1934 Atlantic hurricane season

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Infobox tropical cyclone season The 1934 Atlantic hurricane season produced thirteen tropical storms, of which seven further organized into hurricanes. Of those seven hurricanes, only one intensified into a major hurricane, which is a Category 3 or stronger system on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system developed on June 4 while the last storm dissipated on November 30. In 2012, as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, meteorologists identified two previously unknown September tropical storms and fine-tuned the meteorological histories of many others. However, given scant observations from ships and weather stations, significant uncertainty of tropical cyclone tracks, intensity, and duration remains, particularly for those storms that stayed at sea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the United States, the 1934 hurricane season was significantly less destructive than the preceding year. Forecasters credited this feat to the Weather Bureau's advanced warning to persons in the path of advancing hurricanes.<ref name="honolulu">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> In Central America, however, the season's first hurricane wrought catastrophic rainfall resulting in an enormous loss of life, estimated somewhere between 1,000 and 3,000 people. The storm continued into the United States, killing 10 people and causing about $4.4 million<ref group="nb">All damage totals are in 1934 values of their respective currencies.</ref> in damage. In July, a hurricane struck Texas, spawning tornadoes and generating storm surge, killing 19 people; damage was estimated around $4.5 million. In late August and early September, another hurricane meandered offshore Texas while a weak tropical storm struck North Carolina, each causing minor damage. Shortly thereafter, a hurricane curved up the U.S. East Coast, resulting in 8 fatalities and widespread impacts. A weak tropical storm affected the U.S. Gulf Coast in early October, and the season's only major hurricane meandered across the southwestern Atlantic at the end of November.

The season's total activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 48,<ref name=ACE>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> well below the 1931–1943 average of 91.2.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of Template:Convert, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.<ref name=ACE/>

Timeline

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Systems

Hurricane One

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical depression formed over the Gulf of Honduras around 12:00 UTC on June 4. The system intensified into a tropical storm and reached winds of Template:Convert before striking near Belize City early on June 5. Once inland, it executed a cyclonic loop across the Mexican states of Guatemala and Chiapas before re-emerging into the Gulf of Honduras. The cyclone had weakened to a tropical depression while over land, but it restrengthened once offshore again and became a Category 1 hurricane with winds of Template:Convert before making landfall in extreme northern Belize early on June 9. The storm progressed across the Yucatán Peninsula in a weakened state but reacquired hurricane intensity as it made a second cyclonic loop over the Bay of Campeche. Now moving north, the hurricane reached peak winds of Template:Convert and maintained that strength through landfall near Jeanerette, Louisiana, at 19:00 UTC on June 16. It curved northeast once inland, losing tropical characteristics over central Tennessee after 06:00 UTC on June 18 but maintained its status as an extratropical cyclone until late on June 21, when it was located over Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="metadata">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

The cyclone proved to be catastrophic across El Salvador and western Honduras, where rainfall up to Template:Convert caused widespread flooding and one of the largest death tolls in the history of the Atlantic basin.<ref name="mwr01">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Press reports indicated the number of fatalities ranged from 1,000 to 3,000, including 500 in the town of Ocotepeque alone. There, all structures but the town's church were reportedly demolished.<ref name="mwr01" /> The system produced hurricane-force winds across a portion of the Yucatán Peninsula before progressing into the United States.<ref name="metadata" /> A Template:Convert storm surge inundated areas around Oyster Bayou, and boats were run aground along the coast.<ref name="lahurrhistory">Template:Cite report</ref> It brought winds up to Template:Convert in Morgan City, Louisiana,<ref name="metadata" /> damaging structures.<ref name="lahurrhistory" /> Officials with the United States Red Cross estimated that 75–150 homes were demolished, 1,500 others were left uninhabitable, and between 3,000 and 7,000 more were damaged to some degree by the storm.<ref>Template:Cite FTP</ref> Rainfall totaled to Template:Convert in Lafayette;<ref name="metadata" /><ref name="wpc">Template:Cite report</ref> that city and Franklin, Melville, and Abbeville recorded daily rainfall records.<ref name="lahurrhistory" /> The hurricane killed six people, caused $2.605 million in property damage,<ref name="metadata" /> and incurred another $1.5 million in crop damage across Louisiana.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Squalls from the system killed four people and injured many others in Mississippi, while heavy rainfall caused the Pearl River to exceed flood stage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Record rainfall during June in Tennessee, accumulating to Template:Convert in a matter of hours in Cedar Hill, caused about $250,000 in damage across the state. A small tornado struck north of Joelton and resulted in an additional $3,000 in damage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The extratropical remnants produced winds of Template:Convert in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and delivered needed rainfall throughout the region.<ref name="metadata" /><ref name="mwr01" /> Across Ontario and Quebec, heavy rains delayed traffic and congested storm sewers. High tension wires and poles were toppled, causing widespread power outages. Eleven barns were destroyed, and the Varennes lighthouse was put out of commission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hurricane Two

