Extended Unix Code

Template:Short description Template:Technical Extended Unix Code (EUC) is a multibyte character encoding system used primarily for Japanese, Korean, and simplified Chinese (characters).

The most commonly used EUC codes are variable-length encodings with a character belonging to an Template:Nowrap compliant coded character set (such as ASCII) taking one byte, and a character belonging to a 94×94 coded character set (such as Template:Nowrap) represented in two bytes. The EUC-CN form of Template:Nowrap and EUC-KR are examples of such two-byte EUC codes. EUC-JP includes characters represented by up to three bytes, including an initial Template:Ctrl, whereas a single character in EUC-TW can take up to four bytes.

Modern applications are more likely to use UTF-8, which supports all of the glyphs of the EUC codes, and more, and is generally more portable with fewer vendor deviations and errors. EUC is however still very popular, especially EUC-KR for South Korea.

Encoding structure

File:Ecma43 versus EUC.svg

Relationship between packed EUC and other 8-bit Template:Nowrap profiles

The structure of EUC is based on the Template:Nowrap standard, which specifies a system of graphical character sets that can be represented with a sequence of the 94 7-bit bytes 0x21–7E, or alternatively 0xA1–FE if an eighth bit is available. This allows for sets of 94 graphical characters, or 8836 (94²) characters, or 830584 (94³) characters. Although initially 0x20 and 0x7F were always the space and Template:Ctrl and 0xA0 and 0xFF were unused, later editions of Template:Nowrap allowed the use of the bytes 0xA0 and 0xFF (or 0x20 and 0x7F) within sets under certain circumstances, allowing the inclusion of 96-character sets. The ranges 0x00–1F and 0x80–9F are used for C0 and C1 control codes.

EUC is a family of 8-bit profiles of Template:Nowrap, as opposed to 7-bit profiles such as ISO-2022-JP. As such, only Template:Nowrap compliant character sets can have EUC forms. Up to four coded character sets (referred to as G0, G1, G2, and G3 or as code sets 0, 1, 2, and 3) can be represented with the EUC scheme. The G0 set is set to an Template:Nowrap compliant coded character set such as ASCII, Template:Nowrap (Template:Nowrap) or Template:Nowrap (the lower half of Template:Nowrap) and invoked over GL (i.e. 0x21–0x7E, with the most significant bit cleared).<ref name="cdra" /> If ASCII is used, this makes the code an extended ASCII encoding; the most common deviation from ASCII is that 0x5C (backslash in ASCII) is often used to represent a yen sign in EUC-JP (see below) and a won sign in EUC-KR.

The other code sets are invoked over GR (i.e. with the most significant bit set). Hence, to get the EUC form of a character, the most significant bit of each coding byte is set (equivalent to adding 128 to each 7-bit coding byte, or adding 160 to each number in the kuten code); this allows the software to easily distinguish whether a particular byte in a character string belongs to the Template:Nowrap code or the extended code. Characters in code sets 2 and 3 are prefixed with the control codes Template:Ctrl (0x8E) and Template:Ctrl (0x8F) respectively, and invoked over GR. Besides the initial shift code, any byte outside of the range 0xA0–0xFF appearing in a character from code sets 1 through 3 is not a valid EUC code.<ref name="cdra" />

The EUC code itself does not make use of the announcement and designation sequences from Template:Nowrap.<ref name="cdra" /> However, the code specification is equivalent to the following sequence of four Template:Nowrap announcement sequences, with meanings breaking down as follows.<ref name="cdra">Template:Cite web</ref>

Individual sequence	Hexadecimal	Feature of EUC denoted
ESC SP C	1B 20 43	ISO-8 (8-bit, G0 in GL, G1 in GR)
ESC SP Z	1B 20 5A	G2 accessed using SS2
ESC SP [	1B 20 5B	G3 accessed using SS3
ESC SP \	1B 20 5C	Single-shifts invoke over GR

Fixed-length format

File:CsEucFixWidJapanese.svg

Layout of the fixed-length format for Japanese

The ISO-2022-based variable-length encoding described above is sometimes referred to as the EUC packed format, which is the encoding format usually labeled as EUC. However, internal processing of EUC data may make use of a fixed-length transformation format called the EUC complete two-byte format. This represents:<ref name="lunde" />

• Code set 0 as two bytes in the range 0x21–0x7E (except that the first may be 0x00).
• Code set 1 as two bytes in the range 0xA0–0xFF (except that the first may be 0x80).
• Code set 2 as a byte in the range 0x21–0x7E (or 0x00) followed by a byte in the range 0xA0–0xFF.
• Code set 3 as a byte in the range 0xA0–0xFF (or 0x80) followed by a byte in the range 0x21–0x7E.

