Administrative divisions of Myanmar
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Myanmar is divided into 21 administrative divisions, which include seven regions, seven states, one union territory, one self-administered division, and five self-administered zones.
Table
Following is the table of government subdivisions and its organizational structure based on different regions, states, the union territory, the self-administered division, and the self-administered zones:
| Administrative division | Burmese name | No. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Template:Lang tuing:desa.kri: |
Template:IPA taìñ deithác̱ì |
7 |
| State | Template:Lang pranynai |
Template:IPA pyine |
7 |
| Union Territory | Template:Lang pranytaungcu.nai-mre |
Template:IPA pyiṯauñs̱únemyei |
1 |
| Self-Administered Division | Template:Lang kuiypuing-uphkyuphkwang.ra.tuing: |
Template:IPA koup̱aiñ ouʔhcouʔ hkwíñyá taìñ |
1 |
| Self-Administered Zone | Template:Lang kuiypuing-uphkyuphkwang.ra.desa. |
Template:IPA koup̱aiñ ouʔhcouʔ hkwíñyá deithá |
5 |
The regions were called divisions prior to August 2010,<ref name="weekly">Template:Cite news</ref> and four of them are named after their capital city, the exceptions being Sagaing Region, Ayeyarwady Region and Tanintharyi Region. The regions can be described as ethnically predominantly Burman (Bamar), while the states, the zones and Wa Division are dominated by ethnic minorities.
Yangon Region has the largest population and is the most densely populated. The smallest population is Kayah State. In terms of land area, Shan State is the largest and Naypyidaw Union Territory is the smallest.
Regions and states are divided into districts (Template:Lang; kha yaing or khayaing, Template:IPA). These districts consist of townships (Template:Lang; myo-ne, Template:IPA) that include towns (Template:Lang; myo, Template:IPA), wards (Template:Lang; yatkwet, Template:IPA)) and village tracts (Template:Lang; kyayywa oksu, Template:IPA). Village tracts are groups of adjacent villages (Template:Lang; kyayywa, Template:IPA).
The self-administered division (SAD) exists at an administrative level half-a-step below that of states, regions and the union territory, and the self-administrative zones (SAZ) exists at the district level.<ref name="MIMU">Template:Cite web</ref> The self-administered areas were formed by statutes on territory controlled by Myanmar's ethnic armed organisations.<ref name="ISEAS">Template:Cite web</ref>
Structural hierarchy
| Level | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division Type |
Region (Template:Lang) State (Template:Lang) |
Self-Administered Zone (Template:Lang) |
Township (Template:Lang) |
Town (Template:Lang) |
Ward (Template:Lang) |
| District (Template:Lang) |
Village tract (Template:Lang) |
Village (Template:Lang) | |||
| Union Territory (ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ) | |||||
| Self-Administered DivisionTemplate:Efn (Template:Lang) |
Within the hierarchy, the most significant unit of local governance below the first level is the township which form the a consistent set of administrative units across the country. Often, local governance will go directly from the township to the ward. Most of the country do not have separate town offices. For example, in 2015, only 7 of the 27 townships of Ayeyarwady Region had a town office at all.<ref name=af1/>
Additionally, some townships are divided into Subtownships (Template:Lang), which are semi-official parts of a township administered separately, often revolving around a town separate from the township's principal town. Many reports will use subtownships, especially more established subtownships used by the main townships themselves.
Administrative divisions
Regions, States, and Union Territory
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Self-Administered Division and Self-Administered Zones
System of administration
The administrative structure of the states, regions and self-administering bodies is outlined in the new constitution adopted in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Regions and States
Executive authority is held in each state or region by a Regional or State Government consisting of a Chief Minister, other ministers and an Advocate General.<ref name="Constitution2008">Template:Cite web</ref> The President appoints the Chief Minister from a list of qualified candidates in the regional or state legislature; the regional or state legislature must approve the President's choice unless they can prove that he or she does not meet the constitutional qualifications.<ref name="Constitution2008"/>
Legislative authority resides with the State Hluttaw or Regional Hluttaw made up of elected civilian members and representatives of the Armed Forces. Both divisions are considered equivalent, the only distinction being that states have large ethnic minority populations and regions are mostly populated by the national majority Burmans / Bamar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Naypyidaw Union Territory
The constitution states that Naypyidaw shall be a Union Territory under the direct administration of the President. Day-to-day functions would be carried out on the President's behalf by the Naypyidaw Council led by a Chairperson. The Chairperson and members of the Naypyidaw Council are appointed by the President and shall include civilians and representatives of the Armed Forces.