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On July 10, a weak area of low pressure formed along a stationary front off the eastern coast of Florida. The disturbance gradually shed this frontal boundary and acquired a well-defined center,<ref name="metadata" /> leading to the formation of a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on July 12 to the east of the Florida–Georgia border. It intensified into a tropical storm a little over a day later and further to a Category 1 hurricane early on July 14 as it tracked east-northeast.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Based on extrapolation from nearby ship reports, the hurricane is analyzed to have reached peak winds of Template:Convert early on July 15.<ref name="metadata" /> It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone around 06:00 UTC the next day to the south of Newfoundland.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Hurricane Three

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On July 21, a dissipating stationary front was analyzed offshore the Southeast United States.<ref name="metadata" /> A tropical depression formed a short distance southeast of Charleston, South Carolina, around 06:00 UTC on July 22 and tracked southwest. It made landfall around St. Augustine, Florida, at 00:00 UTC on July 23 without having attained tropical storm strength. After crossing over Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico, the system turned west and began to intensify. It became a tropical storm early that day and further developed into a Category 1 hurricane early on July 25. The cyclone struck the coastline just north of Corpus Christi, Texas, around 17:00 UTC with Template:Convert winds. It continued inland across southern Texas and into northern Mexico and was last analyzed west of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, at 18:00 UTC on July 26.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Minor impacts were recorded in Florida, where trees were toppled, pecans and pears were blown down, and corn crops were flattened.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Along the coastline of Texas, high tides damaged waterfront homes in Nueces and Jefferson counties.<ref name="txsection">Template:Cite journal</ref> San José Island observed a Template:Convert storm surge. More than 1,000 residents on the Bolivar Peninsula were cut off for 48 hours,<ref name="corsicana">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> and communications between more than a dozen towns were severed.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Numerous levee breaches inundated areas around Freeport and Vealsco, where water levels rose to several feet accordingly.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Daily rainfall records were set in Fowlerton and Falfurrias at Template:Convert, respectively.<ref name="txhurrhistory">Template:Cite report</ref> Crops suffered extensive damage through several coastal counties, particularly in Nueces County where the local cotton crop suffered a 75 percent loss; several other counties reported a 50 percent loss.<ref name="austinstatesman">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Peak winds of Template:Convert were measured in Corpus Christi.<ref name="metadata" /> Strong winds smashed small boats and tore the roofs off structures, principally in Victoria. Three oil derricks were toppled to the south of the city.<ref name="theaustinamerican">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> A series of tornadoes occurred in communities throughout central Texas. Across the state, preliminary estimates included the destruction of 260 homes, with severe damage to an additional 400 houses.<ref name="themonitor">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> This reportedly encompassed all homes along the mouth of the San Bernard River,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> all structures between Freeport and the mouth of the Colorado River,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> and at least 75 percent of homes in Matagorda.<ref name="theaustinamerican" /> Damage was estimated around $4.5 million. Throughout the state, 19 people were killed,<ref name="metadata" /> most from the large storm surge. Cattle losses were estimated to be in the thousands,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> with five to six hundred on the western end of Galveston Island alone.<ref name="corsicana" /> In the wake of the storm, federal aid was requested for 22 counties,<ref name="austinstatesman" /> encompassing a total of 272 families.<ref name="themonitor" /> Poor weather conditions hindered oil and gas prospecting across Starr and Hidalgo counties.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref>

