49th parallel north

The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49° north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

The city of Paris is about Template:Convert south of the 49th parallel and is the largest city between the 48th and 49th parallels. Its main airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport, lies on the 49th parallel.

Roughly Template:Convert<ref>Template:Citation</ref> of the Canada–United States border was designated to follow the 49th parallel from British Columbia to Manitoba on the Canada side, and from Washington to Minnesota on the U.S. side, more specifically from the Strait of Georgia to the Lake of the Woods. This international border was specified in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 and the Oregon Treaty of 1846, though survey markers placed in the 19th century cause the border to deviate from the 49th parallel by up to Template:Convert.

From a point on the ground at this latitude, the sun is above the horizon for 16 hours, 12 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 14 minutes during the winter solstice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This latitude also roughly corresponds to the minimum latitude in which astronomical twilight can last all night near the summer solstice. All-night astronomical twilight lasts about from June 9 to July 2.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At midnight on the summer solstice, the altitude of the sun is about −17.56°.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Slightly less than one-eighth of the Earth's surface is north of the 49th parallel.

Around the world

European countries entirely north of 49° N

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 49° north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
Template:Coord	Template:FRA	Normandy Île-de-France – crossing a runway of Charles de Gaulle Airport Hauts-de-France Grand Est
Template:Coord	Template:DEU	Rhineland-Palatinate Baden-Württemberg – passing through Karlsruhe Bavaria – passing through Regensburg
Template:Coord	Template:CZE	Passing just north of České Budějovice
Template:Coord	Template:AUT	For about Template:Convert
Template:Coord	Template:CZE	For about Template:Convert
Template:Coord	Template:AUT	For about 120 m
Template:Coord	Template:CZE
Template:Coord	Template:SVK	Trenčín Region Žilina Region Prešov Region (passing through Prešov city centre)
Template:Coord	Template:UKR	Zakarpattia Oblast Lviv Oblast Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast – passing through Bolekhiv and Kolomyia Ternopil Oblast – passing just south of Chortkiv Khmelnytskyi Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast – passing just south of Zhmerynka Cherkassy Oblast – passing through Shpola Kirovohrad Oblast Poltava Oblast – passing just through Kremenchuk and Horishni Plavni Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Donetsk Oblast – passing just through Lyman Luhanska Oblast – passing through Rubizhne
Template:Coord	Template:RUS	Rostov Oblast Volgograd Oblast
Template:Coord	Template:KAZ
Template:Coord	Template:CHN	Xinjiang
Template:Coord	Template:MNG
Template:Coord	Template:CHN	Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang
Template:Coord	Template:RUS	Amur Oblast Jewish Autonomous Oblast Khabarovsk Krai
Template:Coord	Strait of Tartary
Template:Coord	Template:RUS	Island of Sakhalin
Template:Coord	Sea of Okhotsk	Gulf of Patience
Template:Coord	Template:RUS	Island of Sakhalin
Template:Coord	Sea of Okhotsk	Passing between the islands of Kharimkotan and Ekarma in Template:RUS's Kuril Island chain
Template:Coord	Pacific Ocean
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia – Vancouver Island, Thetis Island and Galiano Island – passing through Ladysmith
Template:Coord	Strait of Georgia
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Washington (Point Roberts)
Template:Coord	Boundary Bay	Semiahmoo Bay
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Washington
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Washington
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Washington
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Idaho, Montana
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Montana
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Montana
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Saskatchewan
Template:Coord	Template:USA	Montana
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Saskatchewan, Manitoba
Template:Coord	Template:USA	North Dakota, Minnesota
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Manitoba
Template:Coord	Lake of the Woods	Passing just south of Big Island and Bigsby Island, Ontario, Template:CAN
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Ontario – passing just south of Nipigon Quebec – passing through Girardville
Template:Coord	St. Lawrence River
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Quebec – Gaspé Peninsula – passing through Les Méchins and Gaspé
Template:Coord	Gulf of St. Lawrence	Passing just south of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Template:CAN
Template:Coord	Template:CAN	Newfoundland and Labrador – island of Newfoundland – passing through Pasadena and Bishop's Falls
Template:Coord	Atlantic Ocean
Template:Coord	English Channel	Gulf of Saint-Malo – passing just south of the island of Template:JEY
Template:Coord	Template:FRA	Normandy

Monuments on the parallel

The Peace Arch border

• In North America, the westernmost monument on the 49th parallel is the Point Roberts Boundary Monument near the corner of Marine Drive and Roosevelt Way in the Point Roberts, Washington exclave south of Delta, British Columbia.
• The Peace Arch is a large monument between Surrey, British Columbia, and Blaine, Washington. It is the centerpiece of Peace Arch Park.
• Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park in Alberta and Montana
• The International Peace Garden is located at the border between Manitoba and North Dakota, about midway between the nearby communities of Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota. Until its demolition in 2017, the Peace Tower stood at the focal point of the garden, on the border. As of 2018, a new tower is slated to be constructed on the spot.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The Stadtgarten in Karlsruhe, Germany, marks the 49th parallel with a stone and painted line.
• Monument in the northern part of town centre, Prešov, Slovakia.

