Brodnica

Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Brodnica Template:IPAc-pl (Template:Langx)Template:Efn is a town in northern Poland with 28,574 inhabitants Template:As of.Template:TERYT It is the seat of Brodnica County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The nearby Brodnica Landscape Park, a protected area, gets its name from Brodnica.

Founded in the Middle Ages by the Teutonic Order, Brodnica is a former royal town of Poland. It features heritage sites in a variety of styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical. Landmarks include medieval towers, gates and churches, preserved market squares, and a regional museum. Brodnica is the home of the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, and was the place of a Polish victory over invadings Russians in 1920.

History

Early history

The territory formed part of Poland after the country's establishment in the 10th century. The settlement of Michałowo (present-day neighbourhood of Brodnica) was established, which by 1240 became the seat of a castellany.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Michałowo was a local administrative, military, judicial, commercial and religious center. It was located on an important trade route connecting Mazovia and Pomesania, and in 1252 a customs chamber was mentioned.<ref>Grążawski, p. 197</ref>

The first reference to the town dates from 1263, when the area was part of the State of the Teutonic Order. In 1285–1370 the construction of the Gothic Church of St. Catherine took place. The settlement received town privileges in 1298 under the German name Template:Lang. In 1414, a Polish–Teutonic truce was signed there, ending the Hunger War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1440, the town was one of the founding members of the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. On 28 May 1454 the town pledged allegiance to the Polish King in Thorn (Toruń).<ref>Górski, p. 76</ref> After the end of the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to the town, and recognized it as part of Poland.<ref>Górski, p. 88-90, 206-207</ref> It became a royal town of the Polish Crown,<ref name=pb>Template:Cite web</ref> administratively located in the Chełmno Voivodeship in the provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland. In the Teutonic state the town was the seat of the Commander; in the Polish Kingdom it was the capital of the district starosty, and the former Commander's lands were then royal property.

A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the Drwęca. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the Działyński family, then between 1604 and 1625 to Anna Vasa of Sweden who was the royal sister of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property Queen Cecily Renata, Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński, Queen Maria Casimira, and Marshal Franciszek Bieliński.

Late modern period

Brodnica was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772, during the First Partition of Poland, but in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, it became part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815, Brodnica, known as Strasburg in German, was again annexed by Prussia after the Congress of Vienna. After 1785, the Prussians dismantled the Brodnica Castle, preserving only the tower, which is currently the highest Gothic tower in Poland east of the Vistula, and serves as a museum and a watchtower. The town had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a grammar school, a district court, a main customs office and several commercial operations.

The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the January Uprising (1863).Template:Cn Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution in the region after the failure of the January Uprising. Bank Spółdzielczy w Brodnicy, which is the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, was established in 1862.<ref name=pb/> In 1873 a Polish philomath organization was founded in the local gymnasium, whose activity ended in 1901 due to Germany's anti-Polish policies.<ref name=pb/>

Following the unification of Germany in 1871, the town became part of the Prussian-led German Empire. Between 1886 and 1910, Strasburg received railway connections with Soldau (Działdowo), Graudenz (Grudziądz), Deutsch Eylau (Iława), Sierpc and Jabłonowo Pomorskie, which made it an important railway junction and triggered industrial progress. In the 19th century, the Chełmno Land (and Brodnica in particular) was a refuge for Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like Ignacy Łyskowski.Template:Cn

Interbellum and World War II

In January 1920, after the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, the town, under its Polish name Template:Lang, was reintegrated with Poland, which had recently regained independence.<ref name=pb/> On 18 August 1920, the town was the site of a Polish victory over the invading Soviets in the Template:Interlanguage link during the Polish–Soviet War. In the 1920s, the town was visited by highest Polish dignitaries: Prime Minister Wincenty Witos, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and President Stanisław Wojciechowski.<ref name=pb/> In 1934, the settlement of Michałowo, pre-dating Brodnica, was included within the town limits of Brodnica.<ref>Template:Cite Polish law</ref>

During the occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1939, the German administration carried out mass arrests of local Poles, who were later murdered in the area or deported to Nazi concentration camps.<ref name=pb/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of these Poles were murdered in Skrwilno between 15 October and 15 November 1939 and in Brzezinki in October 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 174-175</ref> The interwar principal of the local high school, Klemens Malicki, was among the Polish principals and teachers murdered in the Oranienburg concentration camp as part of the Intelligenzaktion Pommern.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 180</ref> In 1940–1941, the Nazis carried out expulsions of Poles, whose homes, shops and workshops were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> An Einsatzgruppen penal camp was operated in the town during the occupation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and in 1944, the Nazis also established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, intended for female prisoners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The German occupation ended in January 1945.

Post-war period

In 1970, the first archaeological excavations in Michałowo were conducted.<ref>Grążawski, p. 188</ref>

In 1975–1998, it was administratively located in the Toruń Voivodeship.

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate).<ref>Climate Summary for Poznan, Poland (nearest city on record)</ref> Template:Weather box

Location

Year	Number
Number of inhabitants by year
1772	1,283	in 228 households (Feuerstellen)<ref name="HHS" >Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen, Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, Template:ISBN, pp. 215–216.</ref>
1783	1,853	with the garrison (315 persons belonging to two squadrons of a hussar regiment founded in 1773), mostly Lutherans, 27 Jews<ref name="JFG">Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen. Part II: Topographie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, pp. 42–44.</ref>
1807	2,113	<ref name="HHS" />
1816	1,994	<ref name="HHS" />
1826	2,669	<ref name="HHS" />
1831	2,585	mostly Germans<ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 437, no. 46.</ref>
1875	5,454	<ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Strasburg (2006).</ref>
1880	5,801	<ref name="VWG" />
1890	6,122	incl. 2,587 Protestants, 3,048 Catholics and 480 Jews (2,000 Poles)<ref name="VWG" />
1905	7,217	incl. 2,702 Protestants and 318 Jews<ref name="MKL" >Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 95–96.</ref>
1931	8,521	approx. 800 Germans<ref name="GB" >Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 234.</ref>
2006	32,588
2010	27,731
2014	28,574
2018	28,874	<ref name = population />
2021	28,536	<ref name = population />

Brodnica is located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship on an important route transit over the small river Drwęca, about Template:Convert south-east of Grudziądz.

Sports

The sports teams in the city include the football club Sparta Brodnica.<ref>Sparta official website. Template:Webarchive</ref>

Museum

Template:Unsourced section

The Museum of Brodnica (Muzeum w Brodnicy) consists of three branches, focusing on history, archeology and contemporary art. It is located in the Renaissance granary, the Brodnica Castle tower and the Gothic Chełmińska Gate.