Abba Kovner

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person Abba Kovner (Template:Langx; 14 March 1918 – 25 September 1987) was a Jewish partisan leader, and later Israeli poet and writer. In the Vilna Ghetto, his 1942 manifesto was the first time that a target of the Holocaust identified the German plan to murder all Jews. His attempt to organize a ghetto uprising failed. He fled into the forest, joined Soviet partisans, and survived the war. After the war, Kovner led Nakam, a paramilitary organization of Holocaust survivors who sought to take revenge by murdering six million Germans, but Kovner was arrested in British-occupied Germany before he could successfully carry out his plans. He made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1947, which would become the State of Israel one year later. Considered one of the greatest authors of Modern Hebrew poetry, Kovner was awarded the Israel Prize in 1970.

Biography

Abba (Abel) Kovner was born on 14 March 1918 in Ashmyany (now in Belarus).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His parents were Rochel (Rosa) Taubman and Israel Kovner, whose other sons were Gedalia and Michel, the youngest of them. In 1927, the family moved to Popławska Street in Vilnius (then Poland, now Lithuania). Abba Kovner was educated at the Hebrew Tarbut Gymnasium and Stefan Batory University's Faculty of Arts. His father had a shop in Vilnius selling leather on Julian Klaczko Street.<ref name=":0" /> While pursuing his studies, Abba became an active member in the socialist Zionist youth movement HaShomer HaTzair.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Abba Kovner was a cousin of the Israeli Communist Party leader Meir Vilner.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

World War II

File:Ghetto Vilinus.gif

Elchanan Magid (standing, far left) Abba Kovner (standing, center) with members of the FPO in the Vilna Ghetto. Rozka Korczak is to his left, and Vitka Kempner (his future wife) is at far right.

During the 1939 invasion of Poland, Vilnius, where Kovner lived, was occupied by Soviet Union. In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius from the Soviets. All Jews were ordered by the occupiers to move into the Vilna Ghetto, but Kovner managed to hide with several Jewish friends in a Dominican convent headed by Polish Catholic nun Anna Borkowska in the city's suburbs. He soon returned to the ghetto.<ref>Marcin Masłowski, Tomasz Patora, "Nasz Bóg ich zgubi", Gazeta Wyborcza, 2/6/7 [1]</ref> Kovner concluded that in order for any revolt to be successful, a Jewish resistance fighting force needed to be assembled.

At the start of 1942, Kovner released a manifesto in the ghetto, titled "Let us not go like lambs to the slaughter!",<ref name=Manifesto>Porat, pp56–73.</ref> although the authorship has been contested.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The manifesto was the first instance in which a target of the Holocaust identified that Hitler had decided to kill all the Jews of Europe, and the first use of the phrase "like sheep to the slaughter" in a Holocaust context. Kovner informed the remaining Jews that their relatives who had been taken away had been murdered in the Ponary massacre and argued that it was best to die fighting.<ref name=Manifesto/> Nobody at that time knew for certain of more than local killings, and many received the manifesto with skepticism.<ref name=Manifesto/> For others, this proclamation represented a turning point in an understanding of the situation and how to respond to it. The idea of resistance was disseminated from Vilnius by youth movement couriers, mainly women, to the ghettos from the now occupied territories of Poland, Belarus and Lithuania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kovner, Yitzhak Wittenberg, Alexander Bogen and others formed the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO), one of the first armed underground organizations in the Jewish ghettos under Nazi occupation.<ref>Porat, pp. 76–105.</ref> Kovner became its leader in July 1943, after Wittenberg was named by a tortured comrade and turned himself in to prevent an attack on the ghetto.<ref>Porat, pp. 126–127.</ref> The FPO planned to fight the Germans when they would come to dissolve the ghetto, but circumstances and the opposition of the ghetto leaders made this impossible and they escaped to the forests.<ref>Porat, pp. 132–149.</ref>

From September 1943 until the return of the Soviet army in July 1944, Kovner, along with his lieutenants Vitka Kempner and Rozka Korczak, commanded a partisan group called the Avengers ("Nokmim" in Hebrew) in the Rūdninkai forest near Vilnius and engaged in sabotage and guerrilla attacks against the Germans and their local collaborators.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Avengers were one of four predominantly Jewish groups that operated within the command of the Soviet-led partisans,<ref>Porat, pp. 150–175.</ref> and they did significant damage, destroying over 180 miles of train tracks, 5 bridges, 40 enemy train cars, killing 212 enemy soldiers and rescuing at least 71 Jews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A log of partisan activity recorded that 30 fighters from "Avengers" and "To Victory" partisan groups participated in the massacre of at least 38 civilians at Koniuchy in January 1944.<ref name=ipn>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=polonsky2010>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Porat, pp. 159–160.</ref>

After the Soviet Red Army occupied Vilnius in July 1944, Kovner became one of the founders of the Berihah movement, helping Jews escape Eastern Europe after the war.