Tropical Storm Four

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A weak tropical storm,<ref name="metadata" /> first documented east of Barbados at 18:00 UTC on August 20, moved west-northwest and entered the Caribbean Sea south of St. Lucia. It failed to intensify over the next few days and instead degenerated to a tropical wave south of the Dominican Republic after 06:00 UTC on August 23.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Historical weather maps indicate an area of disturbed weather but no concrete evidence of a well-defined, closed center of circulation. Given the lack of surface observations, meteorologists expressed uncertainty whether the system was actually a tropical cyclone.<ref name="metadata" /> Some islands of the Lesser Antilles recorded gusty winds, abnormally low atmospheric pressures, and rainfall, including totals exceeding Template:Convert on Martinique.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Hurricane Five

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical storm formed in the central Gulf of Mexico around 06:00 UTC on August 26 from a stationary front or perhaps the remnants of the previous tropical cyclone.<ref name="metadata" /> It initially moved west-northwest off the coast of Louisiana but soon banked toward the south, passing within Template:Convert of Galveston, Texas, as it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane with winds of Template:Convert. The slow-moving system weakened as it moved into the Bay of Campeche. It curved southwest and made landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of Template:Convert around 04:00 UTC on September 1 and dissipated after 18:00 UTC that day.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

In advance of the storm, the American Red Cross was deployed to give aid if needed.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Tropical storm-force winds affected the Texas coastline from Port Arthur down to Matagorda Bay; peak winds of Template:Convert likely impacted areas between Freeport and Galveston as the storm made its closest approach.<ref name="metadata" /> A daily rainfall record during the month of August was set in Garden City, at Template:Convert.<ref name="txhurrhistory" /> Tides up to Template:Convert affected the coastline around Sabine.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> At the final landfall point, the tropical storm destroyed houses in the community of Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref>

Tropical Storm Six

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small In 2012, as part of the National Hurricane Center's reanalysis project, a new tropical cyclone was retroactively added to the season. A stationary front sagged across the western Atlantic in the final days of August. On September 1, an extratropical low developed as the front began to dissipate,<ref name="metadata" /> and it quickly transitioned into a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC while south and west of Bermuda. The system moved northwest and reached peak winds of Template:Convert. Slight weakening ensued before it made landfall on the North Carolina Outer Banks at 10:00 UTC on September 3. The cyclone continued to decay as it moved across Virginia and Maryland,Template:Atlantic hurricane best track and it was absorbed by a front northwest of Baltimore after 06:00 UTC the next morning.<ref name="metadata" />Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

In Virginia, the storm halted the annual James River regatta and three craft were capsized by gusty winds.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Owing to heavy rainfall and tides up to Template:Convert, several streams were swollen; floodwaters washed away bridges and rendered several routes impassable.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref>

Hurricane Seven

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small Although its origins are not conclusively known, a tropical storm is believed to have developed near the Bahamas around 06:00 UTC on September 5 from the remnants of a mid-level trough.<ref name="metadata" /> The cyclone began on a west-northwest trajectory but curved toward the north-northeast over subsequent days. It reached hurricane strength early on September 6 and further intensified to a Category 2 hurricane with winds of Template:Convert late the next day. The storm made close approaches to the coastlines of North Carolina and New Jersey before making later landfalls in New England. The first landfall occurred on Long Island with winds of Template:Convert at 02:00 UTC on September 9, and the second took place near New Haven, Connecticut, with winds of Template:Convert two hours later. The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC on September 9 and curved northeast before dissipating over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence the following morning.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

