Adaptation (film)
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Good article Template:Infobox film
Adaptation is a 2002 American metafictional comedy-drama film directed by Spike Jonze and written by Charlie Kaufman. It features an ensemble cast led by Nicolas Cage, Meryl Streep, and Chris Cooper, with Cara Seymour, Brian Cox, Tilda Swinton, Ron Livingston, and Maggie Gyllenhaal in supporting roles.
Kaufman based Adaptation on his struggles to adapt Susan Orlean's 1998 nonfiction book The Orchid Thief while suffering from writer's block. It involves elements adapted from the book, plus fictitious elements, including Kaufman's twin brother (also credited as a writer for the film) and a romance between Orlean and John Laroche (Cooper). It culminates in completely invented elements, including versions of Orlean and Laroche three years after the events of The Orchid Thief.
Adaptation received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, screenplay, humor, and the performances of Cage, Cooper, and Streep. It received awards at the 75th Academy Awards, 60th Golden Globe Awards, and 56th British Academy Film Awards, with Cooper winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and Kaufman winning the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. A British Film Institute poll ranked it one of the thirty best films of the 2000s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Plot
Self-loathing screenwriter Charlie Kaufman is hired to write an adaptation of Susan Orlean's The Orchid Thief. He struggles with anxiety, social phobia, depression, and low self-esteem. His twin brother, Donald, has moved into his house and is freeloading there. Donald decides to become a screenwriter like Charlie and attends seminars by screenwriting guru Robert McKee.
Charlie, who rejects formulaic scriptwriting, wants to ensure that his script is a faithful adaptation but comes to feel that the book lacks a usable narrative and is impossible to turn into a film, which leaves him with a serious case of writer's block. Already well past his deadline with Columbia Pictures and despairing of writing his script with self-reference, Charlie travels to New York City to discuss the screenplay with Orlean directly. Too shy and socially awkward to speak with Orlean upon arriving at her office and after receiving the surprising news that Donald's spec script for a cliché psychological thriller, The 3, is selling for six or seven figures, Charlie resorts to attending McKee's seminar in New York and asks him for advice. Charlie ends up asking Donald to join him in New York to assist with the story structure.
Donald, who is confident socially, pretends to be Charlie and interviews Orlean but finds her responses suspicious. He and Charlie follow Orlean to Florida, where she meets John Laroche, the orchid-stealing protagonist of the book and her secret lover. It is revealed that the Seminole wanted the ghost orchid to manufacture a mind-altering drug that causes fascination. Laroche introduces the drug to Orlean. After Laroche and Orlean catch Charlie observing them taking the drug and having sex, Orlean decides that Charlie must be killed to prevent him from exposing them.
Orlean forces Charlie to drive to the swamp at gunpoint, intending to kill him. Charlie and Donald escape and hide in the swamp, where they resolve their differences. Laroche accidentally shoots Donald. Charlie and Donald drive off but collide head-on with a ranger's truck. Donald is ejected through the windshield and dies moments later, but Charlie is saved by the airbag and runs into the swamp to hide. There he is spotted by Laroche, who is killed by an alligator before he can kill Charlie. Orlean is later arrested.
Charlie reconciles with his mother as he calls to inform her of Donald's death. He later tells his former love interest, Amelia, that he loves her. She responds that she loves him too. Charlie finishes the script, which ends with him announcing in voice-over that the script is finished and that, for the first time, he is filled with hope.