Nakam

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} At the end of the war, Kovner was one of the founders of the secret organization Nakam ('Revenge'), also known as Dam Yisrael Noter ('the blood of Israel avenges', with the acronym DIN meaning 'judgement'),<ref name=Porat/> whose purpose was to seek revenge for the Holocaust.<ref name=Lang>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Lavi>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Segev>Template:Cite book</ref> Two plans were formulated, with the goal being to kill six million Germans. Plan A was to kill a large number of German citizens by poisoning the water supplies of Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich, and Nuremberg.<ref name="DDavis">Template:Cite news</ref> Plan B was to kill SS prisoners held in Allied POW camps. In pursuit of Plan A, members of the group were infiltrated into water and sewage plants in several cities, while Kovner went to Palestine in search of a suitable poison.<ref name=Porat>Porat, pp. 210–236.</ref> Kovner discussed Nakam with Yishuv leaders, though it is not clear how much he told them, and he does not seem to have received much support.<ref name=Segev/> According to Kovner's own account, Chaim Weizmann approved when he pitched Plan B and put him in touch with the scientist Ernst Bergmann, who gave the job of preparing poison to Ephraim Katzir (later president of Israel) and his brother Aharon. Tom Segev initially expressed doubt over Weizmann's involvement,<ref name=Segev/> but in a 2025 interview he recanted his doubts, stating

"Years later, [historian] Dina Porat discovered that Kovner had received the poison from Ephraim Katzir [a leading scientist in the institute founded by and in the name of Weizmann, later Israel's president]. How narrow-minded and square I was."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Katzir brothers confirmed that they gave poison to Kovner, but said that he only mentioned Plan B and they denied that Weizmann could be involved.<ref name="Porat" /> As Kovner and an accomplice were returning to Europe on a British ship, they threw the poison overboard when Kovner was arrested. He was imprisoned for a few months in Cairo, and Plan A was abandoned.<ref name="Lavi" /><ref name="Segev" />

In April 1946, members of Nakam broke into a bakery used to supply bread for the Langwasser internment camp near Nuremberg, where many German POWs were being held. They coated many of the loaves with arsenic but were disturbed and fled before finishing their work. More than 2,200 of the German prisoners fell ill and 207 were hospitalized, but no deaths were reported.<ref name=Segev/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Israel

File:Abba Kovner 1948.jpg

Kovner (right) briefs members of the IDF in Yad Mordechai during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Kovner joined the Haganah in December 1947, and soon after Israel declared independence in May 1948 he became a captain in the Givati Brigade of the IDF.<ref>Porat, pp. 238–239.</ref> During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he became known for his "battle pages", headed "Death to the invaders!", that contained news from the Egyptian front and essays designed to keep up morale.<ref>Porat, p. 244</ref> However, the tone of the pages, which called for revenge for the Holocaust and referred to the Egyptian enemy as vipers and dogs, upset many Israeli political and military leaders.<ref>Porat, pp. 245–250. "Criticism centered around the harsh, inhumane terms Kovner used to depict the Egyptians, calling them vipers or packs of Nile dogs with dull stupid eyes, whose blood would fill the dry wadi, and whose bodies would serve as food for scavengers."</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The leader of HaShomer Hatzair, Meir Ya'ari, accused him of spreading "Fascist horror propaganda."<ref>Porat, p. 248</ref> His first battle page, entitled "Failure", started a controversy that still continues today when it accused the Nitzanim garrison of cowardice for surrendering to an overwhelming Egyptian force.<ref>Porat, pp. 250–256.</ref><ref>Avivai Becker, "The battle still rages – the story of an Israeli war survivor", Haaretz, 25 April 2004.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Abba Kovner’s grave.jpg

Kovner's grave in kibbutz
Ein HaHoresh

From 1946 to his death, Kovner was a resident of Kibbutz Ein HaHoresh.<ref>Porat, p295.</ref><ref name="nyt-obit">Template:Cite news</ref> He was active in Mapam as well as in HaShomer HaTzair, but never took on a formal political role.<ref>Porat, p. 334.</ref> He played a major part in the design and construction of several Holocaust museums, including the Diaspora Museum in Tel Aviv.<ref>Porat, pp. 271–294.</ref> He died in 1987 (aged 69) of laryngeal cancer, perhaps due to his lifelong heavy smoking,<ref>Porat, pp. 335–336.</ref> at his home in Ein HaHoresh. He was survived by his wife Vitka Kempner, who married Kovner in 1946, and their two children.<ref name="nyt-obit"/>

Legacy

File:Abba Kovner by Chaim Topol.jpg

Abba Kovner drawn by Chaim Topol

Kovner's book of poetry {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Ad Lo-Or", Template:Langx), 1947, describes in lyric-dramatic narrative the struggle of the Resistance partisans in the swamps and forests of Eastern Europe. Ha-Mafteach Tzalal, ("The Key Drowned"), 1951, is also about this struggle. Pridah Me-ha-darom ("Departure from the South"), 1949, and Panim el Panim ("Face to Face"), 1953, continue the story with the War of Independence.

Kovner's story is the basis for the song "Six Million Germans / Nakam", by Daniel Kahn & the Painted Bird.

Kovner testified about his experiences during the war at the trial of Adolf Eichmann.

Awards and honors

• In 1968, Kovner was awarded the Brenner Prize for literature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• In 1970, Kovner was awarded the Israel Prize for literature.<ref name=prize>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• In 1986, Kovner was awarded the Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works.

Further reading

• See The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself (2003), Template:ISBN
• See My Little Sister and Selected Poems, trans. Shirley Kaufman (1986), Template:ISBN
• See The Avengers (2000), by Rich Cohen, Template:ISBN

See also

• Vitka Kempner
• Anna Borkowska
• Alexander Bogen
• Bielski partisans
• List of Israel Prize recipients
• Nakam

Bibliography

• Dina Porat, The Fall of a Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner (Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 2009). Template:ISBN.

External links

• Abba Kovner on the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation
• Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents – vilnaghetto.com
• Abba Kovner Biography
• Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto Template:Webarchive
• Abba Kovner - World War II Partisan and Founder of The Avengers