Šiauliai

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Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox settlement Šiauliai (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:IPA) is a city in northern Lithuania, the country's fourth largest city and the sixth largest city in the Baltic states, with a population of 112,581 in 2024.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> From 1994 to 2010, it was the capital of Šiauliai County.

Names

Šiauliai is referred to by various names in different languages: Samogitian Template:Lang; Latvian Template:Lang (historic) and Template:Lang (modern); Polish Template:Lang Template:IPA; German Template:Lang Template:IPA; Belarusian Template:Lang Template:IPA; Russian Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Template:IPA (historic) and Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Template:IPA (modern); Template:Langx.<ref name="Siauliai-Saule"/><ref name="SiauliaiVle">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Cathedral of Šiauliai, 19th century
Vilnius Street in Šiauliai
Chaimas Frenkelis Villa

The city was first mentioned in written sources as Soule in Livonian Order chronicles describing the Battle of Saule.<ref name="Siauliai-Saule">Template:Cite web</ref> Thus the city's founding date is now considered to be 22 September 1236, the same date when the battle took place, not far from Šiauliai.<ref name="Siauliai-Saule"/> At first, it developed as a defence post against the raids by the Teutonic and Livonian Orders. After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the raids stopped and Šiauliai started to develop as an agricultural settlement. In 1445, a wooden church was built. It was replaced in 1625 with the brick church, which can be seen in the city center today.<ref name = "Town history">Template:Cite web</ref>

Šiauliai was granted Magdeburg city rights in the 16th century when it also became an administrative centre of the area.<ref name="SiauliuIstorija">Template:Cite web</ref> However, in the 16th to 18th centuries, the city was devastated by The Deluge and epidemics of the Bubonic plague.<ref name = "Town history" /><ref name="SiauliuIstorija"/>

The credit for the city's rebirth goes to Antoni Tyzenhaus (1733–1785) who, after a violent revolt of peasants of the Crown properties in Northern Lithuania (so-called in Polish: Powstanie Szawelskie, 1769), started the radical economic and urban reforms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=merkys>Template:Cite encyclopedia Template:In lang</ref><ref name="SiauliuIstorija"/> He decided to rebuild the city according to the Classicism ideas; at first, houses were built randomly in a radial shape, but Tyzenhaus decided to build the city in an orderly rectangular grid. Šiauliai grew to become a well-developed city, with several prominent brick buildings.Template:Citation needed In 1791, Stanisław August Poniatowski, king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, confirmed once again Šiauliai's city rights and granted it a coat of arms which depicted a bear, the symbol of Samogitia, the Eye of Providence, and a red bull, the symbol of the Poniatowski family. The modern coat of arms has been modelled after this version.

After the Partitions of Poland, Šiauliai received a new coat of arms. The city grew and became an important educational and cultural centre. Also, infrastructure was rapidly developing; in 1836–1858, a road connecting Riga and Tilsit was built, while in 1871, a railroad connecting Liepāja with Romny was built.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Šiauliai, being on the crossroad of important merchant routes, started to develop as an industrial town. Already in 1897, it was the third-largest city in Lithuania, with a population of about 16,000. The demographics changed also; 56.4% of the inhabitants were Jewish in 1909. Šiauliai was known for its leather industry. Chaim Frenkel owned the biggest leather factory in the Russian Empire.

World War I and independent Lithuania

Parade of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in Šiauliai in 1928

During World War I, about 85% of the buildings were burned down and the city centre was destroyed.<ref name = "Town history" /> After the war and re-establishment of Lithuania, the importance of Šiauliai grew. Before Klaipėda was attached to Lithuania, the city was second after Kaunas by population size. By 1929, the city centre was rebuilt. Modern utilities were also included; streets were lit and there was public transportation, telephone and telegraph lines, a water supply network and a sewer.

