52 Europa

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | class = vcard | titleclass = fn org | title = 52 Europa | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=52 Europa VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf|upright={{#if:||1.1}}|alt=}} | caption = | headerstyle = {{#if:#D6D6D6|background-color:#D6D6D6|background-color:#E0CCFF}}; color:inherit; | labelstyle = max-width:{{#if:||11em}}; | autoheaders = y

| header1 = Discovery

| header10 = {{#if:|Designations|Designations}}

| header20 = Orbital characteristics{{#ifeq:|yes| (barycentric)}}<ref name=JPL>JPL data Retrieved 2021-09-29</ref>

| data21 = | data22 = {{#if:July 01, 2021
(JD 2459396.5, heliocentric) |Epoch July 01, 2021
(JD 2459396.5, heliocentric)}} | data23 = {{#if: | Uncertainty parameter {{{uncertainty}}}}} | label24 = Observation arc | data24 = | label25 = Earliest precovery date | data25 = | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |apsis|gee|barion|center|centre|(apsis)=Apo{{{apsis}}} |Ap{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}}} | data26 = 3.444 AU (510 Gm) | label27 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | data27 = 2.75 AU (420 Gm) | label28 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}} | data28 = | label29 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |helion|astron=Ap{{{apsis}}} |Apo{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}}} | data29 = | label30 = Periastron | data30 = | label31 = Apoastron | data31 = | label32 = Template:Longitem | data32 = 3.095 AU (460 Gm) | label33 = Template:Longitem | data33 = | label34 = Eccentricity | data34 = 0.111 | label35 = Template:Longitem | data35 = 5.45 yr (1989 d) | label36 = Template:Longitem | data36 = | label37 = Template:Longitem | data37 = | label38 = Template:Longitem | data38 = 21° | label39 = Template:Longitem | data39 = | label40 = Inclination | data40 = 7.48° | label41 = Template:Longitem | data41 = | label42 = Template:Longitem | data42 = 129° | label43 = Template:Longitem | data43 = | label44 = Template:Longitem | data44 = | label45 = Template:Longitem | data45 = 343° | label46 = Template:Nowrap | data46 = | label47 = Satellite of | data47 = | label48 = Group | data48 = | label49 = {{#switch: |yes|true=Satellites |Known satellites}} | data49 = | label50 = Star | data50 = | label51 = Earth MOID | data51 = | label52 = Mercury MOID | data52 = | label53 = Venus MOID | data53 = | label54 = Mars MOID | data54 = | label55 = Jupiter MOID | data55 = | label56 = Saturn MOID | data56 = | label57 = Uranus MOID | data57 = | label58 = Neptune MOID | data58 = | label59 = T_Jupiter | data59 =

| header60 = Proper orbital elements

| label61 = Template:Longitem | data61 = {{#if: |{{{p_semimajor}}} AU}} | label62 = Template:Longitem | data62 = | label63 = Template:Longitem | data63 = | label64 = Template:Longitem | data64 = {{#if: |{{{p_mean_motion}}} deg Template:\yr}} | label65 = Template:Longitem | data65 = {{#if:|{{#expr:360/1 round 5}} yr
({{#expr:365.25*360/1 round 3}} d) }} | label66 = Template:Longitem | data66 = {{#if:|{{{perihelion_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr }} | label67 = Template:Longitem | data67 = {{#if:|{{{node_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr}}

| header70 = Template:Anchor{{#if:yes| Physical characteristics|Physical characteristics}}

| label71 = Dimensions | data71 = (379±16)×(330±8)×(249±10) km<ref name="Merline" /> | label72 = Template:Longitem | data72 = Template:Val<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56</ref>
Template:Val<ref name="Merline" /> | label73 = Template:Longitem | data73 = | label74 = Template:Longitem | data74 = | label75 = Template:Longitem | data75 = | label76 = Flattening | data76 = 0.33Template:Efn | label77 = Circumference | data77 = | label78 = Template:Longitem | data78 = | label79 = Volume | data79 = | label80 = Mass | data80 = Template:Val<ref name=VLT/>
Template:Val Template:Refn<ref name="Baer2011">James Baer, Steven Chesley & Robert Matson (2011) "Astrometric masses of 26 asteroids and observations on asteroid porosity." The Astronomical Journal, Volume 141, Number 5</ref> | label81 = Template:Longitem | data81 = Template:Val<ref name=VLT/>
Template:Val<ref name=Merline /> | label82 = Template:Longitem | data82 = | label83 = Template:Longitem | data83 = | label84 = Template:Longitem | data84 = | label85 = Template:Longitem | data85 = 5.6304 h<ref name=JPL/> | label86 = Template:Longitem | data86 = | label87 = Template:Longitem | data87 = | label88 = Template:Longitem | data88 = | label89 = Template:Longitem | data89 = | label90 = Template:Longitem | data90 = | label91 = Template:Longitem | data91 = | label92 = Template:Longitem | data92 = | label93 = {{#if:yes |Template:Longitem |Albedo}} | data93 = Template:Val geometric (Template:Val BV, Template:Val UB)<ref name=JPL/> | label94 = Temperature | data94 = ~173 K
max: 258K (−15 °C)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

| data100 = {{#if:|

Surface temp.	min	mean	max
{{{temp_name1}}}
{{{temp_name2}}}
{{{temp_name3}}}
{{{temp_name4}}}

}}

| header110 = Atmosphere

| below = {{#if:||Template:Reflist }}

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52 Europa is the sixth largest asteroid in the asteroid belt, having a diameter of over 300 km, though it is not correspondingly massive. It is not spherical but is shaped like an ellipsoid of approximately 380×330×250 km.<ref name="Merline">Template:Cite journal</ref> It was discovered on 4 February 1858, by Hermann Goldschmidt from his balcony in Paris. It is named after Europa, one of Zeus's conquests in Greek mythology, a name it shares with Jupiter's moon Europa.

Physical characteristics

Europa is approximately the sixth largest asteroid by volume. Most likely it has a density of around 1.5 g/cm³, typical of C-type asteroids.<ref name=Merline/> In 2007, James Baer and Steven R. Chesley estimated Europa to have a mass of Template:Val kg.<ref name="Baer2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> A more recent estimate by Baer suggests it has a mass of 3.27Template:E kg.<ref name=Baer> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>

Europa is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and is the second largest of this group. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface,<ref name=Dotto00 /> and there is some indication that there may be compositional differences between different regions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member.

Lightcurve data for Europa have been particularly tricky to interpret, so much so that for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (ranging from Template:Frac hours to 11 hours), despite numerous observations.<ref name=Zappala83 /> It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains ambiguous. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty.<ref name=Michalowski04 /> This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.

In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.<ref name="Gradie1988">Template:Citation</ref>

Observations

It has been found that the reputed cataclysmic variable star CV Aquarii, discovered in 1934, was actually a misidentification of 52 Europa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notes

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References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

PDS lightcurve data
Template:Cite thesis
Schmeer, P., and M. L. Hazen, CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa, Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000).

External links

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

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52 Europa

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52 Europa

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