The center of the hurricane narrowly missed the North Carolina Outer Banks, where winds of 72 mph (116 km) were recorded in Hatteras. Small craft and light-framed buildings suffered damage but impacts were otherwise negligible.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Tropical storm-force winds also overspread much of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England, highest at Template:Convert in Atlantic City, New Jersey.<ref name="metadata" /> The system produced sporadic areas of heavy rainfall along the U.S. East Coast from North Carolina north into Maine. Accumulations peaked at Template:Convert in Beaufort, North Carolina.<ref name="wpc" /> In Virginia, the combination of strong winds and heavy rain brought down trees and electrical lines. Numerous accidents were recorded in Richmond and surrounding areas due to wet roadways. Some routes were inundated by floodwaters, and one bridge was washed away.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Similar effects were felt across Maryland. In Baltimore, rushing water up to Template:Convert in depth stalled vehicles and displaced some nearly a block away. The cellars and first floors of homes were flooded, while underpasses and roads were deemed impassable. In one case near Ensor, a Template:Convert strip of asphalt was pushed upward several inches. Two buildings were electrically charged for unknown reasons during the storm, shocking one person before the structures were roped off.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Throughout Annapolis, about 20 telephones were left out of commission, floodwaters entered cabins and restaurants, and trees and debris washed over roadways. Some rivers and streams throughout the western portion of the state overflowed their banks.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref>

In Fair Haven, New Jersey, a 69-year-old man was killed after being electrocuted by a live wire downed by the storm.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Along the coastline, the United States Coast Guard attempted search and rescue of the SS Morro Castle which caught fire and killed 137 people on board, but these efforts were limited by low visibility at least partly attributed to the storm.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> Three crewmen of the schooner Neshaminy died when it capsized off Brigantine. In New York, two seaman drowned and three others were rescued when their tugboat overturned in New York Bay. Further still, a man died after his sailboat overturned in rough seas near Northport, Long Island.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ten people on a fishing expedition were rescued on Long Beach after their attempt to anchor at sea failed. A short distance away in Hempstead Harbor, an inn was washed from its piles and demolished. At the Suffolk County Fairgrounds, an automobile building saw a large section of its sheet metal roof torn off. A number of exhibition tents were blown down. In Patchogue, a garage was flattened and several small signs were torn loose and damaged. Trees and power poles were toppled across the region, disrupting travel, causing damage to structures, and cutting power to entire communities such as Mattituck and Glen Cove. Throughout communities such as Hempstead Harbor, Sea Cliff, Peconic Bay, and Greenport, scores of boats or scows were ripped from their moorings, heavily damaged, displaced, or left in ruin; in Peconic Bay specifically, damage to nearly 50 boats amounted to $10,000. Docks likewise suffered substantial damage.<ref name="timesunion">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> A Template:Convert section of a cornice on the roof of a four-story warehouse was brought to the ground by the storm's winds.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> A Template:Convert stretch of the Port Washington Branch,<ref name="timesunion" /> part of the Long Island Rail Road, was disrupted by a washout. In Great Neck, a train track was carried out of line by rushing water. Lightning twice struck the Huntington Station, causing two fires that were quickly extinguished. In the city of Huntington, more than 100 telephones were put out of commission. In Queens, hundreds of sewers filled to capacity or overflowed,<ref name="manhurt">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> but the heavy rainfall was also seen as beneficial to local crops.<ref name="timesunion" /> Four buildings, including a school, were struck by lightning; one home was partially destroyed. A narrow waterspout ripped through the northern part of the borough but caused no known damage. In the eastern section of the borough, a man died after crashing his vehicle in the downpours.<ref name="manhurt" /> James Roosevelt, son of President Franklin Roosevelt, was the subject of an eleven-vessel search as he sailed through the storm off Maine; his schooner made it to Portland safely.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> On Lake Ontario, a Canadian National Railway car ferry was unexpectedly hit by a large wave, severely damaging the ship and injuring 52 people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tropical Storm Eight

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical storm was first documented east of Barbados around 12:00 UTC on September 16. It alternated between a west-northwest and west motion for several days, narrowly missing the Leeward Islands and gradually strengthening to a peak intensity of Template:Convert. The system weakened to a tropical depression on September 21 and passed near the northern Bahamas before turning north and north-northeast. It dissipated after 12:00 UTC on September 23 off southeastern North Carolina while interacting with an approaching front.<ref name="metadata" />Template:Atlantic hurricane best track The Lesser Antilles mainly recorded rainfall due to the storm, with Martinique observing up to Template:Convert at Ducos.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Tropical Storm Nine

