1855 in science

The year 1855 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• September – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", which he has written while working in Sarawak on the island of Borneo in February;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in December, Edward Blyth brings it to the attention of Charles Darwin.
• Robert Remak publishes Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere in Berlin, providing evidence for cell division, which is supported (but not acknowledged) by Rudolf Virchow.<ref>Virchow, R. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin 8 (1855).</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Cartography

• September – Rev. James Patterson presents the Gall orthographic projection for celestial and terrestrial equal-area cartography.<ref>At Glasgow meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science.</ref>

Chemistry

• May 10 – The Bunsen burner is invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.
• Friedrich Gaedcke first isolates the cocaine alkaloid, which he names "erythroxyline".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• William Odling proposes a methane type (tetravalent) for carbon.
• Charles-Adolphe Wurtz publishes the Wurtz reaction.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneers methods of petroleum cracking, which makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Earth sciences

• Famennian stage proposed by Belgian geologist André Dumont.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Exploration

• November 17 – Dr David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls.

Medicine

• March – Mary Seacole opens the British Hotel at Balaklava, a nursing and convalescent establishment for Crimean War officers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October – The Renkioi temporary hospital, prefabricated in wood to a design by I. K. Brunel, is erected in Turkey to serve Crimean War invalids.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Thomas Addison describes Addison's disease in On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules.
• The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (estimated 15 million worldwide)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.<ref>Sanburn, Josh (2010-10-26). "Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic". Time. ISSN 0040-781X</ref> The pandemic is considered active until 1960.

Paleontology

• The first archaeopteryx fossil is found in Bavaria, but will not be identified until 1970.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Physics

• James Clerk Maxwell unifies electricity and magnetism into a single theory, classical electromagnetism, thereby showing that light is an electromagnetic wave.
• Heinrich Geißler designs a mercury pump capable of producing a significant vacuum.

Technology

• August 27 – Alphonse Louis Poitevin patents the collotype photographic printing process in France.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 17 – Henry Bessemer files his patent for the Bessemer process of steelmaking.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• William Armstrong produces the rifled breech-loading Armstrong Gun.

Institutions

• c. February – Establishment of the Industrial Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, a predecessor of the National Museum of Scotland, with chemist George Wilson as its director. In August he is also appointed Regius Professor of Technology in the University of Edinburgh, the first such post in Britain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This year also he publishes Researches on Colour-Blindness.
• Opening of Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule in Zürich, Switzerland.

Publications

• Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Léon Foucault<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry De la Beche

Births

• January 5 – King Camp Gillette (died 1932), American inventor.
• January 21 – John Browning (died 1926), American inventor.
• January 28 – William Seward Burroughs (died 1898), American inventor of the adding machine.
• March 4 – Luther Emmett Holt (died 1924), American pediatrician.
• March 13 – Percival Lowell (died 1916), American astronomer.
• May 12 – Oskar von Miller (died 1934), German electrical engineer and founder of the Deutsches Museum.
• May 29 – David Bruce (died 1931), Australian-born British microbiologist.
• November 5 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort (died 1913), French meteorologist.
• November 7 – Edwin Hall (died 1938), American physicist, discoverer of the "Hall effect".
• Stephen Paget (died 1926), English surgeon.

Deaths

• February 23 – Carl Friedrich Gauss (born 1777), German mathematician.
• February 27 – Bryan Donkin (born 1768), English engineer and inventor.
• March 20 – Joseph Aspdin (born 1778), English inventor.
• April 13 – Henry De la Beche (born 1796), English geologist.
• June 7 – Friederike Lienig (born 1790), Latvian entomologist.
• June 29 – John Gorrie (born 1803), Scottish American physician and inventor.
• July 6 – Andrew Crosse (born 1784), English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity.
• July 8 – William Parry (born 1790), English Arctic explorer.
• October 7 – François Magendie (born 1783), French physiologist.
• December 6 – William Swainson (born 1789), English naturalist.