Cast
- Nicolas Cage as Charlie and Donald Kaufman
- Meryl Streep as Susan Orlean
- Chris Cooper as John Laroche
- Tilda Swinton as Valerie Thomas
- Cara Seymour as Amelia Kavan
- Brian Cox as Robert McKee
- Judy Greer as Alice
- Maggie Gyllenhaal as Caroline Cunningham
- Ron Livingston as Marty Bowen
- Jay Tavare as Matthew Osceola
- Bob Yerkes as Charles Darwin
- Jim Beaver as Ranger Tony
- Litefoot as Russell
- Doug Jones as Augustus Margary
- Peter Jason as Defense Attorney
- Gary Farmer as Buster Baxley
Cage played the dual role of Charlie and his fictional brother, Donald. He took the role for a $5 million salary,<ref name="brodesser-variety-0823">Template:Cite news</ref> and wore a fatsuit during filming.<ref name="stax-ign-0503">Template:Cite news</ref>
Streep expressed strong interest in the role of Susan Orlean before being cast,<ref name="brodesser-variety-0823" /> and took a salary cut in recognition of the film's budget.<ref name="brodesser-variety-0906">Template:Cite news</ref> John Turturro was approached to portray John Laroche.<ref name="Schmitz">Template:Cite web</ref> Cooper strongly considered turning down Laroche, but accepted it after his wife urged him to.<ref name="brodesser-variety-0323">Template:Cite news</ref> Albert Finney, Christopher Plummer, Terence Stamp, and Michael Caine were considered for the role of Robert McKee, but McKee personally suggested Brian Cox to filmmakers.<ref name="smith-latimes">Template:Cite news</ref>
John Cusack, Catherine Keener, John Malkovich, Lance Acord, Thomas Patrick Smith, and Spike Jonze have uncredited cameos as themselves in scenes where Charlie Kaufman is on the set of Being John Malkovich, which he also wrote. Additional cameos include director Curtis Hanson as Orlean's husband and David O. Russell as a New Yorker journalist.Template:Citation needed
Production
Development
The idea of a film adaptation of Susan Orlean's The Orchid Thief dates to 1994.<ref name="desowitz-variety">Template:Cite news</ref> Fox 2000 purchased the film rights in 1997,<ref name="jones-variety">Template:Cite news</ref> eventually selling them to Jonathan Demme, who set the project at Columbia Pictures. Charlie Kaufman was hired to write the script, but struggled with the adaptation and writer's block.<ref name="bing-variety">Template:Cite news</ref> He eventually created a script from his experience in adaptation, exaggerating events and inventing a twin brother. He put Donald Kaufman's name on the script and dedicated the film to him.<ref name="brodesser-variety-1110">Template:Cite news</ref> By September 1999, Kaufman had written two drafts of the script;<ref name="kaufman-second-draft">Template:Cite news</ref> he turned in a third draft in November 2000.<ref name="kaufman-nov2000-draft">Template:Cite news</ref>
Kaufman said, "The idea of how to write the film didn't come to me until quite late. It was the only idea I had, I liked it, and I knew there was no way it would be approved if I pitched it. So I just wrote it and never told the people I was writing it for. I only told Spike Jonze, as we were making Being John Malkovich and he saw how frustrated I was. Had he said I was crazy, I don't know what I would have done."<ref name="fleming-variety-1114">Template:Cite news</ref> He also said, "I really thought I was ending my career by turning that in!"<ref name="stax-ign-0313">Template:Cite news</ref>
Adaptation went on fast track in April 2000, with Kaufman making some revisions.<ref name="fleming-variety-0406">Template:Cite news</ref> Scott Brake of IGN gave the script a positive review in June 2000,<ref name="brake-ign">Template:Cite news</ref> as did Drew McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News in October.<ref name="moriarty-aicn">Template:Cite news</ref> Columbia Pictures committed to North American distribution only after Intermedia came aboard to finance the film in exchange for international distribution rights.<ref name="lyons-variety">Template:Cite news</ref>
Filming
Filming started in late March 2001 in Los Angeles and finished by June.<ref name="Schmitz" /> The "evolution" fantasy sequence was created by Digital Domain, while Skywalker Sound handled audio post production services. The makeup effects (the doubled Cage, Cooper's teeth, and the alligator attack) are by makeup effects designer Tony Gardner and his effects company Alterian, Inc.Template:Citation needed
Release
Columbia Pictures at one point announced a late 2001 theatrical release date,<ref name="Schmitz" /> but Adaptation opened on December 6, 2002, in the United States in a limited release. It was released nationwide on February 14, 2003, earning $1,130,480 in its opening weekend in 672 theaters. It went on to gross $22.5 million in North America and $10.3 million in foreign countries, for a total of $32.8 million.<ref name="box-office-mojo" />
Home media
Adaptation was released on DVD and VHS by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment in May 2003. Image Entertainment released a bare-bones Blu-ray in 2012, which was followed in 2020 by another release through Shout! Factory.Template:Citation needed
