.nu

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Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox top level domain .nu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of Niue. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the gTLDs .com, .net, and .org.

Playing on the phonetic similarity between nu and new in English, and the fact that Template:Lang means "now" in several northern European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the Internet Foundation in Sweden amid opposition from the government of Niue.

Google treats .nu as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because "users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Administration

Unlike most ccTLDs, .nu is not administered by a representative of its country.

In 1997, IANA awarded administration of .nu to The IUSN Foundation (formerly 'Internet Users Society - Niue'), a Massachusetts-based non-profit organisation.<ref name="ABC history">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="IUSN">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Internet Niue">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to The Internet Foundation in Sweden (IIS) in September 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ABC history" /> The IIS said that 66.7 percent of "active" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users.<ref name="ABC history" />

The government of Niue has been trying to administer the .nu ccTLD since at least 2003.<ref name="ITU document">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Geneva statement">Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the Stockholm District Court to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had "taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a "national asset of Niue" and had been taken over "unfairly", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS.<ref>"Niue launches legal action in Sweden over domain name", Radio New Zealand, 10 December 2018</ref><ref name="ABC history" /> A later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of Template:US$ during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS.<ref name="RNZ case closed">Template:Cite web</ref> The IIS responded by saying that "It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way", and that it had "done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions".<ref name="ABC history" />

The government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with ICANN to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits.<ref name="ci">Template:Cite web</ref> Toke Talagi, the Premier of Niue from 2008 to 2020, called it a form of neo-colonialism.

While Niue lost its case in the lower court of Södertörns Tingsrätt, they appealed, and the court date for the appeal has been set to 19 and 20 May 2025 in Svea Hovrätt.Template:Update inline

Usage of .nu

The .nu domain is particularly popular in Sweden, Denmark, and the Benelux region, as Template:Lang is the word for "now" in Swedish, Danish and Dutch<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – an example of a domain hack. Although Template:Lang in Norwegian is an archaic word for "now", with Template:Lang being used instead,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in Norway in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Partially owing to restrictive domain rules for the ccTLD assigned to Sweden, .se, .nu was used for creative marketing of websites such as www.tv.nu to show what is currently showing on TV, and in the Netherlands for websites like waarbenjij.nu (Template:Lit).

A former political party in Israel, Kulanu, used the domain www.koola.nu<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> until its dissolution in 2020.

Internationalised domains

In March 2000, .NU Domain Ltd became the first TLD to offer registration of Internationalized domain names,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> supporting the full Unicode character set.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Unlike other TLDs, no browser plugin or punycode capable browser was required on the client side for use of these names, as .NU Domain's web servers converted and redirected any web queries issued in a variety of international character encodings. However, in March 2010, .NU Domain announced at ICANN that they had recently disabled their general wildcard domain name resolution technology, and thus were implementing IDNs only by the now standard punycode implementation, and were reducing the accepted set of IDN characters for .NU Domain names to a subset of the ISO-8859-1 western European characters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Domain revocation policy

.NU domain names are revoked without refund for displaying images of child pornography, being involved with phishing, spamming, email theft, search engine abuse, or any unlawful purpose.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 2012, library.nu, a site listing links to scanned books, a substantial number of which are claimed to be pirated copyrighted material, went offline after a coalition of the world's largest book publishers obtained an injunction against the site. A few days later the site also had its domain name revoked by domain registrar Nunames. The domain revocation was recorded in screenshots taken at the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Litigation

A 2005 UDRP case regarding nudomain.com<ref>See the WIPO Administrative Panel Decision</ref> made the assertion under "Factual background" that "The Complainants [WorldNames, Inc. and NU Domain Ltd] own and operate the .NU ccTLD". The companies in question are operating the registry for .nu on behalf of the Internet Users Society, but it is incorrect to state that they "own" the TLD, as TLDs in general are delegated and managed rather than "owned".<ref>Computerworld NZ: Niue struggles against 'digital colonialism' Template:Webarchive, 27 March 2007</ref><ref name="RNZI_36393">Template:Cite web</ref> The case does, however, point out that these companies own a registered trademark to ".nudomain" in several countries.

References

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Further reading

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