

Hussein returned to politics by rejoining UMNO in 1968 at the urging of Abdul Razak. He stood and won in the Johore Bahru Timor constituency, defeating the Democratic Action Party's Lee Ah Meng in 1969. Hussein left his position as a partner at Skrine & Co. when he was appointed Education Minister in 1970. He oversaw the implementation of admission quotas for Bumiputra students into institutions of higher education and made it a requirement to achieve a pass in Malay for Lower Certificate of Education (LCE) and Malaysia Certificate of Education (MCE) levels.<ref name=":5" />

Hussein was chosen as the Deputy Prime Minister by Abdul Razak following the death of Ismail Abdul Rahman in 1973. At the time, Hussein was one of the party's five vice-presidents. He was concurrently made the Trade and Industry Minister.<ref name=":2" />

Prime Minister

Template:Infobox administrationOn 15 January 1976, Hussein was appointed as Prime Minister following the death of Abdul Razak.<ref>Tan, Chee Khoon & Vasil, Raj (ed., 1984). Without Fear or Favour, p. 38. Eastern Universities Press. Template:ISBN.</ref> He also became President of the United Malays National Organisation, and by virtue of that position, Chairman of Barisan Nasional.<ref name=":2" />

The first few years of his administration was plagued by factionalism within UMNO,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> particularly from former Selangor chief minister Harun Idris. Harun had been expelled from UMNO in 1976 before being charged with corruption, for which he was convicted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1978, Hussein was challenged by Sulaiman Palestine, a member of Harun's faction, for the party's presidency. Up until this point, it was tradition for the incumbent to go unchallenged during party polls.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Harun later attempted to reclaim control of the party's youth wing in 1980, but failed.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref>

His first cabinet was announced in April, nearly four months after he assumed the position of prime minister. Notably, Mahathir Mohamad, then a vice-president of the party, was chosen as deputy prime minister over Abdul Ghafar Baba, another party vice-president, and Ghazali Shafie, who was reported to be Hussein's preferred choice.<ref name=":2" />

The resurgence of Islam among the Malay population coincided with Hussein's tenure, and his government sought to exert control by starting its own dakwah programs while simultaneously empowering state bodies responsible for directing religious activities and tightening laws on civil society. Islam as a political and social force nevertheless continued to grow.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

To prevent chief ministers from gaining too much influence and power, Hussein's administration pursued a policy of appointing younger individuals who would serve just one or two terms.<ref name=":0" /> He also oversaw the abolition of the Ministry of Law, with its duties being folded into the prime minister's department in 1980. Prior to this, the Minister of Law was simultaneously the Attorney General.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which began under Abdul Razak, continued under Hussein's government. Manufacturing made up 20.5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) by 1980. Concurrently, the value added to the economy from agriculture stagnated while value added from mining declined. Though inflation rates remained low at the beginning of Hussein's administration, it began to rise by the end of his tenure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

Worker's rights were curtailed and extensive powers granted to the Registrar of Trade Unions and the Minister of Labour through amendments.<ref name=":1" />

The Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Vietnamese border raids in Thailand were among the government's foremost foreign policy concerns during Hussein's administration. Along with other ASEAN states, Malaysia recognised the legitimacy of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge against the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea. Malaysia boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted in the Soviet Union owing to its invasion of Afghanistan, which it compared to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

Questions surrounding Hussein's health began in late December 1980 when he fell ill during a trip to London. He announced his intention to step down in May 1981, after a coronary bypass surgery in February that year. His deputy, Mahathir Mohamad succeeded him as prime minister on 16 July 1981, following which Hussein retired from politics, citing health concerns.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Later life and death

Choosing not to write a memoir upon his retirement, Hussein said

My life is rather dull, and I cannot see why anyone would be interested in reading about it.<ref name=":3" />

Hussein took an increasingly critical stance against Mahathir in 1987 as the rivalry between "Team A" and "Team B" within UMNO reached its zenith, opting not to attend that year's party general assembly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Following the dissolution of UMNO by court order in 1988, Hussein became involved in attempts to revive "Old UMNO" with members of Team B in opposition to the "New UMNO" that had been formed by Mahathir.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hussein later sought to mediate the conflict between the two sides and was involved in organising unsuccessful reunification talks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hussein died on 29 May 1990 of heart disease at Seton Medical Center in San Mateo, California, at the age of 68.<ref name="pmo.gov2">Template:Cite web</ref> He was laid to rest next to his predecessor, Abdul Razak, at Makam Pahlawan near Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Family

Hussein and Suhaila had six children, including Roquaiya Hanim (1950–2006) and Hishammuddin Hussein (born 1961), a senior UMNO politician.<ref name="malayinsider2" />

Roquaiya's son Onn Hafiz Ghazi is the incumbent Chief Minister of Johor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Election results

Parliament of Malaysia
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
1969 P100 Johore Bahru Timor Template:Party shading/Alliance Party (Malaysia) | Hussein Onn (UMNO) 12,565 63.59% Template:Party shading/DAP | Lee Ah Meng (DAP) 7,193 36.41% 20,767 5,372 72.29%
1974 P109 Sri Gading Template:Party shading/Barisan Nasional | Hussein Onn (UMNO) Unopposed
1978 Template:Party shading/Barisan Nasional | Hussein Onn (UMNO) 19,761 89.06% Template:Party shading/PAS | Hassan Hussein (PAS) 2,427 10.94% 17,334

Awards and recognition

Honours of Malaysia

Foreign honours

Namesake places

Several places were named after him, including:

Note

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References

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