Initial bytes of 0x00 and 0x80 are used in cases where the code set uses only one byte. There is also a four-byte fixed-length format.<ref name="lunde" /> These fixed-length encoding formats are suited to internal processing and are not usually encountered in interchange.

EUC-JP is registered with the IANA in both formats, the packed format as "EUC-JP" or "csEUCPkdFmtJapanese" and the fixed width format as "csEUCFixWidJapanese".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Only the packed format is included in the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

EUC-CN

EUC-CN<ref name="macsimchinese" /> is the usual encoded form of the Template:Nowrap standard for simplified Chinese characters. Unlike the case of Japanese JIS X 0208 and ISO-2022-JP, Template:Nowrap is not normally used in a 7-bit Template:Nowrap code version,Template:Efn although a variant form called HZ (which delimits Template:Nowrap text with ASCII sequences) was sometimes used on USENET.

An ASCII character is represented in its usual encoding. A character from Template:Nowrap is represented by two bytes, both from the range 0xA1–0xFE.

748 code

An encoding related to EUC-CN is the "748" code used in the WITS typesetting system developed by Beijing's Founder Technology (now obsoleted by its newer FITS typesetting system). The 748 code contains all of Template:Nowrap, but is not Template:Nowrap–compliant and therefore not a true EUC code. (It uses an 8-bit lead byte but distinguishes between a second byte with its most significant bit set and one with its most significant bit cleared, and is, therefore, more similar in structure to Big5 and other non–ISO 2022–compliant DBCS encoding systems.) The non-GB2312 portion of the 748 code contains traditional and Hong Kong characters and other glyphs used in newspaper typesetting.

IBM code pages 1380, 1381, 1382 and 1383

IBM code page 1381 (CCSID 1381) comprises the single-byte code page 1115 (CPGID 1115 as CCSID 1115) and the double-byte code page 1380 (CPGID 1380 as CCSID 1380),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which encodes GB 2312 the same way as EUC-CN, but deviates from the EUC structure by extending the lead byte range back to 0x8C, adding 31 IBM-selected characters in 0x8CE0 through 0x8CFE and adding 1880 user-defined characters with lead bytes 0x8D through 0xA0.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

IBM code page 1383 (CCSID 1383) comprises the single-byte code page 367 and the double-byte code page 1382 (CPGID 1382 as CCSID 1382),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which differs by conforming to the EUC structure, adding the 31 IBM-selected characters in 0xFEE0 through 0xFEFE instead, and including only 1360 user-defined characters, interspersed in the positions not used by GB 2312.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The alternative CCSID 5479<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is used for the pure EUC-CN code page: it uses CCSID 9574 as its double-byte set, which uses CPGID 1382 but excludes the IBM-selected and user-defined characters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

GBK and GB 18030

Template:Main GBK is an extension to Template:Nowrap. It defines an extended form of the EUC-CN encoding capable of representing a larger array of CJK characters sourced largely from Template:Nowrap, including traditional Chinese characters and characters used only in Japanese. It is not, however, a true EUC code, because ASCII bytes may appear as trail bytes (and C1 bytes, not limited to the single shifts, may appear as lead or trail bytes), due to a larger encoding space being required.

Variants of GBK are implemented by Windows code page 936 (the Microsoft Windows code page for simplified Chinese), and by IBM's code page 1386.

The Unicode-based Template:Nowrap character encoding defines an extension of GBK capable of encoding the entirety of Unicode. However, Unicode encoded as Template:Nowrap is a variable-length encoding which may use up to four bytes per character, due to an even larger encoding space being required. Being an extension of GBK, it is a superset of EUC-CN but is not itself a true EUC code. Being a Unicode encoding, its repertoire is identical to that of other Unicode transformation formats such as UTF-8.

Template:AnchorMac OS Chinese Simplified

Other EUC-CN variants deviating from the EUC mechanism include the classic Mac OS Chinese Simplified script (known as Code page 10008 or x-mac-chinesesimp).<ref name="msdnlabels">Template:Cite web</ref> It uses the bytes 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE, and 0xFF for the U with umlaut (ü), two special font metric characters, the non-breaking space, the copyright sign (©), the trademark sign (™) and the ellipsis (...) respectively.<ref name="macsimchinese">Template:Cite web</ref> This differs in what is regarded as a single-byte character versus the first byte of a two-byte character from both EUC (where, of those, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes) and GBK (where, of those, 0x81, 0x82, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes).

This use of 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE and 0xFF matches Apple's Shift_JIS variant.

Besides these changes to the lead byte range, the other distinctive feature of the double-byte portion of Mac OS Chinese Simplified is the inclusion of two extensions to the basic GB 2312-80 set in rows 6 and 8.<ref name="macsimchinese" /> These are considered "standard extensions to GB 2312", neither of which is proprietary to Apple: the row 8 extension was taken from GB 6345.1,<ref name="macsimchinese" /> both extensions are included by GB/T 12345 (the traditional Chinese variant of GB 2312),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and both extensions are included by GB 18030 (the successor to GB 2312).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

EUC-JP

EUC-JP is a variable-length encoding used to represent the elements of three Japanese character set standards, namely Template:Nowrap, Template:Nowrap, and Template:Nowrap. Other names for this encoding include Unixized JIS (or UJIS) and AT&T JIS.<ref name="lunde">Template:Cite book</ref> Less than 0.1% of all web pages use EUC-JP since January 2025,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while 2.3% of websites written with Japanese use this second-most popular (for Japanese) encoding<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (which is more than for Shift JIS both are much less used that UTF-8). It is called Code page 954 by IBM.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Microsoft has two code page numbers for this encoding (51932 and 20932).

This encoding scheme allows the easy mixing of 7-bit ASCII and 8-bit Japanese without the need for the escape characters employed by ISO-2022-JP, which is based on the same character set standards, and without ASCII bytes appearing as trail bytes (unlike Shift JIS).

A related and partially compatible encoding, called EUC-JISx0213 or EUC-JIS-2004, encodes Template:Nowrap and Template:Nowrap<ref name="x0213org">Template:Cite web</ref> (similarly to Template:Nowrap, its Shift_JIS-based counterpart).

Compared to EUC-CN or EUC-KR, EUC-JP did not become as widely adopted on PC and Macintosh systems in Japan, which used Template:Nowrap or its extensions (Windows code page 932 on Microsoft Windows, and MacJapanese on classic Mac OS), although it became heavily used by Unix or Unix-like operating systems (except for HP-UX). Therefore, whether Japanese websites use EUC-JP or Shift_JIS often depends on what OS the author uses.

Characters are encoded as follows:

• As an EUC/ISO 2022 compliant encoding, the C0 control characters, space, and DEL are represented as in ASCII.
• A graphical character from ASCII (code set 0) is represented as its usual one-byte representation, in the range 0x21 – 0x7E. While some variants of EUC-JP encode the lower half of Template:Nowrap here, most encode ASCII,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including the W3C/WHATWG Encoding standard used by HTML5,<ref>Template:Cite web "If the byte is an ASCII byte, return a code point whose value is a byte."</ref> and so does EUC-JIS-2004.<ref name="x0213org" /> While this means that 0x5C is typically mapped to Unicode as U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS (the ASCII backslash), U+005C may be displayed as a Yen sign by certain Japanese-locale fonts, e.g. on Microsoft Windows, for compatibility with the lower half of Template:Nowrap.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• A character from JIS X 0208 (code set 1) is represented by two bytes, both in the range 0xA1 – 0xFE. This differs from the ISO-2022-JP representation by having the high bit set. This code set may also contain vendor extensions in some EUC-JP variants. In EUC-JIS-2004, the first plane of Template:Nowrap is encoded here, which is effectively a superset of standard Template:Nowrap.<ref name="x0213org" />
• A character from the upper half of Template:Nowrap (half-width kana, code set 2) is represented by two bytes, the first being 0x8E, the second being the usual Template:Nowrap representation in the range 0xA1 – 0xDF. This set may contain IBM vendor extensions in some variants.
• A character from JIS X 0212 (code set 3) is represented in EUC-JP by three bytes, the first being 0x8F, the following two being in the range 0xA1–0xFE, i.e. with the high bit set. In addition to standard Template:Nowrap, code set 3 of some EUC-JP variants may also contain extensions in rows 83 and 84 to represent characters from IBM's Shift JIS extensions which lack standard JIS X 0212 mappings, which may be coded in either of two layouts, one defined by IBM themselves and one defined by the OSF.<ref name="osfibmextensions">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="lundeJ">Template:Citation</ref> In EUC-JIS-2004, the second plane of Template:Nowrap is encoded here,<ref name="x0213org" /> which does not collide with the allocated rows in standard Template:Nowrap.<ref name="hyeshik">Template:Cite web</ref> Some implementations of EUC-JIS-2004, such as the one used by Python, allow both Template:Nowrap and Template:Nowrap plane 2 characters in this set.<ref name="hyeshik" />

Vendor extensions to EUC-JP (from, for example, the Open Software Foundation, IBM or NEC) were often allocated within the individual code sets,<ref name="osfibmextensions" /><ref name="lundeJ" /> as opposed to using invalid EUC sequences (as in popular extensions of EUC-CN and EUC-KR).

However, some vendor-specific encodings are partially compatible with EUC-JP, due to encoding Template:Nobr over GR, but do not follow the packed EUC structure. Often, these do not include use of the single shifts from EUC-JP, and are thus not straight extensions of EUC-JP, with the exception of Super DEC Kanji.

DEC Kanji

Digital Equipment Corporation defines two variants of EUC-JP only partly conforming to the EUC packed format, but also bearing some resemblance to the complete two-byte format. The overall format of the "DEC Kanji" encoding mostly corresponds to fixed-length (complete two-byte) EUC; however, code set 0 is not required to be left-padded with null bytes (similarly to the packed format).<ref name="lundeF" /> JIS X 0208 is, as usual, used for code set 1; code set 2 (half-width katakana) is absent; code set 3 is encoded like the two-byte fixed width format (i.e. without a shift byte and with only the first high bit set), but used for two-byte user defined characters rather than being specified for JIS X 0212.<ref name="lundeF" /> In the basic "DEC Kanji" encoding, only the first 31 rows of code set 3 are used for user-defined characters: rows 32 through 94 are reserved, similarly to the unused rows in code set 1.<ref name="lunde2009appE" />

The "Super DEC Kanji" encoding accepts codes both from the "DEC Kanji" encoding and from packed-format EUC, for a total of five code-sets.<ref name="lundeF">Template:Citation</ref> It also allows the entire user defined code set, and the unused rows at the ends of the JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 code sets (rows 85–94 and 78–94 respectively), to be used for user-defined characters.<ref name="lunde2009appE" />

HP-16

Hewlett-Packard defines an encoding referred to as "HP-16". This accompanies their "HP-15" encoding, which is a variant of Shift JIS. HP-16 encodes Template:Nobr using the same bytes as in EUC-JP, but does not use the single shift codes (thus omitting code sets 2 and 3), and adds three user-defined regions which do not follow the packed-format EUC structure:<ref name="lundeF" />

• Lead bytes 0xA1–C2, trail bytes 0x21–7E
• Lead bytes 0xC3–E3, trail bytes 0x21–3F
• Lead bytes 0xC3–E1, trail bytes 0x40–64

IKIS

The IKIS (Interactive Kanji Information System) encoding used by Data General resembles EUC-JP without single shifts, i.e. with only code sets 0 and 1. Half-width katakana are instead included in row 8 of JIS X 0208 (colliding with the box-drawing characters added to the standard in 1983). JIS X 0208 rows 9 through 12 are used for user-defined characters.<ref name="lundeF" /><ref name="lunde2009appE" />

Adaptations of EUC-JP for EBCDIC

KEIS (Kanji-processing Extended Information System) is an EBCDIC encoding used by Hitachi,<ref name="lunde2009appE" /> with double-byte characters (a DBCS-Host encoding) included using shifting sequences, making it a stateful encoding. Specifically, the sequence Template:Code switches to single-byte mode and the sequence Template:Code switches to double-byte mode.Template:Efn However, JIS X 0208 characters are encoded using the same byte sequences used to encode them in EUC-JP. This results in duplicate encodings for the Template:Ctrl—0x4040 per the DBCS-Host code structure, and 0xA1A1 as in EUC-JP. This differs from IBM's DBCS-Host encoding for Japanese, the layout of which builds on versions which predate JIS X 0208 altogether. The lead byte range is extended back to 0x59, out of which the lead bytes 0x81–A0 are designated for user-defined characters,<ref name="lundeF" /> and the remainder are used for corporate-defined characters, including both kanji and non-kanji.<ref name="lunde2009appE" />

JEF (Japanese-processing Extended Feature)<ref name="lunde2009appE" /> is an EBCDIC encoding used on Fujitsu FACOM mainframes, contrasting with FMR (a variant of Shift JIS) used on Fujitsu PCs. Like KEIS, JEF is a stateful encoding, switching to a double-byte DBCS-Host mode using shifting sequences (where Template:Code switches to single-byte mode and Template:Code switches to double-byte mode).<ref name="decunix">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Also similarly to KEIS, Template:Nowrap codes are represented the same as in EUC-JP.<ref name="lundeF" /> The lead byte range is extended back to 0x41, with 0x80–0xA0 designated for user definition; lead bytes 0x41–0x7F are assigned row numbers 101 through 163 for kuten purposes, although row 162 (lead byte 0x7E) is unused.<ref name="lundeF" /><ref name="lunde2009appE" /> Rows 101 through 148 are used for extended kanji, while rows 149 through 163 are used for extended non-kanji.<ref name="lunde2009appE" />

EUC-KR

EUC-KR is a variable-length encoding to represent Korean text using two coded character sets, Template:Nowrap (formerly KS C 5601)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite iso-ir</ref> and either Template:Nowrap (Template:Nowrap, formerly Template:Nowrap) or ASCII, depending on variant. Template:Nowrap (formerly Template:Nowrap) stipulates the encoding and Template:IETF RFC dubbed it as EUC-KR.

A character drawn from KS X 1001 (G1, code set 1) is encoded as two bytes in GR (0xA1–0xFE) and a character from Template:Nowrap or ASCII (G0, code set 0) takes one byte in GL (0x21–0x7E).

It is usually referred to as Wansung (Template:Korean) in the Republic of Korea. IBM refers to the double-byte component as Code page 971,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and to EUC-KR with ASCII as Code page 970.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> It is implemented as Code page 20949 ("Korean Wansung")<ref name="winids" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Code page 51949 ("EUC Korean") by Microsoft.<ref name="winids">Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, less than 0.06% of all web pages globally declare using EUC-KR,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but 4.0% of South Korean web pages use EUC-KR.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Including extensions, it is the most widely used legacy character encoding in Korea on all three major platforms (macOS, other Unix-like OSes, and Windows), but its use has been very slowly shifting to UTF-8 as it gains popularity, especially on Linux and macOS.

As with most other encodings, UTF-8 is now preferred for new use, solving problems with consistency between platforms and vendors.

Unified Hangul Code

A common extension of EUC-KR is the Unified Hangul Code (Template:Korean,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or Template:Korean), which is the default Korean codepage on Microsoft Windows. It is given the code page number 949 by Microsoft, and 1261<ref>In ucnv_lmb.cpp, a file originating from IBM and included in the International Components for Unicode source tree, the lead byte 0x11 is commented as referring to "Korean: ibm-1261" after the definition of ULMBCS_GRP_KO, and is mapped to the "windows-949" ICU codec in the OptGroupByteToCPName array later in the file.</ref> or 1363<ref>Template:Citation</ref> by IBM. IBM's code page 949 is a different, unrelated, EUC-KR extension.

