Ellen Axson Wilson
Template:Short description Template:Infobox officeholder Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914)<ref name="NatlFirst">Template:Cite web</ref> was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death in 1914, as the first wife of President Woodrow Wilson. Like her husband, she was a Southerner, as well as the daughter of a clergyman. She was born in Savannah, Georgia, but raised in Rome, Georgia. Having an artistic bent, she studied at the Art Students League of New York before her marriage, and continued to produce art in later life.
During her tenure as First Lady, she arranged White House weddings for two of their daughters. She was the third First Lady and the most recent to die during her tenancy.
Biography
Ellen Louise Axson, born in Savannah, Georgia,<ref name="NatlFirst"/> was the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson. Ellen became a woman of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music, and literature. When she was eleven years old, she began studying art at Rome Female College in Rome, Georgia. After her graduation in 1876, Ellen's drawing titled School Scene was submitted to the Paris International Exposition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> where it won a bronze medal for excellence.<ref name=NatlFirst/>
In April 1883, she met Woodrow Wilson when he was visiting his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia, on family business. At that time, she was keeping house for her widowed father. Woodrow Wilson thought of Ellen, "What splendid laughing eyes!"<ref>Wilson, Woodrow, and Wilson, Ellen Axson. The Priceless Gift: the Love Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson Wilson, Eleanor Wilson McAdoo, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962</ref> They were engaged 5 months later, but postponed the wedding while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father. Ellen's father committed suicide while hospitalized for depression, after which she went North to study at the Art Students League of New York.<ref name=GE>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wilson, who was 28 years of age, married Ellen, age 25, on June 24, 1885, at her paternal grandparents' home in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.Template:Cn
That same year, Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania offered Dr. Wilson a teaching position at an annual salary of $1,500. He and his bride lived near the campus, keeping her little brother Eddie with them.<ref name=GE />
Together, the Wilsons had three daughters:
- Margaret Woodrow Wilson (1886–1944) - singer, businesswoman, Hindu nun (1940–44)
- Jessie Woodrow Wilson (1887–1933) - she worked three years at a settlement house in Philadelphia. She married Francis B. Sayre at the White House in 1913.<ref name=GE /> They settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts, when Sayre joined the faculty of Harvard Law School. Jessie was active in the League of Women Voters, the YWCA, and as secretary of the Massachusetts Democratic Committee.
- Eleanor Randolph Wilson (1889–1967) - she married Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo.<ref name=GE />
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Insisting that her children must not be born as Yankees, Ellen went to stay with relatives in Gainesville, Georgia for Margaret's birth in 1886 and Jessie's in 1887. But Eleanor was born in Connecticut in 1889, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University.<ref name=AH>Template:Cite web</ref>
After Edward’s death in 1905, Ellen set up a scholarship in his memory at the Berry College; the college held an Ellen Axson Wilson Homecoming event in 2014 to commemorate the centenary of her death.<ref name=AH />
Wilson's career at Princeton University began in 1890. At that time Ellen worked as researcher and translator for several of her husband’s books.<ref name=GW />
Wilson was elected as president in 1912, bringing Ellen new social responsibilities. She took refuge from such demands in her art. As First Lady, she drew sketches and painted in a studio set up on the third floor of the White House. During her time at the White House, she continued to paint, but exhibited her work under an assumed name.<ref name=PBS>Template:Cite web</ref> She donated much of her work to charity. She arranged the White House weddings of two of her daughters.<ref name=GE />
The Wilsons preferred to begin the administration without an inaugural ball. The First Lady's entertainments were simple, but her unaffected cordiality made her parties successful. In their first year, she convinced her scrupulous husband that it would be perfectly proper to invite influential legislators to a private dinner.Template:Cn
Wilson had grown up in a slave-owning family. As First Lady, she devoted much effort to the cause of improving housing in the national capital's largely black slums. She visited dilapidated alleys and brought Congressmen to visit these alleys.<ref name=PBS /> The “Alley” bill was legislated by the government on the day of her death.<ref name=GW>Template:Cite web</ref>
She died of Bright's disease at the White House on August 6, 1914.<ref name="NatlFirst"/> She was buried in Rome, Georgia among her family at Myrtle Hill Cemetery.
In December 1915, President Woodrow Wilson remarried, to Edith Bolling Galt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
- Original text based on Template:Cite web, First Ladies
Further reading
External links
- Template:Cite web discusses Ellen Wilson with particular attention to her painting
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web
Template:US First Ladies
Template:Georgia Women of Achievement
Template:Woodrow Wilson
Template:Authority control
- 1860 births
- 1914 deaths
- 19th-century American women
- 20th-century American women
- Deaths from nephritis
- First ladies and gentlemen of New Jersey
- First ladies of the United States
- People from Princeton, New Jersey
- People from Rome, Georgia
- People from Savannah, Georgia
- Family of Woodrow Wilson
- Art Students League of New York alumni
- 20th-century American people