1870 in music
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Events
- January 6 – The Musikverein concert hall opens in Vienna
- March 16 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet debuts in Moscow, conducted by Nikolai Rubinstein
- May 25 – Léo Delibes' ballet Coppélia is debuted by the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris
- June 26 – Richard Wagner's opera Die Walküre premieres at the Königliches Hof- und National-Theater, Munich
- September – Siege of Paris (1870–71) begins: Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré and Camille Saint-Saëns are among those enrolled in the National Guard for defence of the city
- Madame Rentz's Female Minstrels established in the United States by Michael B. Leavitt
- Richard Wagner nears completion of his opera Siegfried
Published popular music
- "Come In Old Adam, Come In!" w. Alice Cary m. C. F. Shattuck
- "Just Touch the Harp Gently, My Pretty Louise" w. Samuel N. Mitchell m. Charles Blamphin
- "More Love to Thee" w. Elizabeth P. Prentiss m. William H. Doane
- "Pass Me Not O Gentle Savior" w. Fanny Crosby m. William H. Doane
- "Rescue the Perishing" w. Fanny Crosby m. William H. Doane
- "Waiting For Pa" w. & m. Henry Clay Work
Classical music
- Max Bruch – Symphony No. 2 in F minor, Op. 36 (premiered September 4)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Ignaz Brüll – Tarantella, Op.6
- Antonín Dvořák
- Dramatic Overture (overture to the opera Alfred) (B. 16a)
- String Quartet no. 3 in D, B. 18
- String Quartet no. 4 in E minor, B. 19
- Charles Gounod – Messe des Orphéonistes
- Heinrich Lichner – 3 Sonatinen, Op.66
- Robert Planquette – Le régiment de Sambre et Meuse
- Joachim Raff
- Piano Trio No.3, Op.155
- 2 Piano Pieces, Op.157
- Piano Trio No.4, Op.158
- Josef Rheinberger – Piano Trio No.1, Op.34
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – 6 Romances, Op.8
- Giovanni Sgambati – Marcia-Inno, arranged for 4-hand piano
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Chorus of Flowers and Insects
- Nature and Love
- Romeo and Juliet overture (first version)
- To Forget So Soon
- Valse-Scherzo, Op.7
- Capriccio, Op.8
- 3 Pieces, Op.9
- Valentin Zubiaurre – Symphony in E major
Opera
- Antonín Dvořák
- Alfred, B. 16 (libretto by Karl Theodor Körner, premiered in 1938 in Olomouc)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Karel Miry
- Emile Pessard – La cruche cassée (comic opera in 1 act, libretto by Hyppolite Lucas and Emile Abraham, premiered on February 21 at the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique in Paris)
- Bedřich Smetana – Prodana Nevesta (eng. The Bartered Bride)
- Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Undina, premiered March 28 in Moscow
- Richard Wagner – Die Walküre
Musical theater
- Chilpéric London production
- La Mascotte Paris production
- Jacques Offenbach - La Périchole London production
Births
- January 3 – Henry Eichheim, conductor, violinist and composer (d. 1942)
- January 20 – Guillaume Lekeu, composer (d. 1894)
- January 22 – Charles Tournemire, French composer and organist (d. 1939)
- January 30 – Rudolf Louis, critic, conductor and author (d. 1914)
- February 12 – Marie Lloyd, British music-hall singer (d. 1922)
- February 13 – Leopold Godowsky, Polish American pianist, composer, and teacher (d. 1938)
- March 6 – Oscar Straus, Viennese composer of operettas (d. 1954)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- March 10 – George Evans, songwriter (died 1915)
- March 29 – Tom Lemoinier, composer and performer (died 1945)
- April 7 – Joseph Ryelandt, Belgian composer (d. 1965)
- April 9 – Colin McAlpin, English composer (died 1942)
- April 28 – Hermann Suter, Swiss composer and conductor (d. 1926)
- April 30 – Franz Lehár, composer of operettas and waltzes (d. 1948)
- May 3 – Edouard Gregory Hesselberg, pianist (died 1935)
- May 4 – Zygmunt Stojowski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1946)
- June 16 – Mon Schjelderup, composer (died 1934)
- July 17 – Harry P. Guy, composer (died 1950)
- July 18 – Emil Młynarski, Polish conductor, violinist, composer, and pedagogue (d. 1935)
- July 27 – Hilaire Belloc, lyricist (died 1953)
- August 4 – Harry Lauder, Scottish singer, comedian and songwriter (d. 1950)
- August 12 – Arthur J. Lamb, lyricist and actor (d. 1928)
- September 28 – Florent Schmitt, French composer (d. 1958)
- October 7 – Uncle Dave Macon, banjo player, singer and songwriter (d.1952)
- October 8 – Louis Vierne, French organist and composer (d. 1937)
- October 24 – August Brunetti-Pisano, Austrian composer (d. 1943)
- November 30 – Cecil Forsyth, composer and musicologist (d. 1941)
- December 5 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (d. 1949)
- December 16 – Alfred Hill, Australian composer (d. 1960)
Deaths
- January 26 – Cesare Pugni, ballet composer
- March 9 – Théodore Labarre, composer (born 1805)
- March 10 – Ignaz Moscheles, Bohemian composer (b. 1794)
- March 16 – Theodore Oesten, musician, composer and music teacher (b. 1813)
- April 8 – Charles de Bériot, violinist (b. 1802)
- April 19 – Camille-Marie Stamaty, French pianist and composer (b. 1811)
- July 22 – Josef Strauss, composer (b. 1827)
- August 14 – Manuel Saumell, composer (b. 1818)
- September 17 – Joseph David Jones, composer and schoolmaster (b. 1827)
- October 20 – Michael William Balfe, composer (b. 1808)
- October 31 – Mihály Mosonyi, composer (b. 1815)
- November 23 – Giuseppina Bozzachi, ballerina (b. 1853)
- December 5
- Alexandre Dumas, lyricist (born 1802)
- Herman Severin Løvenskiold, composer (born 1815)
- December 7 – Mykhailo Verbytsky, composer (b. 1815)
- December 17 – Saverio Mercadante, composer (b. 1795)
- December 18 – Eugène Ketterer, French composer and pianist (b. 1831)
- December 28 – Alexei Lvov, Russian composer (b. 1799)