The first years of independence were difficult because the industrial city lost its markets in Russia. It needed to find new clients in Western Europe. In 1932, a railroad to Klaipėda was built and it connected the city to the Western markets. In 1938, the city produced about 85% of Lithuania's leather, 60% of footwear, 75% of flax fibre, and 35% of candies. Culture also flourished as many new periodicals were printed, new schools and universities opened, a library, theatre, museum, and conventional school opened.

World War II

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Soldiers of the Wehrmacht in Šiauliai in 1941

In 1939, one-fifth of the city's population was Jewish.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> German soldiers entered Šiauliai on June 26, 1941. The first mass murder of Šiauliai Jews was perpetrated in the Kužiai forest, about 12 kilometres outside Šiauliai, on June 29, 1941. According to one of the Jewish survivors of Šiauliai, Nesse Godin, some 700 people were shot in nearby woods during the first weeks of occupation after having been forced to dig their own graves. Beginning on July 29, 1941, and continuing throughout the summer, the Germans murdered about 8,000 Jews from Šiauliai and the Šiauliai region in the Kužiai forest. One hundred twenty-five Jews from Linkuva were also murdered there, along with ethnic Lithuanian and Russian members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth.<ref name=HAL89>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Šiauliai Ghetto was established in July 1941. There were two Jewish ghetto areas in Šiauliai, one in the Kaukas suburb, and one in Trakų. During World War II, the Jewish population was reduced from 8,000 to 500. Approximately 80% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name=EJ>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Soviet era

Šiauliai 13 January 1991, after the Soviet Army killed peaceful civilians during the January Events

The city was largely rebuilt anew in a typical Soviet fashion during the years of subsequent Soviet occupation.

Mayors

The Mayor of Šiauliai, officially the Mayor of the municipality of the city of Šiauliai (Lithuanian: "Šiaulių miesto savivaldybės meras"),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is the head of the Lithuanian municipality of the city of Šiauliai. The current incumbent is Artūras Visockas,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> who has been mayor since 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  • 1990–1991: Kazimieras Šavinis
  • 1991–1995: Arvydas Salda
  • 1995–2000: Alfredas Lankauskas
  • 2000–2002: Vida Stasiūnaitė
  • 2002–2003: Vaclovas Volkovas
  • 2003–2007: Vytautas Juškus
  • 2007–2011: Genadijus Mikšys
  • 2011–2015: Justinas Sartauskas
  • 2015–present: Artūras Visockas

Geography

Šiauliai is located in the eastern part of the northern plateau, Mūša, Dubysa, and Venta River divide. There is a distance of Template:Convert to get to Vilnius, Template:Convert to Kaunas, Template:Convert to Klaipėda, Template:Convert to Riga, and Template:Convert to Kaliningrad. The total city area is Template:Convert, with the green areas making up Template:Convert and water covering Template:Convert. Urban land outside the perimeter of the administrative Template:Convert.

Altitude: Lake Rėkyvos water level – Template:Convert above sea level, Talsos lake level – Template:Convert in the city center – Template:Convert, Salduvės Hill – Template:Convert above sea level.

Water

Kiteboarding on the Lake Rėkyva
Lake Talkša in late autumn

The total water area – 1,280 ha, 15.7% in urban areas.

  • Šiauliai Lakes
    • Lake Rėkyva, 1,179 ha
    • Lake Talkša, 56.2 ha
    • Lake Ginkūnai, 16.6 ha
  • Rivers
    • Kulpė
    • Rūdė
    • Vijolė
    • Švedė
    • Šimša
    • Tilžė
    • Šventupis

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Šiauliai has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb). The average temperature in January; Template:Convert in July; +Template:Convert. The amount of precipitation in a year – Template:Convert.

In 1942, the city recorded the lowest Lithuanian year mean temperature (+3.6 °C).

