1939 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1939 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active since 1930. The season had below normal activity, with only six tropical storms, of which three became hurricanes and one became a major hurricane, equivalent to Category 3 status or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale.<ref name="ACE"/> The first tropical cyclone formed on June 12, and the last dissipated on November 6. These dates are within the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.

All of the storms affected land to some extent. The first two cyclones of the season made landfall along the coast of the United States, collectively causing only minor damage. Hurricane Five, the strongest of the year, peaked as a Category 4 hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of Template:Convert. It took a northeastern path through the western Atlantic, striking Bermuda on October 16. The fifth and final storm was a minimal hurricane that wrought damage throughout the western Caribbean Sea, most notably in Jamaica and Cuba.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 34 units,<ref name="ACE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> far below the 1931–1943 average of 91.2.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.<ref name="ACE"/>

Timeline

<timeline>

ImageSize = width:800 height:161.6 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/06/1939 till:30/11/1939 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/06/1939

Colors =

 id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
 id:GP     value:red
 id:TD     value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92)  legend:Tropical_Depression_=_≤38_mph_(≤62_km/h)
 id:TS     value:rgb(0.3,1,1)  legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39–73_mph_(63–117_km/h)
 id:C1     value:rgb(1,1,0.85)     legend:Category_1_=_74–95_mph_(118–153_km/h)
 id:C2     value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55)  legend:Category_2_=_96–110_mph_(154–177_km/h)
 id:C3     value:rgb(1,0.62,0.35)  legend:Category_3_=_111–129_mph_(178–208_km/h)
 id:C4     value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54)  legend:Category_4_=_130–156_mph_(209–251_km/h)
 id:C5     value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.90)  legend:Category_5_=_≥157_mph_(≥252_km/h)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =

 barset:Hurricane
 bar:Month

PlotData=

 barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
 from:12/06/1939 till:18/06/1939 color:TS text:"One (TS)"
 from:07/07/1939 till:12/07/1939 color:TD text:"TD"
 from:07/08/1939 till:19/08/1939 color:C1 text:"Two (C1)"
 from:15/08/1939 till:19/08/1939 color:TS text:"Three (TS)"
 from:19/08/1939 till:19/08/1939 color:TD text:"TD"
 barset:break
 from:25/08/1939 till:27/08/1939 color:TD text:"TD"
 from:23/09/1939 till:27/09/1939 color:TS text:"Four (TS)"
 from:30/09/1939 till:03/10/1939 color:TD text:"TD"
 from:11/10/1939 till:17/10/1939 color:C4 text:"Five (C4)"
 from:28/10/1939 till:06/11/1939 color:C1 text:"Six (C1)"

 bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
 from:04/06/1939 till:01/07/1939 text:June
 from:01/07/1939 till:01/08/1939 text:July 
 from:01/08/1939 till:01/09/1939 text:August
 from:01/09/1939 till:01/10/1939 text:September
 from:01/10/1939 till:01/11/1939 text:October 
 from:01/11/1939 till:30/11/1939 text:November 

TextData =

  pos:(570,30)
  text:"(From the"
  pos:(617,30)
  text:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale)"

</timeline>

Systems

Tropical Storm One

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small The first tropical storm of the season developed in the extreme western Caribbean Sea on June 12.<ref name="metadata">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Reports of the storm first came from the Mexican Weather Service office in Chetumal, Quintana Roo, and during the afternoon of June 12, vessels just offshore recorded squally conditions and choppy seas.<ref name="MWR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cyclone moved northward, parallel to the coast of Belize, before moving over the northeastern corner of the Yucatán Peninsula. It continued steadily northward through the Gulf of Mexico, slowly strengthening to a peak of 50 mph (85 km/h) on June 14 with a minimum central pressure of Template:Convert.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track<ref name="MWR"/> An area of high pressure to the north caused the storm to execute a counter-clockwise loop. A trough of low pressure turned it back to the north, and the cyclone made landfall near Mobile, Alabama, as a minimal tropical storm on June 16. Turning to the northwest, it quickly weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated on June 17 over Mississippi.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

In advance of the system, officials issued storm warnings for coastal areas of Alabama and western Florida, and residents in low-lying areas were advised to seek higher ground.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Damage associated with the cyclone was generally minor, and only one life was lost when a boy fell into the swollen waters of a river and drowned.<ref name="MWR"/>

Hurricane Two

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On August 7, a tropical storm formed north of the Leeward Islands, likely from a tropical wave.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track It tracked to the west-northwest, slowly strengthening to a hurricane as it moved through the Bahamas on August 11. Later that day, it struck the east coast of Florida near Stuart, and crossed the state in around 15 hours.<ref name="US hurricanes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After weakening to a tropical storm, it quickly re-strengthened upon emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, and made another landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, on August 13. Over land, the cyclone slowed considerably and quickly deteriorated.<ref name="MWR"/> By August 14, the storm had weakened to a tropical depression as it drifted through Alabama. The depression turned to the northeast, and remained a tropical depression until it dissipated just offshore New Jersey on August 20.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Due to timely reports and warnings, the storm was reportedly forecast with "exceptional accuracy".<ref name="MWR"/>

