Šibenik

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Šibenik (Template:IPA) is a historic town in Croatia, located in central Dalmatia, where the river Krka flows into the Adriatic Sea. Šibenik is one of the oldest Croatian self-governing cities<ref>Šibenik nije prvi hrvatski samorodni grad: Provjerili smo koliko istine ima u mitovima o Krešimirovom gradu Template:Webarchive, pristupljeno 26. veljače 2020.</ref> on the Adriatic, the capital and cultural, educational, administrative and economic center of Šibenik-Knin County, and is also the third-largest town in the Dalmatian region. As of 2021, the town has 31,115 inhabitants, while the municipality has 42,599 inhabitants.<ref name="dzs2021"/>The seat is the Šibenik Diocese.

It was first mentioned on Christmas 1066 in a grant of Peter Krešimir IV, so it is also called Krešimir's Town. Until the plague pandemic in 17th century it was the largest city on the entire eastern coast of the Adriatic.<ref>Tomislav Donđivić: "In the mid-16th century, Šibenik was the largest city in Dalmatia by population!" Template:Webarchive, Šibenik.in, PUBLISHED: 05.05.2013</ref><ref>Ante Šupuk: "MARGINALIJE O ŠIBENIK, IJEGOVU POPULATION I ANTHROPONYMS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY", Čakavska rič. Semi-annual for the study of Čakavska riči, vol. XIII., no. 2 (1985)</ref> Šibenik was the de facto capital of the Croatia from December 1944 to May 1945. It is also significant as the place of foundation of the Croatian Navy.

The Cathedral of St. James is the most significant architectural achievement of the 15th and 16th centuries on the soil of Croatia. Due to its exceptional values, it was included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List in 2000, which was joined on that list by the Fortress of St. Nicholas.

History

Etymology

There are multiple interpretations of how Šibenik was named. In his fifteenth-century book De situ Illiriae et civitate Sibenici, Giorgio Sisgoreo describes the name and location of Šibenik. He attributes the name of the city to it being surrounded by a palisade made of šibe 'switches/twigs'.<ref name="Lipovec">Template:Cite web</ref> Some argue the name is of Illyrian origin, or derived from the family name of the Šubićs.<ref name="Lipovec" /> Another interpretation is associated with the forest through the Latin toponym Sibinicum, which covered a narrower microregion within Šibenik on and around the area of St. Michael's Fortress.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early history

Unlike other cities along the Adriatic coast, which were established by Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, Šibenik was founded by Slavs.<ref name="Foster">Foster, Jane (2004). Footprint Croatia Template:Webarchive, Footprint Handbooks, 2nd ed. p. 218. Template:ISBN</ref> It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1066 in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV<ref name="Foster"/> and, for a period of time, it was a seat of this Croatian King. For that reason, Šibenik is also called "Krešimirov grad" (Krešimir's city).

Between the 11th and 12th centuries, Šibenik was tossed back and forth among Venice, Byzantium, and Hungary. It was conquered by the Republic of Venice in 1116,<ref name="Oliver">Oliver, Jeanne (2007). Croatia Template:Webarchive. Lonely Planet 4th ed. p. 182. Template:ISBN</ref> who held it until 1124, when they briefly lost it to the Byzantine Empire,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and then held it again until 1133 when it was retaken by the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It would change hands among the aforementioned states several more times until 1180.

The city was given the status of a town in 1167 from Stephen III of Hungary.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It received its own diocese in 1298.<ref name="Foster"/>

Under Venice and the Habsburgs

The city, like the rest of Dalmatia, initially resisted the Venetian Republic, but it was taken over after a three-year war in 1412.<ref name="Foster"/> Under Venetian rule, Šibenik became in 1412 the seat of the main customs office and the seat of the salt consumers office with a monopoly on the salt trade in Chioggia and on the whole Adriatic Sea.

File:+Sebenico by Martin Rota.jpg
Early 16th century map of Šibenik by Martino Rota

In August 1417, Venetian authorities were concerned with the "Morlachs and other Slavs" from the hinterland, that were a threat to security in Šibenik.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Ottoman Empire started to threaten Šibenik (known as Sebenico), as part of their struggle against Venice, at the end of the 15th century,<ref name="Oliver"/> but they never succeeded in conquering it. In the 16th century, St. Nicholas Fortress was built and, by the 17th century, its fortifications were improved again by the fortresses of St. John (Tanaja) and Šubićevac (Barone).