• 
  49th parallel north in Karlsruhe
• 
  49th parallel north in Karlsruhe
• 
  Monument marking the 49th parallel in Prešov

Canada–United States border

49th parallel at Waterton Lake, showing the cleared strip of land along the U.S./Canada border

History

In 1714, the Hudson's Bay Company proposed the 49th parallel as the western portion of the boundary between the company's land and French territory. At the time, Britain and France had agreed, in the Peace of Utrecht, to negotiate a boundary, but negotiations ultimately failed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Following the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, it was generally agreed that the boundary between the new territory and British North America was along the watershed between the Missouri River and Mississippi River basins on one side and the Hudson Bay basin on the other. However, it is often difficult to precisely determine the location of a watershed in a region of level plains, such as in central North America. The British and American committees that met after the War of 1812 to resolve boundary disputes recognized there would be much animosity in surveying the watershed boundary, and agreed on a simpler border solution in the Treaty of 1818: the 49th parallel. Both sides gained and lost some territory by this convention, but the United States gained more than it lost, in particular securing title to the Red River Basin. This treaty established the boundary only between the line of longitude of the northwesternmost point of Lake of the Woods, on the east, and the Rocky Mountains, on the west. West of the Rockies, the treaty established joint occupation of the Oregon Country by both parties; east of Lake of the Woods, the boundary established in the Treaty of Paris would be retained.

Although the Convention of 1818 settled the boundary, neither country was immediately able to take control over the territories on its side of the line; effective control still rested with local First Nations peoples, mainly the Métis, Assiniboine, Lakota, and Blackfoot. Their power was gradually ceded by conquest and treaty during the several decades that followed. Among these peoples, the 49th parallel was nicknamed the Medicine Line because of its seemingly magical ability to prevent U.S. soldiers from crossing it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the 1844 U.S. presidential election, the Democratic Party asserted that the northern border of the Oregon Territory should be 54°40′, later reflected in the 1846 slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" However, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled diplomatically in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. This agreement divided the Oregon Country between British North America and the United States by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west coast, ending in the Strait of Georgia; it then circumvents Vancouver Island through Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This had the side effect of isolating Point Roberts, Washington.

As border

A typical boundary marker, one of many along the 49th parallel. This one divides Blaine, Washington from Surrey, British Columbia.

The 49th parallel north as a border between the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba (to the north), and the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota and Minnesota (to the south).

Although parts of Vancouver Island and parts of Eastern Canada are south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States (Alaska, Northwest Angle) are north of it, the term 49th parallel is sometimes used metonymically to refer to the entire Canada–U.S. border. Actually, many of Canada's most populated regions (and about 72% of the population) are south of the 49th parallel, including the two largest cities Toronto (43°42′ north) and Montreal (45°30′ north). The federal capital Ottawa (45°25′ north), and the provincial capital of seven provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and British Columbia) are south of the 49th parallel. Three provinces, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, are each entirely south of the parallel, but the vast majority of Canadian territory lies north of it.

Parts of the 49th parallel were originally surveyed using astronomical techniques that did not take into account slight departures of the Earth's shape from a simple ellipsoid, or the deflection of the plumb-bob by differences in terrestrial mass. The surveys were subject to the limitations of early to mid-19th century technology; consequently, in some places the surveyed border is several hundred feet from the geographical 49th parallel for the currently adopted datum, the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The Digital Chart of the World (DCW), which uses the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, reports the border on average at latitude 48° 59′ 51″ north, roughly Template:Convert south of the modern 49th parallel. It ranges between 48° 59′ 25″ and 49° 0′ 10″ north, Template:Convert and Template:Convert on either side of the average. In any case, the Earth's North Pole moves around slightly, notionally moving the 49th and other parallels with it; see polar motion.

The Northwest Angle is the only part of the contiguous 48 states that goes north of the 49th parallel as surveyed. The Treaty of Paris called for the boundary between the US and British territory to pass through the most northwesterly point of Lake of the Woods, and this was retained even after an 1818 treaty set the boundary west of that point to follow the 49th parallel.

At the time that the United States and Great Britain agreed on the 49th parallel as the boundary, much of the North American continent had not yet been mapped. After the boundary was established, British surveyors discovered that Point Roberts lay south of the 49th parallel. The British requested that the United States cede the territory to Great Britain, but no action was ever taken.

In 1909 the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada signed and ratified a treaty confirming the original survey lines as the official and permanent international border. Nevertheless, in 2002 the difference of the survey from the geographical 49th parallel was argued in front of the Washington Supreme Court in the case of State of Washington v. Norman,<ref>State v. Norman 145 Wn.2d 578 (2002)</ref> under the premise that Washington did not properly incorporate the portions of land north of the geographical 49th parallel, as laid out by detailed GPS surveying. The court decided against the premise, ruling that the internationally surveyed boundary also served as the state boundary, regardless of its actual position.

Ordnance Survey of Great Britain

The British national grid reference system uses the point 49° N, 2° W as its true origin. Template:Coord<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• 48th parallel north
• 49th Parallel, 1941 Canadian and British film
• Hymns of the 49th Parallel, 2004 album by k.d. lang
• 50th parallel north
• Boundary Lake (Manitoba/North Dakota)
• Northwest Angle (northern Lake of the Woods County)
• Oregon boundary dispute
• Pig War, 1859
• War of 1812
• Weißwurstäquator