2867 Šteins

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | class = vcard | titleclass = fn org | title = 2867 Šteins | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=2867 Steins.jpg|upright={{#if:||1.1}}|alt=}} | caption = Šteins imaged by Rosetta | headerstyle = {{#if:#D6D6D6|background-color:#D6D6D6|background-color:#E0CCFF}}; color:inherit; | labelstyle = max-width:{{#if:||11em}}; | autoheaders = y

| header1 = Discovery<ref name="MPC-object" />

| label2 = Discovered by | data2 = N. Chernykh | label3 = Discovery site | data3 = Template:Nowrap | label4 = Discovery date | data4 = 4 November 1969 | label5 = Template:Longitem | data5 =

| header10 = {{#if:|Designations|Designations}}

| label11 = Template:Longitem | data11 = (2867) Šteins | label12 = Pronunciation | data12 = Template:IPAc-en | label13 = Template:Longitem | data13 = Kārlis Šteins<ref name="MPC-object" /> | label14 = Template:Longitem | data14 = Template:Hlist | label15 = Template:Longitem | data15 = Template:Hlist | label16 = Adjectives | data16 = | label17 = Symbol | data17 =

| header20 = Orbital characteristics{{#ifeq:|yes| (barycentric)}}<ref name="jpldata" />

| data21 = | data22 = {{#if:23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) |Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)}} | data23 = {{#if:0 | Uncertainty parameter 0}} | label24 = Observation arc | data24 = 66.47 yr (24,279 d) | label25 = Earliest precovery date | data25 = | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |apsis|gee|barion|center|centre|(apsis)=Apo{{{apsis}}} |Ap{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}}} | data26 = 2.7081 AU | label27 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | data27 = 2.0185 AU | label28 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}} | data28 = | label29 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |helion|astron=Ap{{{apsis}}} |Apo{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}}} | data29 = | label30 = Periastron | data30 = | label31 = Apoastron | data31 = | label32 = Template:Longitem | data32 = 2.3633 AU | label33 = Template:Longitem | data33 = | label34 = Eccentricity | data34 = 0.1459 | label35 = Template:Longitem | data35 = 3.63 yr (1,327 d) | label36 = Template:Longitem | data36 = | label37 = Template:Longitem | data37 = | label38 = Template:Longitem | data38 = 182.24° | label39 = Template:Longitem | data39 = Template:Deg2DMS / day | label40 = Inclination | data40 = 9.9354° | label41 = Template:Longitem | data41 = | label42 = Template:Longitem | data42 = 55.366° | label43 = Template:Longitem | data43 = | label44 = Template:Longitem | data44 = | label45 = Template:Longitem | data45 = 251.08° | label46 = Template:Nowrap | data46 = | label47 = Satellite of | data47 = | label48 = Group | data48 = | label49 = {{#switch: |yes|true=Satellites |Known satellites}} | data49 = | label50 = Star | data50 = | label51 = Earth MOID | data51 = | label52 = Mercury MOID | data52 = | label53 = Venus MOID | data53 = | label54 = Mars MOID | data54 = | label55 = Jupiter MOID | data55 = | label56 = Saturn MOID | data56 = | label57 = Uranus MOID | data57 = | label58 = Neptune MOID | data58 = | label59 = TJupiter | data59 =

| header60 = Proper orbital elements

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({{#expr:365.25*360/1 round 3}} d) }} | label66 = Template:Longitem | data66 = {{#if:|{{{perihelion_rate}}} arcsecTemplate:\yr }} | label67 = Template:Longitem | data67 = {{#if:|{{{node_rate}}} arcsecTemplate:\yr}}

| header70 = Template:Anchor{{#if:yes| Physical characteristics|Physical characteristics}}

| label71 = Dimensions | data71 = Template:Val<ref name="Jorda-2012" /> | label72 = Template:Longitem | data72 = Template:Val<ref name="Lamy-2008b" />
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Template:Val<ref name="Lamy-2008b" />
Template:Val<ref name="Jorda-2012" /><ref name="Fornasier-2006" /><ref name="Hicks-2004" /> | label94 = Temperature | data94 =

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Surface temp. min mean max
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| label101 = Surface absorbed dose rate | data101 = | label102 = Surface equivalent dose rate | data102 = | label103 = Template:Longitem | data103 = E<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Fornasier-2006" /><ref name="Belskaya-2017" />
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13.36<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" />
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| header110 = Atmosphere

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2867 Šteins (provisional designation Template:Mp) is an irregular, diamond-shaped background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. Classified as an E-type asteroid, it is approximately Template:Convert in diameter. It was discovered on 4 November 1969 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula.<ref name="MPC-object" /> In September 2008, European Space Agency's (ESA) spacecraft Rosetta flew by Šteins, making it one of few minor planets ever visited by a spacecraft. The bright E-type asteroid features 23 named craters and has a rotation period of 6.05 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named for Soviet Latvian astronomer Kārlis Šteins.<ref name="MPC-object" />