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Adaptation has an approval rating of 90% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Dizzyingly original, the loopy, multi-layered Adaptation is both funny and thought-provoking."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="metacritic">Template:Cite web</ref> Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, calling it "bewilderingly brilliant and entertaining". He wrote that the film "leaves you breathless with curiosity, as it teases itself with the directions it might take. To watch the film is to be actively involved in the challenge of its creation."<ref name="ebert-initialreview">Template:Cite news</ref> He later added the film to his "Great Movies" canon,<ref name="ebert-greatmovies">Template:Cite news</ref> and in 2009, he named it one of the best films of the decade.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film a four-star rating, writing, "Screenwriting this smart, inventive, passionate and rip-roaringly funny is a rare species. So all praise to Charlie Kaufman, working with director Spike Jonze to create the most original and outrageous film comedy since the two first teamed on Being John Malkovich, in 1999."<ref name="travers-rollingstone">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote, "This is epic, funny, tragic, demanding, strange, original, boldly sincere filmmaking. And the climax, the portion that either sinks the entire movie or self-critically explains how so many others derail, is bananas."<ref name="morris-boston">Template:Cite news</ref>
David Ansen of Newsweek wrote that Meryl Streep had not "been this much fun to watch in years",<ref name="ansen-newsweek">Template:Cite news</ref> while Mike Clark of USA Today gave a largely negative review, mainly criticizing the ending: "Too smart to ignore but a little too smugly superior to like, this could be a movie that ends up slapping its target audience in the face by shooting itself in the foot."<ref name="clark-usatoday">Template:Cite news</ref> Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, "Adaptation is almost juvenile showing off—daring to make a film that is in search of a script".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Accolades
In a 2006 survey, the Writers Guild of America named Adaptation the 77th best movie screenplay ever written.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, the film ranked 27th on The New York TimesTemplate:'s list "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century" and was one of the films voted for in the "Readers' Choice" edition of the list, finishing at number 135.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Response from Susan Orlean
Having been sent the screenplay for approval, Orlean strongly opposed the making of the film; she ended up reluctantly approving its production and was ultimately very impressed by the result. In 2012, she said, "[reading the screenplay] was a complete shock. My first reaction was 'Absolutely not!' They had to get my permission and I just said: 'No! Are you kidding? This is going to ruin my career!' Very wisely, they didn't really pressure me. They told me that everybody else had agreed and I somehow got emboldened. It was certainly scary to see the movie for the first time. It took a while for me to get over the idea that I had been insane to agree to it, but I love the movie now."<ref name ="gq"/>
Orlean called Streep's portrayal of her "one of my favorite performances by her" and appreciated that her performance was based not on the real Orlean but on how Streep imagined Orlean based on The Orchid Thief. Despite the film's fictional parts, Orlean praised its fidelity to the book's spirit: "What I admire the most is that it's very true to the book's themes of life and obsession, and there are also insights into things which are much more subtle in the book about longing, and about disappointment."<ref name ="gq">Kevin Perry. "The New Yorker's Susan Orlean on crafting a story and being played by Meryl Streep in Adaptation Template:Webarchive". GQ. 16 April 2012.</ref>
See also
Films
- Identity (2003), a film starring John Cusack containing plot elements similar to The 3, the fictional script by Donald Kaufman's character.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Three (2006), a film (based on Ted Dekker's eponymous novel) that bears a distinct resemblance to The 3.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- List of films featuring fictional films
Literature
Notes
References
External links
- Template:IMDb title
- Adaptation at BeingCharlieKaufman.com
- Template:Rotten-tomatoes
- Template:Metacritic film
- Template:Mojo title
- Susan Orlean's original article for The New Yorker
- Adaptation, Shooting Script, by Charlie Kaufman, Spike Jonze. Nick Hern Books, 2002. Template:ISBN.
Template:Spike Jonze Template:Charlie Kaufman Template:Navboxes
- Pages with broken file links
- 2002 films
- 2002 comedy-drama films
- 2000s American films
- 2000s English-language films
- American black comedy films
- American comedy-drama films
- American nonlinear narrative films
- American satirical films
- American self-reflexive films
- Autobiographical films
- BAFTA winners (films)
- Biographical films about writers
- Columbia Pictures films
- Comedy-drama films based on actual events
- Cultural depictions of American people
- Cultural depictions of film directors
- Cultural depictions of writers
- English-language comedy-drama films
- Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
- Films set in Los Angeles
- Films shot in Los Angeles
- Films set in Florida
- Films set in New York City
- Films about screenwriters
- Films about twin brothers
- Films based on non-fiction books
- Films based on works by Susan Orlean
- Films directed by Spike Jonze
- Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award–winning performance
- Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
- Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe–winning performance
- Films scored by Carter Burwell
- Films set in swamps
- Films set in the 1990s
- Films set in the 2000s
- Films set in the United States
- Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award
- Films with screenplays by Charlie Kaufman
- Metafictional works
- Satellite Award–winning films
- Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize winners