The Morlachs started settling Šibenik during the Cretan War (1645–69).<ref name="Mayhew2008">Template:Cite book</ref>

The fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 brought Sebenico under the authority of the Habsburg monarchy.<ref name="Oliver"/>

Annexed by the French Empire and included in its Illyrian Provinces during the Napoleonic Wars, the town became (again) part of the Austrian monarchy after the Congress of Vienna. The compromise of 1867 brought it in the Austrian side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1918. During this Austrian period, it was the capital of the district of the same name, one of the 13 [[District Captaincy (Austria)|Template:Lang]] in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.<ref>Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967</ref> The Italian name Sebenico only was used until around 1871.

In 1872, at the time in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Ante Šupuk became the town's first Croat mayor elected under universal suffrage. He was instrumental in the process of the modernization of the city, and is particularly remembered for the 1895 project to provide street lights powered by the early AC Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant. On 28 August 1895, Šibenik became the world's first city with alternating current-powered street lights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

20th century

File:Sibenik, borgo di terra.jpg
Šibenik's Borgo di Terra (land-side borough) in 1907 - today's Poljana. In the foreground the National Theatre and in the background the Fortress (Tvrđava sv. Mihovila/Castel vecchio).

During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian navy used the port facilities of Šibenik, and the light cruisers and destroyers which escaped the Allied force after the battle of Cape Rodoni (or Gargano) returned to safety in the city, where some battleships were based.<ref>Noppen, Ryan K., Austro-Hungarian Cruisers and Destroyers 1914-18, Osprey Publishing UK, 2016, p. 34. Template:ISBN</ref> After the war Šibenik was occupied by the Kingdom of Italy until 12 June 1921 within the framework of the occupation of the eastern Adriatic. As a result of the Treaty of Rapallo, the Italians gave up their claim to the city and it became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After World War I, the exodus of the Dalmatian Italians from the city began.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During World War II, Šibenik was annexed by Italy and was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia from 1941 to 1943 being part of the province of Zara. Communist partisans liberated Šibenik on 3 November 1944.

After World War II it became a part of the SFR Yugoslavia until Croatia declared independence in 1991.

During the Croatian War of Independence (1991–95), Šibenik was heavily attacked by the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary troops.<ref name="Oliver"/>Template:Better source needed Although under-armed, the nascent Croatian army and the people of Šibenik managed to defend the city. The battle lasted for six days (16–22 September), often referred to as the "September battle". The bombings damaged numerous buildings and monuments, including the dome of the Šibenik Cathedral of St James and the 1870-built theatre building.

In an August 1995 military operation, the Croatian Army defeated the Serb forces and reconquered the occupied areas,<ref name="Oliver"/> which allowed the region to recover from the war and continue to develop as the centre of Šibenik-Knin county. Since then, the damaged areas of the city have been fully restored.

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Climate

Šibenik has a mediterranean climate (Csa), with mild, humid winters and hot, dry summers. January and February are the coldest months, July and August are the hottest months. In July the average maximum temperature is around Template:Convert. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean Climate).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since records began in 1949, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of Template:Convert was Template:Convert, on 10 August 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The coldest temperature was Template:Convert, on 10 February 1956.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Main sights

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The central church in Šibenik, the Šibenik Cathedral of St James, is on the UNESCO World Heritage list.

Several successive architects built it completely in stone between 1431 and 1536,<ref name="Foster"/> both in Gothic and in Renaissance style. The interlocking stone slabs of the cathedral's roof were damaged when the city was shelled by Yugoslav forces in 1991. The damage has since been repaired.

Fortifications in Šibenik

In the city of Šibenik there are four fortresses, each of which has views of the city, sea and nearby islands. The fortresses are now tourist sightseeing destinations.

Natural heritage

Culture

The composer Jakov Gotovac founded the city's "Philharmonia Society" in 1922. The 19th-century composer Franz von Suppé was part of the city's cultural fabric, as he was a native of nearby Split.

Each summer, a number of concerts and events take place in the city, many of them in the St. Michael Fortress. Also, starting in 2016 on a nearby island of Obonjan (Template:Convert southwest of the city), an annual music, art, health and workshop festival is being held.

The annual Šibenik International Children's Festival (Međunarodni Dječji Festival) takes place every summer and hosts children's workshops, plays and other activities. From 2011 to 2013 the Terraneo festival (music festival) was held in August on a yearly basis on a former military area in Šibenik, and since 2014 Šibenik (and other nearby towns) are the home of its spiritual successor Super Uho festival. Šibenik hosts the Dalmatian Chanson Evenings festival (Večeri Dalmatinske Šansone), held in the second half of August.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sports

As famous sports town, Šibenik is the hometown of many successful athletes: Aleksandar Petrović, Dražen Petrović, Perica Bukić, Ivica Žurić, Predrag Šarić, Dario Šarić, Vanda Baranović-Urukalo, Danira Nakić, Nik Slavica, Miro Bilan, Dražan Jerković, Petar Nadoveza, Krasnodar Rora, Dean Računica, Mladen Pralija, Ante Rukavina, Duje Ćaleta-Car, Mile Nakić, Franko Nakić, Siniša Belamarić, Renato Vrbičić, Ivica Tucak, Andrija Komadina, Miro Jurić, Antonio Petković, Neven Spahija, Antonija Sandrić, Mate Maleš, Stipe Bralić, Franco Jelovčić, Nives Radić, Karmela Makelja, and many others.

