3200 Phaethon

3200 Phaethon (Template:IPAc-en; previously sometimes spelled Phæton), provisionally designated Template:Nowrap, is an active<ref name="active asteroids" /> Apollo asteroid with an orbit that brings it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid (though there are numerous unnamed asteroids with smaller perihelia, such as Template:Mpl).<ref name="JPL-q141"/> For this reason, it was named after the Greek Hero, Phaëthon, son of the sun god Helios. It is Template:Convert in diameter<ref name="JPL20171222" /> and is the parent body of the Geminids meteor shower of mid-December. With an observation arc of 35+ years, it has a very well determined orbit.<ref name=jpldata /> The 2017 Earth approach distance of about 10 million km was known with an accuracy of ±700 m.<ref name=jpldata />

Discovery

Phaethon was the first asteroid to be discovered using images from a spacecraft. Simon F. Green and John K. Davies discovered it in images from October 11, 1983, while searching Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data for moving objects. It was formally announced on October 14 in IAUC 3878 along with optical confirmation by Charles T. Kowal, who reported it to be asteroidal in appearance. Its provisional designation was Template:Nowrap, and it later received the numerical designation and name Template:Nowrap in 1985.

Orbital characteristics

File:Animation of 3200 Phaethon orbit.gif

Animation of 3200 PhaethonTemplate:'s orbit
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Phaethon is categorized as an Apollo asteroid, as its orbital semi-major axis is greater than that of the Earth's at Template:Convert. It is also suspected to be a member of the Pallas family of asteroids.<ref name="natgeo20101012" />

Its most remarkable distinction is that it approaches the Sun closer than any other named asteroid: its perihelion is only Template:Convert — less than half of Mercury's perihelial distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth-, and Mars-crosser as a result of its high orbital eccentricity. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach around Template:Convert.

Phaethon is a possible candidate for detecting general relativistic and/or solar oblateness effects in its orbital motion due to the frequent close approaches to the Sun.<ref name="Goldstone"/> The Apollo asteroids (155140) 2005 UD and (225416) 1999 YC share similar orbits with Phaethon, suggesting a possible common breakup origin.<ref name="Devogele2020"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Potentially hazardous asteroid

Phaethon is categorized as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA),<ref name=jpldata /><ref name="nasa20071203"/> but that does not mean there is a near-term threat of an impact. It is a potentially hazardous asteroid merely as a result of its size (absolute magnitude Template:Nowrap) and Earth minimum orbit intersection distance Template:Nowrap).<ref name="NEOP"/> The Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (E-MOID) is Template:Cvt, which is defined by the shortest distance between the orbit of Phaethon and the orbit of Earth.<ref name=jpldata /> With a 30+ year observation arc, the orbit of Phaethon is very well understood with very small uncertainties.<ref name=jpldata /> Close approaches of Phaethon are well constrained for the next 400 years.<ref name="Goldstone"/>

Physical characteristics

File:Cracked river mud.JPG

Phaethon's dust ejection is likely caused by a mechanism similar to how mud in a dry lake bottom cracks from heat

Phaethon is an asteroid with fairly unusual characteristics in that its orbit more closely resembles that of a comet than an asteroid; it has been referred to as a "rock comet".<ref name=Jewitt2010 /> In studies performed by NASA's STEREO spacecraft in 2009 and 2012, rapid brightening and dust tail have been observed.<ref name="Jewitt2013" /><ref name ="LiJewitt2013">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name ="JewittLi2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is possible that the Sun's heat is causing fractures similar to mudcracks in a dry lake bed.<ref name="skymania2013" /> This occurs because Phaethon's orbit takes it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid (0.14 AU at perihelion) causing extreme heating and enough solar radiation pressure to push any separated pieces off the asteroid's surface. Since its discovery, several other objects were found exhibiting mixed cometary and asteroidal features, such as 133P/Elst–Pizarro, leading to a new class of objects dubbed "active asteroids".<ref name="active asteroids">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2018, observations revealed that Phaethon was blue in color. This is extremely rare, as most asteroids tend to be grey or red.<ref name="blue asteroid">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="bizarre">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020, polarimetric study revealed Phaethon has a surface with steep slopes covered by a mix of regolith with larger pebbles.<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref> Phaethon's composition fits the notion of its cometary origin; it is classified as a F-type asteroid because it is composed of dark material<ref name=jpldata /><ref name="Kartashova2019"/> or a B-type asteroid because of its blue color.<ref name="Clark2010" /> In 2022 it was shown <ref name="LisseSteck2022" /><ref>How the bluest asteroid in the solar system got its color Tereza Pultarova, Space.com. June 16th, 2022</ref> how Phaethon's blue color and its rock-comet-like emission activity can be explained by the effects of the intense solar heating at perihelion causing sublimation of any darkish-red refractory organic, nano-phase iron (nFe0), and pyroxene materials on its surface.

