Acacia aneura
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
Acacia aneura, commonly known as mulga,<ref name="FoA">Template:Cite web</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland Australia. It is a variable shrub or small tree with flat, narrowly linear to elliptic phyllodes, cylindrical spikes of bright yellow flowers and more or less flat and straight, leathery pods.
Description
Acacia aneura is a variable shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of Template:Cvt, sometimes up to Template:Cvt and is often multistemmed with a bushy crown.<ref name="FoA" /> Its phyllodes are flat, narrowly linear to narrowly elliptic, Template:Cvt long and mostly Template:Cvt wide, straight or slightly curved.<ref name="RBGS">Template:Cite web</ref> The flowers are borne in a cylindrical head in the axils of phyllodes on a hairy peduncle Template:Cvt long. The heads are Template:Cvt long and bright yellow.<ref name="RBGS" /> Flowering occurs from March to May<ref name="RBGS" /> or August<ref name="FoA" /> and the pod is more or less straight and flat, Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide with a winged edge.<ref name="RBGS" /> The pods are papery, brown to greyish-brown, containing elliptic to oblong or egg-shaped seeds Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt with a small whitich or cream-coloured aril.<ref name="FoA" />
Aboriginal peoples of the Coober Pedy area in South Australia refer to mulga trees as Umoona, which means "long life".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Taxonomy
Acacia aneura was first formally described in 1855 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. Bentham's description was published in Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde.<ref name="APNI">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Benth.">Template:Cite journal</ref> The specific epithet (aneura) means 'without nerves', referring to the phyllodes.<ref name="Sharr">Template:Cite book</ref>
Distribution and habitat
Mulga is endemic to Australia, and is found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales.<ref name="APC" /> In Western Australia it grows in a variety of soils and habitats in the Central Ranges, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Murchison, Nullarbor, Pilbara and Tanami bioregions.<ref name=FB>Template:FloraBase</ref>
In the Northern Territory it occurs in the Burt Plain, Central Ranges, Channel Country, Davenport Murchison Ranges, Finke, Gawler, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, MacDonnell Ranges, Mitchell Grass Downs, Mount Isa Inlier, Murchison, Pilbara, Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields, Stony Plains and Tanami bioregions.<ref name="NT">Template:Cite web</ref>
In South Australia, mulga occurs in scattered population in the north-west of that state<ref name="SA">Template:Cite web</ref> and in Queensland it is found in the south-west, but also extend northwards through the Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion and west into the Channel Country.<ref name="QLD">Template:Cite web</ref>
In New South Wales, Acacia aneura is mainly found west from Nyngan and Griffith and possibly as far east as the Hunter Valley.<ref name="RBGS" />
Habitat and ecology
Mulga savanna and mulga codominant tussock grasslands cover roughly 20% of the Australian continent, or about 1.5 million square kilometres. The mean rainfall for much of the habitat for A. aneura in Australia is roughly 200–250 mm/year, but it goes to as high as 500 mm/year in New South Wales and Queensland. The lowest mean rainfall where it grows is about 50–60 mm/year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Both summer and winter rainfall are necessary to maintain mulga, and the species is absent from semiarid regions that experience summer or winter drought.<ref name="Weston, E. J. 1988">Template:Cite book</ref>
Mulga scrub is distinctive and widespread, with the Mulga Lands of eastern Australia defined as a specific bioregion. The dominant species in these woodlands is mulga, with poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea) forming an increasingly important codominant in the eastern districts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Burrows, W. H. 1990">Template:Cite journal</ref> The extent of ground cover in mulga woodlands varies with canopy density of the overstorey, becoming almost nonexistent in extremely dense stands. In more open stands, the herbaceous layer consists of wire grasses (Aristida spp.), mulga oats (Monocather sp.), mulga mitchell (Thyridolepis sp.), wanderrie (Eriachne spp.), finger grasses (Digitaria spp.) and love grasses (Eragrostis spp.). Various other woody species are also significant in mulga woodlands, particularly hop bushes (Dodonaea spp.), Eremophila and cassia (Senna spp.).<ref name="Weston, E. J. 1988"/><ref name="Burrows, W. H. 1990"/>
In contrast to the eucalypt woodlands that dominate much of Australia, mulga woodlands are not well adapted to regular fire and species in mulga communities vary in their ability to survive fires.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Dyer, R. 1997">Template:Cite book</ref> Many species, including mulga, have a very limited ability to resprout after fire, and rely instead on mechanisms of seed production for species survival. Many plants produce hard, woody fruits or seeds, which can not only survive intense heat, but also may require the stimulus of fire to scarify and promote germination. Long-lived seed stores in soil is also common in these woodlands.<ref name="Dyer, R. 1997"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Uses
Agriculture
Mulga can be planted with sandalwood in plantations as a host tree. The flowers provide forage for bees, especially when there is enough water available.<ref name="world">World AgroForestry Centre</ref>
Mulga is of great economic importance to the Australian pastoral industry. Despite containing considerable amounts of indigestible tannins, mulga leaves are a valuable fodder source, particularly in times of drought, as they are palatable to stock and provide up to 12% crude protein.<ref name="world"/>
The seeds of Acacia aneura are traditionally used to make seedcakes. The mulga apple is an insect gall commonly eaten by Aboriginal people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mulga tree gum (ngkwarle alkerampwe in the Arrernte language) is a type of lerp scale found on mulga branches. It provides a tasty, honey-like treat.<ref name="world"/>
Wood
Wood from Acacia aneura stands up very well to being buried in soil, so it is used for posts. The wood has a density of about 850–1100 kg/m3.<ref name="world"/> It is also good as firewood, and good-quality charcoal can be produced from it.<ref name="world"/>
Mulga is a vital tree to Aboriginal Australians in central and Western Australia; the wood is a good hardwood for making various implements, such as digging sticks, woomeras, shields and wooden bowls.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>