1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox aircraft occurrence The Tybee Island mid-air collision was an incident on February 5, 1958, in which the United States Air Force lost a Template:Convert Mark 15 nuclear bomb in the waters of Tybee Island near Savannah, Georgia, United States. During a night practice exercise, an F-86 fighter plane collided with the B-47 bomber carrying the large weapon.

The bomb was jettisoned to help prevent a crash and explosion. After several unsuccessful searches, the weapon was declared lost in Wassaw Sound off the shores of Tybee Island.

Collision

Template:Location map+ The B-47 bomber was on a simulated combat mission from Homestead Air Force Base in Florida,<ref name=Natola>Template:Cite book</ref> carrying a single Template:Convert bomb. At about 2:00 a.m. EST (UTC−5), an F-86 fighter collided with the six-engine B-47. The F-86 pilot, Lt. Clarence Stewart, ejected and parachuted to safety near Estill, South Carolina, Template:Convert north of the fighter's crash site east of Sylvania, Georgia.<ref name="pacunhr">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="jbcoll">Template:Cite news</ref> The damaged B-47 remained airborne, plummeting from Template:Convert until the pilot, Col. Howard Richardson, regained control at Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bbc">Template:Cite news</ref>

The crew requested permission to jettison the bomb, in order to reduce weight and prevent the weapon from exploding during an emergency landing. Permission was granted, and the bomb was jettisoned at Template:Convert, while the plane was traveling at about Template:Convert. The crew did not see an explosion when the weapon struck the sea. They managed to land the B-47 successfully at nearby Hunter Air Force Base, just south of Savannah.<ref name="ppgsflg">Template:Cite news</ref> Richardson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for safely landing the bomber.<ref name="bbc" />

The bomb

File:1958-02-04 - Form AL-569 - Tybee Accident Temporary Custodian Receipt.jpg

"Temporary Custodian Receipt" for what would be the nuclear weapon lost in the 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision. It indicates that the core (part "C") was "simulated," and not an actual fissile core of nuclear material.

Some sources describe the bomb as a functional nuclear weapon, but others refer to it as disabled. If it had a plutonium nuclear core installed, it was a fully functional weapon. If it had a dummy core installed, it was incapable of generating a nuclear blast but could still produce a conventional explosion. Template:Convert in length, the Mark 15 bomb that was lost weighs Template:Convert, bears the serial number 47782, and contains Template:Convert of conventional high explosives and highly enriched uranium.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Air Force maintains that its "nuclear capsule" (physics package), used to initiate the nuclear reaction, was removed before its flight aboard the B-47.<ref name=study>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As noted in the Atomic Energy Commission "Form AL-569 Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)", signed by the aircraft commander, the bomb contained a simulated Template:Convert cap made of lead.<ref>The Nuclear Information Project Template:Webarchive, Form AL-569, "Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)," to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque Operations, from James W. Twitty, Col., U.S. Air Force, February 4, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF)</ref>

However, according to 1966 Congressional testimony by Assistant Secretary of Defense W.J. Howard, the Tybee Island bomb was a "complete weapon, a bomb with a nuclear capsule" and one of two weapons lost that contained a plutonium trigger.<ref>NPR Media, Letter of W.J. Howard, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), to the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States (April 22, 1966). (PDF) Page 1, Page2.</ref> Nevertheless, a study of the Strategic Air Command documents indicates that Alert Force test flights in February 1958 with the older Mark 15 payloads were not authorized to fly with nuclear capsules on board. Such approval would not come until safer "sealed-pit nuclear capsule" weapons began to be deployed in June 1958.<ref>The Nuclear Information Project, History of the Strategic Air Command January 1, 1958 – June 30, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF) Template:Webarchive</ref>

Recovery efforts

Starting on February 6, 1958, the Air Force 2700th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron and 100 Navy personnel equipped with hand-held sonar and galvanic drag and cable sweeps mounted a search. On April 16, the military announced the search had been unsuccessful. Based on a hydrographic survey in 2001, the bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried under Template:Convert of silt at the bottom of Wassaw Sound.<ref name=study/>

In 2004, retired Air Force Lt. Colonel Derek Duke claimed to have narrowed the possible resting spot of the bomb down to a small area approximately the size of a football field.Template:Citation needed He and his partner located the area by trawling in their boat with a Geiger counter in tow. Secondary radioactive particles four times naturally occurring levels were detected and mapped, and the site of radiation origination triangulated. An Air Force nuclear weapons adviser speculated that the source of the radiation was natural, originating from deposits of monazite, a locally occurring mineral that emits radiation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Later effects

By 2007, no undue levels of unnatural radioactive contamination have been detected in the regional Upper Floridan aquifer by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (over and above the already high levels thought to be due to monazite).<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>Template:Page needed<ref>Chatham County Public Works and Park Services, Drinking Water Quality Consumer Confidence Report (2007) Template:Webarchive</ref>

In popular culture

In February 2015, an article appeared on a fake news web site which claimed that the bomb had been found by vacationing Canadian divers and had been removed from the bay. The spurious story spread widely via social media.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the MonsterVerse graphic novel Godzilla Dominion, the Titan named Scylla finds the sunken warhead off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, having sensed its radiation as a potential food source. Godzilla and the Coast Guard force Scylla to retreat, and they safely recover the bomb.Template:Needs citation

See also

• Broken Arrow
• List of military nuclear accidents

References

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• Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (2008). "Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents". Lulu. Template:ISBN.

External links

• "For 50 Years, Nuclear Bomb Lost in Watery Grave", NPR (February 3, 2008)
• "Missing for 50 years – US nuclear bomb", BBC News (June 22, 2009)
• Nuclear Bomb Dropped in Georgia; No Nuclear Capsule Inserted, Documents Show, The Nuclear Information Project (2004)
• Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs, Strategic-Air-Command.com
• Chasing Loose Nukes by Col. Derek Duke (as told to Fred Dungan)