Orbit and classification

Šteins is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret" /> It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 Astronomical units (AU) once every 3 years and 8 months (1,327 days; semi-major axis of 2.36 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's observation arc begins with a precovery, taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1951, or 18 years prior to its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />

Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of Kārlis Šteins (1911–1983), a Latvian and Soviet astronomer. He was a long-time observatory director at the University of Latvia in Riga and designed astronomical instruments. Šteins is known for his work on cometary cosmogony and the study of Earth's rotation.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 September 1986 (Template:Small).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

Features on Šteins

Template:Further

On 11 May 2012, IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature announced a naming system for geographical features on Šteins.<ref name="USGS" /> Inspired by the asteroid's gem-like shape, its crater are given the English-language names of precious stones, with the largest being named Diamond crater (see below).

Except for the montes of Mercury and the lunar maria (and proposed for 2 Pallas and 7 Iris), the craters of Šteins are the only features in the Solar System whose names are not derived from proper nouns.<ref name="WGPSN-1" /> In addition, a distinct region on the asteroid has been named Chernykh Regio after the discoverer, Nikolai Chernykh.<ref name="WGPSN-2" />

Physical characteristics

A study published in 2006 by astronomers at the European Southern Observatory showed that Šteins is an E-type asteroid with a diameter of approximately 4.6 kilometers.<ref name="Fornasier-2006" /> After the Rosetta flyby, the ESA described Šteins as a "diamond in the sky", as it has a wide body that tapers into a point. The wide section is dominated by the large Diamond crater with a diameter of 2.1 kilometers, which surprised scientists, who were at first amazed the asteroid survived such an impact,<ref name="rosetta-news2" /> while later it turned out that the crater-to-body diameter ratio of 0.79 is in fact not abnormally large as it follows an already established trend.<ref name="Burchell-2010"/> Besides its irregular in shape, it does not have any moons.<ref name="Rosetta-lightcurve" />

Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope, Šteins measures 5.16 and 4.92 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.30 and 0.34, respectively.<ref name="Lamy-2008b" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" /> Its overall Bond albedo is 0.24 ± 0.01.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2012, the photographs of Šteins taken by Rosetta using stereophotoclinometry allowed scientists to determine that the asteroid's dimensions are Template:Val kilometers, which equates to a mean diameter in volume of 5.26 km.<ref name="Jorda-2012" /> The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.34 and a diameter of 4.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.36.<ref name="lcdb" />

Rotation

Studying the asteroid with Rosetta spacecraft onboard OSIRIS cameras shortly before its flyby showed via a lightcurve analysis that Šteins has a rotation period of Template:Val hours.<ref name="Kuppers-2007" /><ref name="Rosetta-lightcurve" /> The results of the rotational lightcurve agree with ground-based photometric observations of Šteins with a period of 6.049 hours and a brightness amplitude between 0.18 and 0.31 magnitude (Template:Small).<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Hicks-2004" /><ref name="Weissman-2005" /><ref name="Dotto-2009" /><ref name="Warner-2004c" /><ref name="Weissman-2007" />Template:Efn

A lightcurve inversion also modeled a concurring sidereal period of 6.04681 hours and determined a spin axis at (250.0°, −89.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). The modeling was done by compiling a set of 26 previously obtained visible lightcurves.<ref name="Lamy-2008a" />

Exploration

Rosetta flyby

Animation of RosettaTemplate:'s trajectory from 2 March 2004 to 9 September 2016
Template:Legend2Template:·Template:Legend2Template:·Template:Legend2Template:·Template:Legend2Template:·Template:Legend2Template:·Template:Legend2

On 5 September 2008, the Rosetta space probe flew by Šteins at a distance of 800 km and a relatively slow speed of 8.6 km/s. Despite the short duration of this encounter (approximately 7 minutes in total), a great amount of data was obtained by the 15 scientific instruments operating on board the Rosetta spacecraft.<ref name="rosetta-news" /> This was the first of two planned asteroid flybys performed by the probe, with the second being to the much larger 21 Lutetia in 2010.<ref name="rosetta-target" /> The timing of the flyby meant that the asteroid was illuminated by the Sun from the perspective of the spacecraft, making the transmitted images clear. The European Space Operations Centre streamed a press conference on Šteins later that day.<ref name="Rosetta Steins fly-by timeline" />

See also

Notes

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References

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Template:Minor planets navigator {{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Rosetta mission Template:Authority control

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