Actinomyces

Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinomycetia class of bacteria. They all are Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic, growing best under anaerobic conditions.<ref name=Baron /> While individual bacteria are rod-shaped, Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae.<ref name=Holt_1994>Template:Cite book</ref> The aspect of these colonies initially led to the incorrect assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name Actinomyces, "ray fungus" (from Greek Template:Transliteration, ray or beam, and Template:Transliteration, fungus).

Actinomyces species are ubiquitous, occurring in soil and in the microbiota of animals, including the human microbiota. They are known for the important role they play in soil ecology; they produce a number of enzymes that help degrade organic plant material, lignin, and chitin. Thus, their presence is important in the formation of compost. Certain species are commensal in the skin flora, oral flora, gut flora, and vaginal flora<ref name="PetrovaLievens2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> of humans and livestock. They are also known for causing diseases in humans and livestock, usually when they opportunistically gain access to the body's interior through wounds. As with other opportunistic infections, people with immunodeficiency are at higher risk. In all of the preceding traits and in their branching filament formation, they bear similarities to Nocardia.<ref name="pmid_20463251">Template:Citation</ref>

Like various other anaerobes, Actinomyces species are fastidious, thus not easy to culture and isolate. Clinical laboratories do culture and isolate them, but a negative result does not rule out infection, because it may be due simply to reluctance to grow in vitro.

Genomics

Phylogenetic trees based on 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) sequences have shown that the genus Actinomyces is quite diverse, exhibiting polyphyletic branching into several clusters. The genera Actinomyces and Mobiluncus form a monophyletic clade in a phylogenetic tree constructed using RpoB, RpoC, and DNA gyrase B protein sequences. This clade is also strongly supported by a conserved signature indel consisting of a three-amino-acid insertion in isoleucine tRNA synthetase found only in the species of the genera Actinomyces and Mobiluncus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pathology

Actinomycota are normally present in the gingiva, and are the most common cause of infection in dental procedures and oral abscesses. Many Actinomyces species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity.<ref name=Brock_2005>Template:Cite book</ref> In rare cases, these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name=Baron>Template:Cite book</ref> Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by A. israelii, which may also cause endocarditis, though the resulting symptoms may be similar to those resulting from infections by other bacterial species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The genus is typically the cause of oral-cervicofacial disease. It is characterized by a painless "lumpy jaw". Lymphadenopathy is uncommon in this form of the disease. Another form of actinomycosis is thoracic disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, as it forms a mass that extends to the chest wall. It arises from aspiration of organisms from the oropharynx. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Abdominal disease is another manifestation of actinomycosis. This can lead to a sinus tract that drains to the abdominal wall or the perianal area. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss.<ref name="El Sahli_2007">El Sahli, MD, MS. "Anaerobic Pathogens." Infectious Disease Module 2007. Baylor College of Medicine, 2007.</ref> Actinomyces species have also been shown to infect the central nervous system in a dog "without history or evidence of previous trauma or other organ involvement."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but proven complication of use of intrauterine devices. In extreme cases, pelvic abscesses might develop. Treatment of pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices involves removal of the device and antibiotic treatment.<ref>Joshi C, Sharma R, Mohsin Z. Pelvic actinomycosis: a rare entity presenting as tubo-ovarian abscess. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010 Feb;281(2):305-6</ref>

Diagnosis

Actinomycosis may be considered when a patient has chronic progression of disease across tissue planes that is mass-like at times, sinus tract development that may heal and recur, and refractory infection after a typical course of antibiotics.<ref name="El Sahli_2007"/>

Treatment

Treatment for actinomycosis consists of antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for 5 to 12 months,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as surgery if the disease is extensive.<ref name="El Sahli_2007"/>

Species

The genus Actinomyces comprises the following species:<ref name="LPSN">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

• "A. actinomycetemcomitans" Iinuma et al. 1994
• "A. bouchesdurhonensis" Fonkou et al. 2018
• A. bovis Harz 1877 (Approved Lists 1980)
• A. bowdenii Pascual et al. 1999
• "A. capricornis" Saito et al. 2021
• A. catuli Hoyles et al. 2001
• "A. culturomici" Fonkou et al. 2018
• A. dentalis Hall et al. 2005
• A. denticolens Dent and Williams 1984
• A. faecalis Zhou et al. 2021
• A. gaoshouyii Meng et al. 2017
• A. gerencseriae Johnson et al. 1990
• "A. glycerinitolerans" Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al. 2016
• A. graevenitzii Pascual Ramos et al. 1997
• A. haliotis Hyun et al. 2014
• "A. houstonensis" Clarridge and Zhang 2002
• A. howellii Dent and Williams 1984
• "A. ihuae" Fonkou et al. 2018
• "A. ihumii" Ndongo et al. 2016
• A. israelii (Kruse 1896) Lachner-Sandoval 1898 (Approved Lists 1980)
• A. johnsonii Henssge et al. 2009
• A. lilanjuaniae Li et al. 2019
• "A. lingnae" Clarridge and Zhang 2002
• A. marmotae Yang et al. 2021
• "A. marseillensis" Fonkou et al. 2018
• A. massiliensis Renvoise et al. 2009
• "A. mediterranea" Fonkou et al. 2018
• "A. minihominis" Bilen et al. 2018
• A. naeslundii corrig. Thompson and Lovestedt 1951 (Approved Lists 1980)
• "A. oralis" Fonkou et al. 2018
• A. oricola Hall et al. 2003
• A. oris Henssge et al. 2009
• "A. pacaensis" Fonkou et al. 2018
• "A. polynesiensis" Cimmino et al. 2016
• A. procaprae Yang et al. 2021
• "A. provencensis" Ndongo et al. 2017
• A. qiguomingii Zhu et al. 2020
• A. radicidentis Collins et al. 2001
• A. respiraculi Zhou et al. 2021
• A. ruminicola An et al. 2006
• A. slackii Dent and Williams 1986
• "A. succiniciruminis" Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al. 2016
• A. timonensis Renvoise et al. 2010
• A. trachealis Zhou et al. 2021
• "A. urinae" Morand et al. 2016
• A. urogenitalis Nikolaitchouk et al. 2000
• A. viscosus (Howell et al. 1965) Georg et al. 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
• A. vulturis Meng et al. 2017
• A. weissii Hijazin et al. 2012
• A. wuliandei Zhu et al. 2020

Gallery

• Micrograph of actinomycosis, H&E stain
  Micrograph of actinomycosis, H&E stain
• Micrograph of actinomycosis, GMS stain
  Micrograph of actinomycosis, GMS stain
• Micrograph of actinomycosis, Gram stain
  Micrograph of actinomycosis, Gram stain

External links

• Actinomyces naeslundii MG1 Genome Page
• Actinomyces at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase