Emmental cheese
Template:Short description Template:Infobox Cheese Template:Cookbook EmmentalTemplate:Efn is a yellow, medium-hard cheese with natural holes that originated in the Emme Valley in Switzerland. It is classified as a Swiss-type cheese.
History
Emmental cheese originates from the Emme Valley in Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It has a savoury but mild taste. While "Emmentaler" is registered as a geographical indication in Switzerland, a limited number of countries recognise the term as a geographical indication: similar cheeses of other origins, especially from France (as "Emmental"),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Netherlands,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bavaria, and Finland, are widely available and sold by that name. In some parts of the world, the names "Emmentaler" and "Swiss cheese" are used interchangeably for Emmental-style cheese.
Production
Three types of bacteria are needed to prepare Emmental: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Historically, the eyes were a sign of imperfection, and until modern times, cheese makers would try to avoid them.<ref>Scientific American "Cheese Story", August 2010, p. 33</ref> Nowadays, however, eye formation is valued as a sign of maturation and quality and acoustic analysis has been developed for this purpose.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Emmental cheese is usually consumed cold, as chunks or slices,<ref>"Emmentaler AOP", Switzerland Cheese Marketing. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</ref> and is also used in a variety of dishes, such as in gratins.
Ziger, a whey cheese, is a by-product of the manufacture of Emmental.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Natural holes in cheese
The presence of holes in cheeses such as Gruyère and Emmental was long thought to be due to bacterial activity in the mass of the cheese. In the 21st century it was discovered that it was due to microscopic hay dust that got into the milk during milking.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bacteria formed around the dust particles and produced gases which caused the characteristic holes. In addition to their traditionally favoured appearance, the holes, if not too small, have the beneficial effect of preventing gaps and cracks in the block of cheese from forming. There was some suggestion in the past of a variable effect; Emmental cheese made from summer milk had smaller holes than winter cheese—the cows ate hay in winter, but grass with less dust in summer. Modern production techniques and milking machines are less susceptible to hay dust, and indeed 21st-century Swiss cheeses have fewer and smaller holes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Holes can be restored to their former size and prevalence by adding hay flower powder to the milk; this is done in Germany and France, but such additives are forbidden in Swiss cheeses.
Protected varieties and nomenclature
Several varieties of Emmental are registered as geographical indications, including:
Switzerland
Emmentaler was registered in 2000 as an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=CH_List>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, it was replaced by the appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) certification. The Emmentaler produced according to the AOC-registration needs to be produced in small rural dairies with raw cow's milk, adding only natural ingredients (water, salt, natural starter cultures and rennet); preservatives or ingredients from genetically modified organisms are not allowed. The cheese is produced in a round shape with a natural rind, and aged in traditional cellars for a minimum of four months. Emmentaler must be produced in cantons of Aargau, Bern (except Amtsbezirk Moutier), Glarus, Luzern, Schwyz, Solothurn, St Gallen, Thurgau, Zug or Zurich, or in the See- and Sensebezirk of canton of Freiburg.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Outside Switzerland
Emmentaler is also recognised as a geographical indication in the Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Jamaica, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia and Spain.<ref name=Origin>Template:Cite web</ref>
Three cheeses containing the word Emmental are protected under EU law:
- Allgäuer Emmentaler, from Bavaria, Germany, has PDO status<ref name="DOOR1">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Emmental de Savoie, from Savoie, France, has PGI status<ref name="DOOR2">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Emmental français est-central from Franche-Comté, France, also has PGI status<ref name="DOOR3">Template:Cite web</ref>
In many parts of the English-speaking world the terms "Emmentaler" and "Swiss cheese" are both used to refer to any cheese of the Emmental type, whether produced in Switzerland or elsewhere. The United States Department of Agriculture, for example, uses the terms "Swiss cheese" and "Emmentaler cheese" interchangeably.<ref>Swiss Cheese, Emmentaler Cheese Grades and Standards, U.S. Department of Agriculture, accessed March 25, 2020</ref><ref>How to Buy Cheese Template:Webarchive, U.S. Department of Agriculture (1971), p. 15</ref>
Emmental-style cheeses
Emmental cheese is very widely imitated around the world, often just called "Swiss cheese". Specific European types include:
- Grevé from Sweden
- Jarlsberg cheese from Norway
- Maasdam cheese from the Netherlands, with Leerdammer being one variety
See also
Notes
References
Template:Swiss cheeses Template:Cuisine of Switzerland Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control