Basketball

The famous multi-purpose Baldekin Sports Hall was the home arena of KK Šibenik, the famous basketball club which played in the final of the FIBA Korać Cup twice, as well as in the final of the 1982–83 Yugoslav league championship. The team was led by then 19-year-old Dražen Petrović.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The women's basketball club, ŽKK Šibenik, is among the most successful women's basketball clubs in Croatia, winning the Yugoslav league title in 1991, Yugoslav Cup title twice, Croatian league title four times, Croatian Cup four times, Adriatic league five times, and the Vojko Herksel Cup four times.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The dissolved men's basketball club, Jolly Jadranska banka, played in the play-offs semifinals of the Croatian league championship twice, as well as in the Krešimir Ćosić Cup final game in the 2016–17 season.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The biggest success of GKK Šibenka, a club founded in 2010 following the dissolution of the famous KK Šibenik, came in the 2016–17 Croatian league championship season, when the club played the play-offs semifinals against powerhouse Cibona Zagreb.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Šibenka lost to Cibona in the semifinals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Football

Šubićevac stadium, which is located in the neighbourhood of the same name, has been the home ground of the HNK Šibenik football club, which had played many years in the Yugoslav Second League, and later many years in the Croatian First League. In the 2009–10 season, the club played in the Croatian Cup final, which they lost to powerhouse Hajduk Split. As of 2021, the club again competes in the Croatian First League.

Mountaineering

The local chapter of the HPS, HPD "Kamenar", was in renewal in 1937.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Rp

Water polo

The dissolved water polo club, VK Šibenik, is consideredTemplate:By whom to be one of the best men's clubs in former Yugoslavia, winning the second place in the 1986–87 domestic league season. It also played in the LEN Euro Cup final game of the 2006–07 season, but lost to Sintez Kazan, as well as the club played in the LEN Champions League in the 2008–09 season, led both times by Ivica Tucak, today the head coach of the senior men's Croatian national team.

Croatian water polo internationals, Perica Bukić and Renato Vrbičić, are Olympic medalists. They won gold medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Ivica Tucak has been the most successful coach of the senior men's Croatian national team ever.

Demographics

Template:Historical populationsIn the 2021 Croatian census, Šibenik's total city population was 42,599 which makes it the eleventh-largest city in Croatia, with 31,115 in the urban settlement.<ref name="dzs2021">Template:Croatian Census 2021</ref>

Of Šibenik's citizens, 94.19% were ethnic Croats.

The administrative sections of the city are:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

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The list of settlements is as follows:<ref name="dzs2021"/> Template:Div col

Template:Div col endTemplate:Croatian population data graph

Throughout history, there was a significant Italian-speaking community in Šibenik. According to the Austrian censuses, there were 1,018 residents of the central settlement that used Italian as their habitual language<ref name="Seton">Template:Cite book</ref> (14.5% of the total population) in 1890, and 810 (6.4%) in 1910.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The commune as a whole had 1,090 (5.3%) Italian speakers in 1890, and 836 (2.8%) in 1910.<ref name=":0" /> In 2011, only 16 people declared themselves as Italians, corresponding to 0.03% of the total population.<ref name="county-ethnic">Template:Croatian Census 2011</ref>

Economy

Port

Šibenik is one of the best protected ports on the Croatian Adriatic and is situated on the estuary of the Krka River. The approach channel is navigable by ships up to 50,000 tonnes deadweight. The port itself has depths up to 40 m.<ref name="sib-pa-1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Transportation

Šibenik has a railway station which is a terminus of the local Perković - Šibenik railway, a branch of M604 railway connecting Zagreb and Split via Knin. The train services are operated by Croatian Railways.Template:CN

Bus station Šibenik is connected by daily bus lines with the surrounding towns such as Vodice, Pirovac, Biograd na Moru. There are good connections to major cities across Croatia: Rijeka, Crikvenica, Zagreb, Osijek, Zadar, Split, Makarska, Dubrovnik.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

International relations

Šibenik is twinned with:

See also

References

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Further reading

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