Analysis of a mid-infrared spectral emissivity spectrum from the Spitzer Space Telescope showed Phaethon to be linked to the rare Yamato-type (CY) carbonaceous chondrites.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This link appears speculative and partial.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Further analysis of this spectrum confirmed the presence of Mg-rich olivine, carbonates, and Fe-sulfides. These minerals decompose at the temperatures that Phaethon reaches at perihelion, resulting in outgassing, in a process called thermal decomposition. It is believed that this process leads to dust ejection and can explain the formation of the Geminid meteor stream.

Meteor shower

Shortly after its discovery, Fred Whipple noted that Phaethon's orbital elements were extremely similar to those of the Geminid meteor shower,<ref name=IAUC3881 /> indicating that Phaethon was the meteor shower's long-sought parent body.

Planned flyby

File:PhaethonFlyby 2-480x392.png

DESTINY+ spacecraft have a planned flyby over asteroid 3200 Phaethon.

DESTINY⁺ (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage Phaethon fLyby dUSt science) is a planned mission to fly by 3200 Phaethon, as well as various minor bodies originating from it. The spacecraft is being developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA and will demonstrate advanced technologies for future deep space exploration. DESTINY⁺ is planned to be launched no earlier than 2028.<ref name="cao-20241009">Template:Cite web</ref>

Close approaches

Phaethon approached to Template:Convert of Earth on December 10, 2007,<ref name=jpldata /> and was detected by radar at Arecibo.<ref name="Goldstone"/> When Phaethon came to perihelion in July 2009, it was found to be brighter than expected.<ref name="BAA2009" /><ref name=IAUC9054 /> During its approach, the STEREO-A spacecraft detected an unexpected brightening, roughly by a factor of two.<ref name=Jewitt2010 />

2010 approach

File:Asteroid Phaethon 25dec2010 stack.jpg

Phaethon imaged on December 25, 2010, with the Template:Nowrap Template:F/ Rigel telescope at Winer Observatory by Marco Langbroek

2017 approach

On December 16, 2017, at 23:00 UT, Phaethon passed Template:Convert from Earth (27 lunar distances).<ref name=jpldata /> The Earth approach distance was known with a 3-sigma precision of ±700 m.<ref name=jpldata />Template:Efn This was the best opportunity to date for radar observations by Goldstone and Arecibo, with a resolution of Template:Convert.<ref name="Goldstone"/>

The asteroid was bright enough to see in small telescopes, peaking at magnitude 10.8 between December 13–15 while dimming slightly to magnitude 11 on December 16 at closest approach.<ref name="NEODyS2017"/> Arecibo made observations of Phaethon from December 15–19.<ref name="JPL20171222">Template:Cite web</ref> It will not make an Earth approach closer than the 2017 passage until December 14, 2093, when it will pass Template:Convert from Earth.<ref name=jpldata /><ref name=neodys />

External links

• (3200) Phaethon by the Associazione Friulana di Astronomia e Meteorologia
• "The 2004 Geminid Meteor Shower" by Science@NASA
• "ScienceCasts: Rock Comet Meteor Shower" by Science@NASA on YouTube.com
• Phaethon orbit and observations at IAU Minor Planet Center
• Template:NeoDys
• Template:ESA-SSA
• Template:JPL small body