Template:Weather box

Demographics

Participants of the Šiauliai Days
Jewish community center in Šiauliai

Template:More citations needed section In 1795, there were 3,700 people living in Šiauliai, rising to 16,128 by 1897, when it was the third-most populous city in Lithuania after Kaunas.<ref name = "Town history" /> The Jewish population of Šiauliai rose steadily through the second half of the nineteenth century, from 2,565 in 1847 to around 7,000 by the century's end.<ref name = "YIVO article">Template:Cite web</ref> By the outbreak of World War I, 12,000 of the town's inhabitants were Jews, making Šiauliai majority Jewish.<ref name = "YIVO article" /> A battlefield during World War I, Šiauliai saw thousands of its Jewish citizens flee, never to return.<ref name = "YIVO article" /> In 1923, Šiauliai population's was third to that of Kaunas and Klaipėda.

According to the 2021 census, the city population was 100,653 people, of which:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Economy

File:Ppc saules miestas2.jpg
Shopping centre Saulės miestas

Beginning in the 19th century, Šiauliai became an industrial centre. During the Russian Empire period, the city had the largest leather factory in the whole empire, owned by Chaim Frenkel. Šiauliai contributed to around 85% of all leather production in Lithuania, 60% of the footwear industry, 75% of the flax fibre industry, and 35% of the sweets industry.Template:Citation needed

During the Soviet years, the city produced electronics (Nuklonas), mechanical engineering, wood processing, construction industry. Most of the industrial enterprises were concentrated in urban areas.

According to 2005 data,Template:Citation needed the city has:

  • Manufacturing and service companies – 3195
  • Commercial enterprises – 781
  • Shopping centres – 30, including
    • Akropolis, opened March 2009
    • Saulės Miestas, opened March 2007
    • Bruklinas, opened November 2007
    • Tilžė, opened February 2008
    • Arena, opened November 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2020, construction of Europe's largest aircraft maintenance and repair centre began on the territory of Šiauliai International Airport. The related company repairs Airbus A320, Boeing 737 Classic, and Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft and also provides aircraft administration and parking services. It is planned that the centre will create 1000 new jobs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

Didždvaris gymnasium
File:Šiauliai State College in 2023 (by Lukas Bartkus).jpg
Šiauliai State College
  • 1851 - Boys' Gymnasium (now Julius Janonis Gymnasium) was opened
  • 1898 - Girls' Gymnasium (now Didždvaris Gymnasium) was opened
  • 1920 - Jewish Gymnasium was opened
  • 1920 - Šiauliai Teachers seminary was founded
  • 1928 - Primary education became compulsory
  • 1930 - Vincas Kudirka primary school was opened
  • 1939 - The Institute of trade was moved from Klaipėda, it was the first Higher Education school in Šiauliai
  • 1948 - Šiauliai Teachers Institute was founded. In 1954, it became the Pedagogical Institute, and since 1996, when the Šiauliai faculty of Kaunas Polytechnic Institute was connected, it is Šiauliai University. In 2021, Šiauliai University was reorganised to Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy.

Students in the city (in 2006):

  • In Šiauliai University – 10,440
  • In Šiauliai College – 2,770
  • In Northern Lithuania College – 700
  • In Šiauliai region College of Management and Languages – 517
  • In Šiauliai Conservatory – 149
  • In Šiauliai Vocational Training Center – 2,663

There are 8 gymnasiums, 7 high schools, 16 secondary schools, 7 primary schools, 9 children's non-formal education schools, and 29 kindergartens.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 21,000 students studied in general education schools in 2006.

Parks

Botanical Garden

The city park to the creation of Anton Tyzenhaus essentially graduated Vladimir Zubov. The 19th-century park was of a rectangular shape and was similar to English-style freely designed parks. For a small fee, citizens were allowed to walk in the park. In 1931, the Park and Alley chestnut was officially donated to the Šiauliai city municipality.Template:Citation needed

Šiauliai has 16 parks, covering an area of 1,177 hectares. Didždvario province and Rėkyvos parks add to the cultural values of the registry.