Self-Administered Division and Self-Administered Zones
Self-Administered Zones and Self-Administered Divisions are administered by a Leading Body. The Leading Body consists of at least ten members and includes State or Regional Hluttaw members elected from the Zones or Divisions and other members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body has both executive and legislative powers. A Chairperson is head of each Leading Body.
Within Sagaing Region:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Naga (Leshi, Lahe, and Namyun townships)
Within Shan State:
- Danu Self-Administered Zone (Ywangan and Pindaya townships),
- Kokang Self-Administered Zone (Konkyan and Laukkai townships)
- Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone (Namshan and Manton townships)
- Pa'O Self-Administered Zone (Hopong, Hshihseng, and Pinlaung townships),
- Wa Self-Administered Division (Hopang, Mongmao, Panwai, Pangsang, Naphan, and Metman townships)
Districts and Townships
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Districts are the second-order divisions of Myanmar and are often named after a population center within the district of the same name. Shan State has the most districts, even excluding Self-Administered Zones and Divisions. Naypyidaw Union Territory, Tanintharyi and Mon State have the least with just 4 districts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The District's role is more supervisory as the 330 townships are the basic administrative unit of local governance and are the only type of administrative division that covers the entirety of Myanmar. A District is led by a District Administrator and a Township is administered by a Township Administrator. Both are appointed civil servants through the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The Minister of Home Affairs is to be appointed by the military according to the 2008 constitution.<ref name="UNDP">Template:Cite report</ref> The 2008 Constitution of Myanmar defined 75 districts. In April 2022, 46 additional districts were formed by MOHA bringing the total up to 121 districts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Most local governance services are offered at the Township level; few services are offered at the District level. The Township Administrator is the key focal point for most interactions with the government and the Township Administrator serves as a representative of the State or Region government and executes functions on behalf of the State or Region.<ref name ="UNDP"/> All Township governments are staffed by 34 GAD civil servants regardless of population, although larger townships may have several Township committees that coordinate with the Township and report to the District.<ref name=af1>Template:Cite report</ref> Subtownships exist for many but not all townships. They can be created for many reasons including, townships with large areas, townships with a large natural barrier or townships with a lopsided population distribution. These subtownships are unofficial, but can be used by the Township administration and national ministries for data collection and administrative ease.
Wards, Village Tracts and Municipalities
The lowest level of practical administration is the ward for urban areas and village for rural areas. Villages are grouped into and administered as village tracts.<ref name="MIMU">Template:Cite web</ref> Village Tracts may contain up to 8 distinct villages. Some townships include areas not part of any ward or village tract. Most townships contain at least one ward/town, and are usually named after the population center. As of reforms in 2012 and 2013, Ward and Village Tract administrators are now typically elected, but report to the appointed Township Administrator. Ward Administrators and Village Tract Administrators (also called just Village Administrators) are supported by 100-household-heads and 10-household-heads who are collectively called area leaders.<ref name=af1/>
Most cities in Myanmar are contained within one township like Pathein. In some cases, the rural portions of the township may be administered semi-independently as sub-townships.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In Mandalay, the municipality was functionally administered at the Mandalay District level with townships acting de facto as subdivisions of a city prior to 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Yangon, the administrative jurisdiction of the Yangon City Development Committee overlap across 33 townships and all 4 of Yangon Region's pre-2022 districts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The definition of a city is ambiguous with the Burmese term Template:Lang ('myo') being translated as any urban area. The General Administration Department only explicitly defines the three cities of Yangon, Mandalay and Naypyidaw.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
History
Below is a summary of how Myanmar's first-level administrative divisions have evolved:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| 1948 Constitution | 1974 Constitution | 2008 Constitution |
|---|---|---|
| Kachin State | Kachin State | Kachin State |
| Karenni State | Karenni State | Kayah State |
| Shan State | Shan State | Shan State |
| Karen State | Karen State | Kayin State |
| Special Division of the Chins | Chin State | Chin State |
| Upper half of Tenasserim Division | Mon State | Mon State |
| Arakan Division | Arakan State | Rakhine State |
British colonisation
In 1900, Burma was a province of British India, and was divided into two subdivisions: Lower Burma, whose capital was Rangoon with four divisions (Arakan, Irrawaddy, Pegu, Tenasserim), and Upper Burma, whose capital was Mandalay with six divisions (Meiktila, Minbu, Sagaing, North Federated Shan States and South Federated Shan States).