Unified Hangul Code extends EUC-KR by using codes that do not conform to the EUC structure to incorporate additional syllable blocks, completing the coverage of the composed syllable blocks available in Johab and Unicode. The W3C/WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 incorporates the Unified Hangul Code extensions into its definition of EUC-KR.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Mac OS Korean (HangulTalk)

Other encodings incorporating EUC-KR as a subset include the Mac OS Korean script (known as Code page 10003 or x-mac-korean),<ref name="msdnlabels"/> which was used by HangulTalk (MacOS-KH), the Korean localization of the classic Mac OS. It was developed by Elex Computer (Template:Lang), who were at the time the authorised distributor of Apple Macintosh computers in South Korea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="lunde2009appE"/>

HangulTalk adds extension characters with lead bytes between 0xA1 and 0xAD, both in unused space within the EUC-KR GR plane (trail bytes 0xA1–0xFE), and using non-EUC codes outside of it (trail bytes 0x41–0xA0). Some of these characters are font-style-independent stylized dingbats.<ref name="lunde2009appE">Template:Citation</ref> Many of these characters do not have exact Unicode mappings, and Apple software maps these cases variously to combining sequences, to approximate mappings with an appended private-use character as a modifier for round-trip purposes, or to private-use characters.<ref name="mackoreantxt">Template:Cite web</ref>

Apple also uses certain single-byte codes outside of the EUC-KR plane for additional characters: 0x80 for a required space, 0x81 for a won sign (₩), 0x82 for an en dash (–), 0x83 for a copyright sign (Template:Not a typo), 0x84 for a wide underscore (Template:Not a typo) and 0xFF for an ellipsis (...).<ref name="mackoreantxt" /> Although none of these additional single-byte codes are within the lead byte range of plain EUC-KR (unlike Apple's extensions to EUC-CN, see above), some are within the lead byte range of Unified Hangul Code (specifically, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83 and 0x84).

EUC-KP

Similarly to KS X 1001, the North Korean KPS 9566 standard is typically used in EUC form; in these contexts, it is sometimes referred to as EUC-KP.<ref>Template:Cite web [Note: updated links for tables accompanying document: [1] [2]]</ref> More recent editions of the standard extend the EUC representation with characters using non-EUC two-byte codes, in a similar manner to Unified Hangul Code.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

EUC-TH

Although certain single-byte encodings such as the ISO/IEC 8859 series technically conform to the EUC structure, they are rarely labeled as EUC. However, Template:Code is used on Solaris as a label for TIS-620.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

EUC-TW

EUC-TW is a variable-length encoding that supports ASCII and 16 planes of Template:Nowrap, each of which is 94×94. It is a rarely used encoding for traditional Chinese characters as used in Taiwan. Variants of Big5 are much more common than EUC-TW, although Big5 only encodes the first two planes of CNS 11643 hanzi, while UTF-8 is becoming more common.

• As an EUC/ISO 2022 encoding, the C0 control characters, ASCII space, and DEL are encoded as in ASCII.
• A graphical character from ASCII (G0, code set 0) is encoded in GL as its usual single-byte representation (0x21–0x7E).
• A character from CNS 11643 plane 1 (code set 1) is encoded as two bytes in GR (0xA1–0xFE).
• A character in planes 1 through 16 of CNS 11643 (code set 2) is encoded as four bytes:
  • The first byte is always 0x8E (Single Shift 2).
  • The second byte (0xA1–0xB0) indicates the plane, the number of which is obtained by subtracting 0xA0 from that byte.
  • The third and fourth bytes are in GR (0xA1–0xFE).

Note that plane 1 of CNS 11643 is encoded twice as code set 1 and a part of code set 2.

See also

• CJK characters
• Japanese language and computers
• Korean language and computers
• Chinese character encoding

External links

• EUC-JP codeset table (minus the ASCII and half-width parts)
• Code Page Identifiers
• GB18030-2000Template:Snd The New Chinese National Standard (since updated to GB18030-2022, which is (slightly) incompatible)
• The New Generation of Pre-Press Software in ChinaTemplate:Snd mentions the 748 code
• Description of the EUC-TW code (in Chinese)
• Manual page of EUC-JISX0213 in the Perl Encode module
• International Register of Coded Character Sets to be Used With Escape SequencesTemplate:Snd section 2.4 (p. 14f.) with the coded character sets of China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan (ISO/IEC)
• Chinese, Japanese, and Korean character set standards and encoding systems