Transport

Trains in Šiauliai Train Station
Public transport buses of Šiauliai
Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force's F-16 Fighting Falcons flying over the Šiauliai Air Base as a part of the Baltic Air Policing

Šiauliai has always been a major intersection. The famous Saulės battle took place near a trade route from Riga to Bubiai and Tauragė. Between 1836 and 1858, the Riga–Tilsit (Sovetsk) highway was built near it.Template:Citation needed Around 1912, the first cars appeared on the city's streets.Template:Citation needed

Highways passing through Šiauliai :

  • A9 / E272 Šiauliai – Panevėžys (79 km)
  • A11 / E272 Šiauliai – Palanga (147 km)
  • A12 / E77 Riga – Šiauliai – Sovetsk (186 km).
  • City has is western bypass A18.

In 2006, Šiauliai had Template:Convert of roads, of which 32% had a gravel surface. The longest streets are Tilžės street – Template:Convert and Vilnius street – Template:Convert with Template:Convert of it being a pedestrian boulevard.

In 1871, the Liepaja-Romny railway was built. The Tilžė–Riga and Šiauliai–Klaipeda railways were built in 1916 and 1931, respectively. The city has a railway station.

In 1930, an air strip was developed. It was expanded in 1961 during the Soviet period and developed into a large VVS base. It is now a military base for NATO, and home to the Šiauliai International Airport.

The first passenger transport company in Šiauliai was founded in 1940. Template:Citation needed It was Autotrestas, which had 29 buses. In 1944, a motor firm replaced Autotrestas. In 1947, the first taxi company, Šiauliai cars, appeared. Subsequently, to meet the needs of an increasing population, more buses and Taksomotorų Autoūkis were added in 1955. In 2006, a modern bus station with a trade centre was constructed. The city has 27 city routes, the maximum number is 29.

Communications

Template:Unreferenced section Šiauliai of communication in 1897 could be used not only for mail or telegraph, and telephone. Telephone subscribers in 1923 was 170, while in 1937 – 700 rooms. 1936; the city to install a phone machine. Template:Citation needed

1957, a television tower, which are equipped with radio and antenna lines. In 1995 launched the construction of cable television lines, 1998 started to install the cable internet, since 2003 – Optical Internet line. In 2008, the city has 14 post offices (central LT-76001).

Sport

File:Šiauliai Arena in Šiauliai, Lithuania in 2007.jpg
Šiauliai Arena

The most popular sports in the city are rugby, basketball, football, athletics, and cycling. The local rugby clubs Vairas and Baltrex are multi-time Lithuanian champions and are the main academies of Lithuanian rugby players.

BC Šiauliai, a basketball club established in 1984, has won seven consecutive Lithuanian Basketball League bronze medals sets between 2004–2010 and three consecutive Baltic Basketball League Elite Division titles between 2014–2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On July 25, 2007, in preparation for the 37th European men basketball championship, a modern Šiauliai Arena was opened to the public.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Club Sport League Venue
BC Šiauliai Basketball Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL), Baltic Basketball League (BBL), Eurocup Šiaulių arena
FA Šiauliai Football The A League A Lyga Savivaldybės Stadium
ABRO- Saulė Basketball Šiaulių sporto rūmai
RK Šiauliai Handball Lithuanian Handball League (LRL) Šiaulių sporto rūmai
RK Vairas Rugby union Lithuanian Rugby Championship Zoknių stadionas
RK Baltrex Rugby union Talšos stadionas
RK Šiauliai Rugby union Talšos stadionas

Twin towns – sister cities

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Iron Fox

Šiauliai is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

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The city was previously twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable people

View of Šiauliai
Šiauliai Cockerel Love Clock is a popular meeting and dating place

According to the population census of 2001, ethnic Lithuanians comprise 93%, Russians – 5%, and the remaining 2% consist of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Jews, Roma, Latvians, Armenians, and other ethnic groups. About 94% of the city's population consider Lithuanian their native language, 5% are Russian speakers and the remainder speak Ukrainian, Belarusian, Latvian, Roma, Armenian etc. About 80% of those older than 20 have a command of the Russian language, while only 17% can speak English and 7% – German.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

People who were born in or near Šiauliai include:

See also

References

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Template:Siauliai County Template:Municipalities of Lithuania

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