1881 in science

The year 1881 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• 22 May – John Tebbutt discovers the long-period comet, C/1881 K1 (also known as the Great Comet of 1881, Comet Tebbutt, 1881 III, 1881b).<ref>Template:Cite news letter from C. Todd</ref>

Biology

• October – Charles Darwin publishes his last scientific book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
• L. S. Poliakov describes the wild horse discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia in 1879 as a new species, Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalski poliakov).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The first systematic study in forensic entomology is conducted by physician and entomologist Hermann Reinhard in Germany.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Chemistry

• Friedrich Beilstein publishes the first edition of his Handbuch der organischen Chemie.

History of science and technology

• The birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, incorporating perhaps the earliest known use of mathematical zero, is unearthed near Bakhshali in British India.
• Publication in England of a pioneering study in industrial archaeology, H. A. Fletcher's "The archaeology of the west Cumberland iron trade".<ref>Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Archaeological Society 5:5–21.</ref>

Mathematics

• Simon Newcomb makes the first statement of Benford's law.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Medicine

• July 13 – Dr. George Goodfellow performs the first laparotomy to remove a bullet.
• September 25 – The first modern Caesarean section is performed successfully by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in Meckesheim using the transverse incision technique.
• December – Eduard von Hofmann carries out autopsy studies of the nearly 400 victims of the Vienna Ringtheater fire, carbon monoxide poisoning being held an underlying cause of death.
• Louis Pasteur discovers a vaccine for anthrax.
• Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, first proposes that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• French obstetrician Étienne Stéphane Tarnier introduces a form of neonatal incubator (couveuse) for routine care of premature infants at the Paris Maternité.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• English ophthalmologist Waren Tay publishes the first description of the genetic disorder which will become known as Tay–Sachs disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• approx. date – The non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Metrology

• The International Congress of Electricians, meeting in Paris, makes significant progress in definition of the International System of Units.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Technology

• March 1 – The Cunard Line's Template:SS, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at J. & G. Thomson's yard at Clydebank in Scotland.<ref name=CCWH>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 16 – The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric tramway, is opened in Berlin by Siemens & Halske.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• June – The positive-buoyancy powered submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by John Philip Holland, is first submersion-tested in New York City.
• August 30 – French inventor Clément Ader demonstrates his théâtrophone system which delivers the first example of transmitted binaural 2-channel stereophonic sound, delivered over telephone wires from the operatic stage of the Palais Garnier to the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• September 26 – Godalming becomes the first town in England to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.<ref name=CCWH/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• December 21 – Template:SS, the first oceangoing ship successfully powered by a triple expansion steam engine, designed by Alexander Carnegie Kirk, is launched at Robert Napier and Sons' yard at Govan in Scotland.
• Nikolay Benardos introduces carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Peter Herdic patents the Herdic horse-drawn cab in the United States.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Karl Adolph Wurtz<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Peter Martin Duncan

Births

• January 29 – Alice Catherine Evans (died 1975), American microbiologist.
• January 31 – Irving Langmuir (died 1957), American chemist.
• March 17 – Walter Rudolf Hess (died 1973), Swiss physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• April 28 – Edith A. Roberts (died 1977), American plant ecologist.
• May 1 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (died 1955), French paleontologist and philosopher.
• August 6 – Alexander Fleming (died 1955), British bacteriologist.
• September 18 – Vera Lebedeva (died 1968), Soviet Russian pediatrician.
• October 4 – George Constantinescu (died 1965), Romanian engineer.
• October 11 – Lewis Fry Richardson (died 1953), British mathematical physicist.
• October 22 – Clinton Davisson (died 1958), American physicist.
• November 9 – Margaret Reed Lewis (died 1970), American cell biologist.
• November 13 – Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist.

Deaths

• February 3 – John Gould (born 1804), English zoologist.
• March 26 – Lovisa Åhrberg (born 1801), Swedish surgeon.
• May 14 – Mary Seacole (born 1805), Jamaican-born nurse.
• May 19 – Joseph Barnard Davis (born 1801), English craniologist, physician and anthropologist.
• May 26 – Jakob Bernays (born 1824), German philologist.
• June 16 – George Rolleston (born 1829), English physician and zoologist.
• June 23 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden (born 1804), German biologist.
• June 29 – Maurice Raynaud (born 1834), French physician.
• July 27 – Hewett Watson (born 1804), English biologist.
• October 31 – George W. DeLong (born 1844), American Arctic explorer.
• November 30 – Jean-Alfred Gautier (born 1793), Swiss astronomer<ref>Template:HDS</ref>