On 10 October 1922, the Karenni States of Bawlake, Kantarawaddy, and Kyebogyi became a part of the Federated Shan States. In 1940, Minbu division's name was changed to Magwe, and Meiktila Divisions became part of Mandalay District.
Post-independence
Upon independence, on 4 January 1948, the Chin Hills area was split from Arakan Division to form Chin Special Division, and Kachin State was formed by carving out the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts of Mandalay Division. Karen State was also created from Amherst, Thaton, and Toungoo Districts of Tenasserim Division. Mongpai State of the Federated Shan States was separated to form Karenni State, and Shan State was formed by merging the other Federated Shan States and the Wa States.
In 1952, Karenni State was renamed Kayah State. In 1964, Rangoon Division was separated from Pegu Division, whose capital shifted to Pegu. In addition, Karen State was renamed Kawthoolei State.
In 1972, the Hanthawaddy and Hmawbi districts were moved under Rangoon Division's jurisdiction.
In 1974, after Ne Win introduced a constitution, Chin Special Division became a state, and its capital moved from Falam to Hakha. Kawthoolei State's name was reverted to Karen State. Mon State was created out of portions of Tenasserim Division and Pegu Division. Mon State's capital became Moulmein, and Tenasserim Division's became Tavoy. In addition, Arakan Division was granted statehood.
In 1989, after the coup d'état by the military junta, the names of many divisions in Burma were altered in English to reflect Burmese pronunciations.<ref>"An Introduction to the Toponymy of Burma" The Permanent Committee of Geographic Names (PCGN), United Kingdom, October 2007, accessed 18 April 2010</ref>
After 1995, in Kachin State Mohnyin District was created out of Myitkyina District as part of the peace agreement with the Kachin Independence Army.
2008 Constitution
The 2008 Constitution stipulates the renaming of the 7 "divisions" (Template:Lang in Burmese) as "regions" (Template:Lang<ref name="2008constbur">Template:Lang (in Burmese) [0]=1|2008 Constitution PDF Template:Webarchive</ref> in Burmese). It also stipulates the creation of Union territories, which include the capital of Nay Pyi Taw and ethnic self-administered zones (Template:Lang<ref name="2008constbur"/> in Burmese) and self-administered divisions (Template:Lang<ref name="2008constbur"/> in Burmese).<ref>Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008)</ref> These self-administered regions include the following:
- Danu Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Ywangan and Pindaya townships in Shan State
- Kokang Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Konkyan and Laukkai townships in Shan State
- Naga Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Leshi, Lahe, and Namyun townships in Sagaing Region
- Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Namhsan and Manton townships in Shan State
- Pa-O Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Hopong, Hsihseng, and Pinlaung townships in Shan State
- Wa Self-Administered Division: consisting of Hopang, Mongmao, Panwai, Nahpan, Metman, and Pangsang (Pankham) townships in Shan State
On 20 August 2010, the renaming of the 7 divisions and the naming of the 6 self-administered zones was announced by Burmese state media.<ref name="weekly"/>
See also
- List of administrative divisions of Myanmar by Human Development Index
- Districts of Myanmar
- List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar
- State and Region Government of Myanmar
- List of Burmese flags
- ISO 3166-2:MM
Notes
References
External links
Template:Administrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar) Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries Template:Burma (Myanmar) topics