African houbara
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The African houbara (Chlamydotis undulata), also known as the houbara bustard (houbara from Template:Langx for bustards in general), is a relatively small bustard native to North Africa, where it lives in arid habitats. The global population is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2014.<ref name=iucn/> There is a population in the Canary Islands which was assessed as Near Threatened in 2015, but has since also been assessed as Vulnerable.<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
It is dull brown with black markings on the wings, a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck. Males are larger and heavier than females.
Description
The African houbara is a small to mid-sized bustard. It measures Template:Cvt in length and spans Template:Cvt across the wings. It is brown above and white below, with a black stripe down the sides of its neck. In flight, the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers. The sexes are similar, but the female, between Template:Cvt tall, is rather smaller and greyer above than the male, at Template:Cvt tall.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=collins/>Template:Verify source The body mass is Template:Convert in males and Template:Convert in females.<ref name = "CRC">CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name=collins/>Template:Verify source
Taxonomy
Psophia undulata was the scientific name proposed by Joseph Franz von Jacquin in 1784 who described a houbara brought from Tripoli to Vienna's Tiergarten Schönbrunn.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Otis macqueenii was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1832 for a bustard from India drawn by Thomas Hardwicke.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The African houbara was subordinated to the genus Chlamydotis by René Lesson in 1839.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Houbara fuertaventurae was proposed by Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert in 1894 for a houbara from Fuerteventura island.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
MacQueen's bustard was long regarded a subspecies of the African houbara.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was proposed as a distinct species in 2003 because of differences in plumage, vocalizations and courtship behaviour.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The British Ornithologists' Union's Taxonomic Records Committee's decision to accept this split has been questioned on the grounds that the differences in the male courtship displays may be functionally trivial, and would not prevent interbreeding, whereas a difference in a pre-copulation display would indicate that the two are separate species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The committee responded to this scepticism, by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre-copulation displays.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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Results of analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 73 Chlamydotis samples indicates that the houbara bustard and MacQueen's bustard genetically diverged around 430,000 years ago from a common ancestor. The divergence between the African and Canarian houbara was estimated at 20,000 to 25,000 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Distribution and habitat
The African houbara is found in North Africa west of the Nile, mainly in the western part of the Sahara desert region in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Western Sahara. Some old records exist from Sudan as well. A small population is found in the Canary Islands. The Asian houbara or MacQueen's bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the Sinai Peninsula. The North African species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of MacQueen's bustards.
The subspecies fuertaventurae of the Canary Islands is highly restricted and endangered. A 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Behaviour and ecology
The African houbara has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head. Females lay two to four eggs on the ground.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It rarely vocalizes, but males make 3–5 low booming notes during breeding displays.<ref name=collins>Template:Cite book</ref>
It is omnivorous, eating seeds, insects and other small creatures.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Threats
In North Africa, the houbara bustard is hunted by falconers and by hunters with guns. The populations declined in the two decades before 2004, but have been increasing since.<ref name=iucn/>
Conservation
The International Fund for Houbara Conservation developed and implemented a global conservation strategy over the past forty years with the objective of ensuring a sustainable future in the wild through conservation programmes and management plans. This strategy consists of an integrated approach combining ecology, protection measures in the wild, conservation breeding, and reinforcement programmes.<ref name="TheNational 23-02-2019">Template:Cite news</ref>