In Florida, damage was minor, amounting to uprooted trees, broken windows, moderate crop damage, and downed power lines. A few flimsy structures and small watercraft also sustained damage. Along the Florida Panhandle, the storm's winds impacted power, telephone, and telegraph lines, and inflicted $2,000 worth of damage to a dock warehouse. A man in Cedar Key, Florida, drowned after rough surf overturned his rowboat,<ref name="MWR"/> and at least two other people suffered minor storm-related injuries.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Free access</ref> Torrential rain fell in Alabama as a result of the storm's slow forward movement, leading to severe flooding. Further inland, the storm spawned a tornado in North Carolina which caused one death. As the depression continued heading inland, it dropped heavy precipitation throughout the Mid-Atlantic States, exceeding Template:Convert in Tuckerton, New Jersey,<ref name="MWR"/> and Template:Convert in Manahawkin, New Jersey.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Tropical Storm Three

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small An operationally unnoticed tropical storm developed on August 15. At its peak, sustained winds were 65 mph (100 km/h) and the minimum pressure of Template:Convert. By August 19, the storm dissipated.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Tropical Storm Four

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small An area of disturbed weather over Central America organized into a tropical storm in the Bay of Campeche on September 23. Uneventfully, it moved generally north-northeastward through the Gulf of Mexico and its winds strengthened to a peak of 50 mph (85 km/h). The storm made landfall on south-central Louisiana on September 26, and dissipated later that day. The Weather Bureau office in New Orleans posted numerous advisories, although the effects from the storm were minimal.<ref name="MWR"/>

Hurricane Five

On the afternoon of October 9, reports from the Leeward Islands of low pressures and unsettled weather indicated that a storm was forming in the vicinity.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track The disturbance strengthened into a tropical storm on October 12 to the northeast of Puerto Rico. The quickly escalating storm tracked northwestward before turning towards the northeast, away from a high pressure area building in from the west.<ref name="MWR"/> Early on October 15, the storm attained hurricane intensity and continued to mature until October 16, when it reached its peak at a strength corresponding to Category 4 status on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track That same day it passed just east of Bermuda. It weakened as it accelerated to the northeast, and became extratropical near Newfoundland a couple of days later.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track<ref name="MWR"/>

Numerous ships encountered the hurricane along its course. On the President Harding, en route to New York, one crew member drowned due to the rough conditions and 73 crew and passengers suffered injury, of various severity, requiring a call for emergency medical supplies.<ref name="MWR"/> The ship itself sustained a bit of damage. As the storm passed near the island of Bermuda, it generated strong winds—gusting to Template:Convert—and heavy precipitation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Damage was fairly significant; the winds uprooted trees, shattered windows, and disrupted public utilities.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Free access</ref> In Newfoundland, the remnants of the storm destroyed a house in St. John's and caused minor flooding in other areas of the province. Six people drowned offshore Newfoundland.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Hurricane Six

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On October 29, the sixth and final known tropical cyclone of the season developed in the western Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave. It initially moved northwestward, but turned toward the east shortly thereafter. Drifting due eastward, the storm grew into a minimal hurricane on October 31 while passing over the Cayman Islands. The hurricane's center passed just north of the island of Jamaica later that day as it weakened back into a tropical storm. Eventually, the storm turned abruptly northeastward and crossed the eastern tip of Cuba. By November 3, it had emerged into the Atlantic and entered the southern Bahamas. Beginning to accelerate, the tropical storm passed to the west of Bermuda before becoming extratropical on November 6.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track<ref name="MWR"/>

At Grand Cayman, winds from the storm reached Template:Convert with a minimum pressure of Template:Convert. According to press reports, the hurricane inflicted considerable damage on the Cayman Islands. In northern Jamaica, property damage was also widespread. The hurricane brought heavy rainfall, high winds, and pounding surf to the island, leaving one dead. Another death was reported in Cuba, where the torrential rains also caused extensive flooding and losses to livestock and crops.<ref name="MWR"/>

Tropical depressions

In addition to the six systems reaching at least tropical storm intensity, there were four cyclones that remained a tropical depression. A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression over the eastern Gulf of Mexico just offshore Florida on July 7. The depression moved generally westward and struck southern Texas on July 11 and dissipated on the following day. Houston observed a sustained wind speed of Template:Convert. However, no weather stations farther south observed tropical storm-force winds, while the wind speed recorded in Houston may have been associated with a squall line in advance of a frontal system. Thus, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project did not retroactively upgrade the depression to a tropical storm.<ref name="metadata"/>

On August 19, a disturbance that may have detached from Tropical Storm Five developed into a tropical depression. However, the depression was soon absorbed by a frontal system. Another depression formed from a tropical wave near Bermuda on August 25. The cyclone moved northeastward for a few days, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 28 and then being absorbed by a frontal system. Early on September 30, another tropical depression developed over the central Atlantic. The depression initially moved southeastward and later curved to the south before degenerating into a tropical wave on October 3.<ref name="metadata"/>

See also

• 1939 Pacific hurricane season
• 1939 Pacific typhoon season
• 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
• 1930s Australian region cyclone seasons

External links

• Monthly Weather Review