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small Another tropical cyclone discovered during reanalysis was found to have developed southeast of Cabo Verde around 00:00 UTC on September 18. It intensified into a tropical storm eighteen hours later while moving west-northwest through the islands. The cyclone maintained that motion for several days before turning north into the northeastern Atlantic. It reached peak winds of Template:Convert early on September 24 but transitioned into an extratropical cyclone around 00:00 UTC the next day. The post-tropical system merged with another low or dissipated after 06:00 UTC on September 25 to the northwest of the Azores.<ref name="metadata" />Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Hurricane Ten

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small An area of low pressure coalesced into a tropical cyclone prior to 12:00 UTC on October 1, when otherwise scant data points supported the existence of a strong tropical storm.<ref name="metadata" /> It intensified into a hurricane within six hours and peaked at Category 2 intensity with winds of Template:Convert late on October 2. The system gradually decayed thereafter as it moved west-northwest, dissipating over the open Atlantic after 06:00 UTC on October 4.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Tropical Storm Eleven

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea around 12:00 UTC on October 1. It progressed northwest through the Yucatán Channel and into the central Gulf of Mexico, where it attained tropical storm intensity early on October 3. The storm peaked with winds of Template:Convert while curving toward the north-northeast. It weakened slightly before making landfall east of the Alabama–Florida border at 01:00 UTC on October 6, and the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC that morning. The storm was absorbed by a frontal system after 18:00 UTC while over southeastern Alabama.<ref name="metadata" />Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Several ships reported gale- and storm-force winds off the Gulf coast.<ref name="NATLOct">Template:Cite FTP</ref> Heavy rainfall overspread the Southeast U.S. from Florida to Virginia,<ref name="FloodWide">Template:Cite news</ref> peaking at Template:Convert in Pensacola, Florida.<ref name="wpc" /> Streets were flooded, leaving automobiles stranded. The floodwaters drove some people out of their homes in the low-lying areas of the city.<ref name="GulfStormGoesInland">Template:Cite news</ref> Sustained winds reached Template:Cvt in Pensacola.<ref name="FLSectionOctober">Template:Cite journal</ref> Higher winds of Template:Cvt were recorded in New Orleans, Louisiana.<ref name="BelievedMild">Template:Cite news</ref> Some bridges in Baldwin County, Alabama, were washed out by the rains.<ref name="TorrentsFloodPensacola">Template:Cite news</ref>

Tropical Storm Twelve

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical depression formed south of Jamaica around 18:00 UTC on October 19 and moved northeast, intensifying to tropical storm intensity within six hours.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track The lumbering storm curved toward the northwest the next day,<ref name="metadata" /> with its center narrowly avoiding Jamaica to the north. After reaching peak winds of Template:Convert, it once again turned northeast and made landfall in central Cuba around 14:00 UTC on October 21.<ref name="metadata" /> Some streets across the eastern end of the island were inundated in several feet of water.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> The storm accelerated northeast through the Bahamas as a tropical depression or minimal tropical storm.<ref name="metadata" /> It dissipated after 18:00 UTC on October 23 to the southeast of Bermuda.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Hurricane Thirteen

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small The final and most intense storm of the 1934 season formed northeast of the Leeward Islands from the remnants of a trough or frontal boundary around 06:00 UTC on November 20. It moved northwest for a short time before executing a counter-clockwise loop south of Bermuda and continuing south-southwest.<ref name="metadata" /> The Susan Maersk encountered the system to the west of island and suffered minor damage;<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> the Malacca too intercepted the storm and saw its decks flooded.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref> The cyclone strengthened into a hurricane late on November 22 and became the season's only major hurricane, with winds of Template:Convert, the next afternoon.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track It gradually lost intensity and made landfall on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic with winds of Template:Convert at 16:00 UTC on November 28.<ref name="metadata" /> The system weakened to a tropical depression but retained a closed center while crossing the island into the Caribbean Sea. It degenerated to a remnant low and dissipated south of Jamaica after 12:00 UTC on November 30.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Season effects

This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 1934 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low. Template:Saffir-Simpson small

Template:TC stats table start3 Template:TC stats table end3

See also

• 1934 Pacific hurricane season
• 1934 Pacific typhoon season
• 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
• 1930s Australian region cyclone seasons

External links

• Monthly Weather Review