1914 in science

The year 1914 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• July 22 – Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter, is discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory.
• A 76 cm refracting telescope is built at Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
• Robert Goddard begins building rockets.
• Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B.

Biology and medicine

• March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
• August 1 – Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal Svizzer) established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
• September 1 – Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, dies, in the Cincinnati Zoo.
• November 6 – Jacques Loeb publishes a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• November 26 – Karl von Frisch publishes his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".<ref>Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere (Jena) 35 (1914–15) pp. 1–182. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}</ref>
• Julian Huxley publishes The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a key text in ethology.
• John Joly develops a method of extracting radium and applying it in radiotherapy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine.
• Morris Simmonds first reports hypopituitarism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Chemistry

• T. W. Richards finds variations between the atomic weight of lead from different mineral sources, attributable to variations in isotopic composition due to different radioactive origins.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Mathematics

• In analysis of the Riemann hypothesis
  • G. H. Hardy shows there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line.<ref>Template:Cite journal Reprinted in Template:Cite book</ref> Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
  • J. E. Littlewood shows that the prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mineralogy

• Pascoite is first described.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Physics

• April 24 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz's experiment on electron collisions showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
• October 1 – Edgar Buckingham introduces use of the symbol "Template:Pi_i" for the dimensionless variables (or parameters) in what becomes known as the Buckingham π theorem, significant to dimensional analysis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons.

Technology

• February 3 – Willis Carrier patents an air conditioner in the United States.
• September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser Template:HMS is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
• November 3 – Polly Jacob patents a backless bra in the United States.
• Kodak introduce the Autographic system.

Other events

• October 23 – Manifesto of the Ninety-Three proclaimed in Germany.

Awards

• Nobel Prize
  • Physics – Max von Laue
  • Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
  • Medicine – Robert Bárány

Births

• February 5 – Alan Hodgkin (died 1998), English physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1963).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 22 – Renato Dulbecco (died 2012), Italian-born virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975).
• March 5 – He Zehui (died 2011), Chinese nuclear physicist.
• March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (died 1987), Russian astrophysicist.
• March 25 – Norman Borlaug (died 2009), American agronomist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 7 – Heinz Billing, German physicist and computer scientist (died 2017)
• May 19 – Max Perutz (died 2002), Austrian-born biologist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 3 – Ignacio Ponseti (died 2009), Menorcan-born pediatric orthopedist.
• June 4 – Alec Skempton (died 2001), English pioneer of soil science and engineering historian.
• July 15 – Gavin Maxwell (died 1969), Scottish naturalist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 24 – Frances Oldham Kelsey (died 2015), Canadian pharmacologist.
• August 13 – Grace Bates (died 1996), American mathematician.
• September 5 – Nicanor Parra (died 2018), Chilean poet and physicist.
• October 2 – Jack Parsons (died 1952), American rocket engineer and occultist.
• October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl (died 2002), Norwegian ethnographer and explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr. (died 2006), American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 21 – Martin Gardner (died 2010), American writer on recreational mathematics.
• October 28
  • Jonas Salk (died 1995), American medical researcher.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Richard Laurence Millington Synge (died 1994), English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (died 2011)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 20 – Mary Helen Wright Greuter (died 1997), American historian of astronomy.
• December 21 – Frank Fenner (died 2010), Australian virologist and microbiologist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 31 – Mary Logan Reddick (died 1966), African American neuroembryologist.

Deaths

• January 24 – Sir David Gill (born 1843), Scottish astronomer.
• March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli (born 1850), Italian volcanologist.
• March 30 – John Henry Poynting (born 1852), English physicist, discovered the Poynting–Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector.
• April 16 – George William Hill (born 1838), American astronomer.
• April 26 – Eduard Suess (born 1831), German geologist and ecologist.
• May 15 – Ida Freund (born 1863), Austrian-born British chemist and educator.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 27 – Joseph Swan (born 1828), English physicist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 13 – Robert Hope-Jones (born 1859), English-born inventor of the theatre organ (suicide).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• November 5 – August Weismann (born 1834), German evolutionary biologist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• November 10 – Lydia Shackleton (born 1828), Irish botanical artist.
• November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (born 1824), German physicist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 24 – John Muir (born 1838), Scottish American geologist and ecologist, founder of the Sierra Club.
• December 29 – Johannes Ludwig Janson (born 1849), German veterinary scientist.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>